Abstract: In October 2025, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) reviewed and adopted the Proposal of the CPC Central Committee on Formulating the Fifteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development. The "15th Five-Year Plan" period carries a dual strategic mission: consolidating previous development achievements and laying a decisive foundation for realizing the 2035 modernization goals. During this period, China faces strategic opportunities arising from the in-depth advancement of a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, the deepening integration of its ultra-large-scale market into the domestic demand system, and the expansion of new spaces for international cooperation through institutional opening-up. However, China also confronts significant challenges, including intensifying competition among the great powers, persistent internal structural contradictions, and lingering risks to secure development. Nevertheless, China's economic and social development benefits from the institutional advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the advantages of an ultra-large-scale market, a complete industrial system, and innovative human capital. Consequently, socialist modernization during the "15th Five-Year Plan" period urgently requires the exploration of a new development paradigm characterized by "quality revolution, security safeguards, and structural optimization", ultimately achieving a virtuous cycle of "technology leadership—green development—institutional guarantees".

Key words: 15th Five-Year Plan, high-quality development, new quality productive forces, Chinese modernization, new system for mobilizing resources nationwide, technological innovation