The Qing Dynasty was the peak of the development of Confucianism in Yunnan Province. During this period, Baiyanjing, as a local community, formed a Confucian space including Confucian temples, academies, schools of righteousness and fields of

learning. In Baiyanjing, Confucian education achieved the "unity of temple and school": there were rituals and ceremonies such as offering sacrifices to Confucius, welcoming students, sending students to school, and selecting virtuous people through the ritual of drinking wine in the township, as well as school education with the idea of "the unity of virtue". The development of the Confucian system was a process of mutual construction between the state and the local, characterized by national unity and local initiative, with unity being the core.