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Table of Content

    01 December 2015, Volume 37 Issue 6
    Delta Front Reservoir Architectural Characteristics and Its Relations with Remained Oil Distribution in Wei-5 Fault Block,Gaoyou Sag,Subei Basin
    Yuan Jing1*, Liang Huiyuan2, Song Fan1, Tang Xiangming3, Dong Daotao1
    2015, 37(6):  1-11.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2014.04.04.03
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    The remaining oil potential is great in the delta front in the first sand group of the 1st Member of Funing Formation
    of the Wei-5 fault block,but the distribution of the remaining oil is not clear. With such data as the core,well logging,
    dynamic monitoring,the architectural characteristics of the delta front sand body and its relations with the distribution of
    remaining oil were studied. The results show that among the six recognized orders of bounding surface,the forth order bounding
    surfaces is crucial to the distribution of remained oil within the layer. Eight facies architectural elements,bounded by the fourth
    order bounding surface,are identified. Studies found that the configuration of single architectural element and seepage flow
    differences between elements control the remaining oil distribution. Areas with rich remaining oil can be divided into rim area
    and isolated area. Rim areas are mainly distributary channel endings or lateral margin edge,mouth bar lateral margin,and
    natural levee,sand sheet and distal bars. Isolated areas enriched with remaining oil are mainly lenticular sand bodies,such as
    mouth bar and distal bar,which is not connected with the underwater distributary channel.

    Accumulation Conditions for Tight Oil in Xiagou Formation,Lower#br# Cretaceous,Qingxi Oilfield
    Sun Weifeng1,2,3*, Song Yan2,3,4, Gong Yanjie2,3, Gui Lili2,3
    2015, 37(6):  12-20.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2014.01.16.04
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    Tight oil is the most realistic and easiest unconventional resource in Qingxi Oilfield. This present study deeply
    discusses the basic favorable accumulation conditions for the tight oil from source rocks,reservoirs,cap rocks and reservoircap
    assemblages. The results show that the source rocks of Xiagou Formation and Chijinpu Formation have high hydrocarbon
    potential,with large thickness,high content of organic matters and favorable kerogen type. The reservoir property is poor with
    low porosity and low permeability. However,the intensive tectonic activities not only form favorable traps for the accumulation
    of oil,but also improve the reservoir property. The tectonic fractures and corrosion fractures are the main accumulation spaces
    for the tight oil in Lower Cretaceous Xiagou Formation. The Xiagou Formation and Zhonggou Formation mudstone,and the
    Paleogene mudstone and gypsum-salt rock are the main cap rocks for the tight oil of Qingxi Oilfield. Besides,two types of
    source-reservoir-cap assemblage are found and there are self product-self reservoir and lower product-upside reservoir.

    Discuss on the Natural Gas Dominant Migrating Channel of#br# Zhenzhuchong Segment in Yuanba Area
    Cheng Lixue*
    2015, 37(6):  21-29.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.11.04.07
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    The reservoir of the Jurassic Ziliujing formation Zhenzhuchong Segment in Yuanba area of northeast Sichuan Basin
    possesses good potential with natural gas resources. But the distribution of gas is not clear,so it limits the selection of the
    exploration direction. The research on the dominant migrating channel of gas needs to be carried out. In this paper,taking
    advantage of drilling and seismic data,the author detailedly analyzes the geological factors that could affect gas migratory
    direction in Zhenzhuchong Segment of Ziliujing Formation reservoir. Meanwhile it defines five kinds of main controlling factors
    which include higher permeability conducting sand body、fault、unconformity surface、tectonic background and structure form
    of cover bottom. By researching the relationship between each main controlling factor and gas migration direction,the author
    puts forward two models of dominant migrating channel of Zhenzhuchong Segment in Yuanba area. The first is along the sand
    body-fault composite channel,and the second is along the sand body-unconformity surface composite channel. The first one is
    more favorable for high gas concentrating. And then it effectively indicates the future exploratory direction.

    Review on the Characteristic of Kazhidumi Reservoir in SA Oilfield,Iran
    Du Yang1,2*, Xin Jun2, Chen Jie1, Wang Weibing1, Tong Mingsheng1
    2015, 37(6):  30-38.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2014.01.06.03
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    Considering the issues of the complex oil-water relationship,ambiguous oil-water contact and unclear reservoir
    characteristic of the Kazhidumi in SA Oilfield,southwest Iran. We study the Kazhidumi reservoir character and its formation
    mechanism by uitilizing the coring,well-logging and 3D seismic data. Firstly,Kazhidumi formation was divided into 4 zones
    by sequence stratigraphy,and recognize the sandbody features in different zones. Secondly,trap evolution history of Kazhidumi
    is displayed by layer flattening technique on 3D seismic data and mainly show as:paleo-trap of Kazhidumi is the giant anticline
    which situated in the north of current field area before the Zagoros orogeny. Impact by the Zagros orogeny,the paleo-trap
    shrink and the high point shifts to east,in the mean time,southern area was uplifting then forming a new secondary trap. Trap
    alteration breaks the paleo-reservoir equilibrium and cause the oil secondary migration. In the northern high point(paleo-trap),
    the oil migrates from west to east then form the“sacled-down version”retention reservoir,while some part migrate to southern
    secondary trap and form the new reservoir. The phenomenon of“upper water and bottom oil”in the current northern high
    point is the lensing retention oil and water layer after secondary migration. Kazhidumi reservoir is the layer reservoir with edge
    water and mainly controlled by the structure. According to the new recognition,we propose the corresponding development
    suggestions.

    Characteristics of Fault Accommodation Structure Slope Break#br# Zone and the Sand Control Pattern in A Oilfield
    Wang Wei1*, Fan Tingen2, Hu Guangyi2, Niu Tao2, Wang Guodong3
    2015, 37(6):  39-46.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2014.03.18.02
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    The study finds that the faults activities are severe and complicated during Dongying Formation in A Oilfield. The
    sedimentary face is expressed in delta lobes migration in the plane and superimposed sand body in the longitudinal stage,and
    the thickness of formation and the degree of sand body are of strong heterogeneity. The dextral movement of main strikeslip
    generated a large amount of associated faults with characteristics of transtension. The faults of different size and attitude
    distributed in space form a various types of fault accommodation structure-type slope break belts,and they obviously control
    the import of source and multistage dispersion to the centre of sag. Especially the formation of gap and faulted trough play an
    important role in the convergence and guidance of the drainage system. Under the effects of fault accommodation structure-slope
    break zone,there are two sources within the study area,and the sedimentary face of interval is deltaic environment and the delta
    could be further separated into three subfacies including delta plain,delta front,former delta and many kinds of microfacies
    such as distributary channel,mouth bar,sheet sand,turbidite sand and so on.

    Study on Variation Law of Rock Physical Properties After Water Flooding#br# in Donghe Sandstone
    Wang Qian1*, Su Bo1, Song Fan2, Li Zhen1, Yang Fan1
    2015, 37(6):  47-54.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.11.09.02
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    In order to accurately determine the oil saturation of Donghe sandstone after water flooding and then determine
    the water flooded layer,in this paper,based on the rock physical experiment,we analyze the variation law of rock electrical
    parameters after water flooding with oil driving water and water driving oil experiments. The results show that a and m do
    not change and are only related to rock characteristics. Besides,the lithology coefficient b also does not change after water
    flooding,but the saturation index n has changed,which decreases in the bad physical property and increases in the good physical
    property. According to the variation of rock electrical parameters,we establish the computational models of rock electrical
    parameters which improve the computational accuracy of saturation in poor reservoirs. By water driving oil experiments with
    different salinity of injected water,the variation law of rock resistivity after water flooding is analyzed. It is noted that reservoir
    resistivity decreases with the increase of water saturation after sewage water flooding,and decreases with rising water saturation
    after fresh water low and middle flooding,while reservoir resistivity increases with the increase of water saturation after fresh
    water high flooding.

    Identification of Channel Sand in W Oilfield of Llanos Basin
    Hu Junfeng1*, Feng Fang1, Yang Jiangfeng2, Chen Dong3
    2015, 37(6):  55-63.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.10.31.07
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    CC5
    sand deposited in the Member C5 of the Carbonera formation is the main production layer of W oilfield in
    Llanos basin of Southern America. Low relief structure-lithologic reservoir came into being when the CC5
    sand is located at
    favorable structure. Because of the thin thickness and the rapid variation of sand thickness,precision of reservoir prediction
    should be improved,otherwise,drilling effect will be affected directly.“Five-step”technical idea has been proposed to resolve
    this problem. First,strata slice analysis portrays the trend of sand distribution. Second,seismic forward modeling builds the
    knowledge of tuning effect and seismic response of the channel sand. Third,high resolution seismic process method is used to
    improve resolution of the seismic data. Fourth,spectrum decomposition is applied to study the tuning effect of CC5
    sand of this
    area. At last,CSSI inversion method is adopted to characterize the target sand body and the surrounding rock quantitatively.
    All the study demonstrates that CC5
    sand of number 2 channel is thicker than number 1 channel at the main part of channels. The
    prediction has been verified by the new well W C4F. As a result,preliminary study is updated,leading to the discovery of
    new reservoir. This idea has not only presented the sand body distribution in the channel,but also solved the problem of how
    to predict sand body thickness quantitatively. And the systematic application of it to C area provides a detailed reference to the
    arrangement of exploration well sites.

    Eliminating Oceanic Seismic Data Multiples in West Madagascar Sea
    Xia Changliang1,2*, Li Zhenyong2, Dai Dong2
    2015, 37(6):  64-71.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.11.06.04
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    Multiple eliminating is always the difficult stage of oceanic seismic data processing. The oceanic seismic data processing
    of west Madagascar sea has become difficult because of great changes at sea bottom,abnormal growth of multiples and
    multiples attenuation. This paper analyzes the method and principle of SRME(Surface Related Multiple Elimination)related to
    free surface,predictive deconvolution and parabolic Radon transformation. According to the characteristics of methods above,
    we make a united solution,that is using SRME to eliminate the surface related multiples,using predictive deconvolution to
    attenuate the multiples generated between layers and using parabolic Radon transformation to eliminate the residual multiples.
    The processing results after applying above methods show that the progressively united multiple solution can do a good job in
    oceanic seismic data multiple elimination,especially for those whose sea bottom depth changes in great range.

    Study on Reasonable Spacing Between Injection and Production Wells#br# Considering Fracturing in Low Permeability Reservoirs
    Su Yuliang1, Ren Long1*, Zhao Guangyuan2, Zhan Shiyuan1, Meng Fankun1
    2015, 37(6):  72-78.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.10.28.03
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    Based on the seepage theory of point sources and sinks,the pressure gradient distribution equation between injection
    and production wells considering fracturing in low permeability reservoirs is derived. Combined with the correlated equation
    between threshold pressure gradient and permeability,the computational method of reasonable spacing is proposed,and influencing
    factors of pressure gradient between injector and fractured producer are analyzed with a case of low permeability
    reservoir. Here,the theoretical chart of reasonable spacing is obtained,which verifies the reliability of this method. Results
    demonstrate that there is a reasonable spacing under the condition of a certain reservoir permeability,injector-producer pressure
    difference and the fracture length,and the reasonable spacing increases with the increase of above three parameters. Besides,
    stimulation measures,like fracturing,can do favor to build the effective displacement pressure system,which could greatly
    improve reasonable spacing. In conclusion,this pressure gradient distribution equation can accurately reflect the displacement
    pressure system of real formation,and the results have certain practical significance for the reasonable development of low
    permeability reservoirs.

    Research and Application of the 3D Horizontal Well Drilling Technology in#br# Changqing Tight Oilfield
    Wang Yongming1,2*, Yu Shifu1, Zhou Wenjun1,2, Duan Zhifeng1, Huang Zhanying1,2
    2015, 37(6):  79-84.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.07.19.03
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    The ChangQing Oilfield has resourceful tight oil,and it is an important expiration area for the 50 million tons of oil.
    Because the development zone is mainly distributed in geomorphic conditions of staggered hill and loess tableland,to carry out
    3D horizontal well drilling with larger offset is necessary. Difficulties in trajectory control,unstable mud shale and increase
    torque and drag in drilling,restrict the extend of horizontal technology. In order to resolve the difficulties in 3D horizontal well
    drilling technology,and form an effective drilling technology in tight oil exploration,researches are conducted on 3D horizontal
    well profile optimization,well bore trajectory control and drilling fluid to form 3D horizontal well drilling technology in tight
    oil. First testing is done on YAP 5H horizontal well in CNPC in July. There is no collapse in the layers,the drilling torque and
    drag is normal and the wellbore trajectory is smooth,achieving 1 535 m long horizontal section wells and 119.7 m3/d tested oil
    yield. It is the first time for the technology innovation and breakthrough from 2D to 3D horizontal well in the tight oil to make
    a transformation for the horizontal well development mode and lay a foundation for the effective and economic development of
    tight oil in Changqing Oilfield.

    Friction and Torque Control Technology For Slim and Long#br# Horizontal Well
    He Shiming1, Tang Ming1*, Xiong Jiyou1, Zheng Fenghui2, Deng Honglin3
    2015, 37(6):  85-92.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.10.04.02
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    The development mode of Slim-and-long-section horizontal well with staged fracturing approach in Daniudi Gas
    Field has achieved the desired effect,however,there are still a series of problems,especially friction torque control problems
    for the later part of the horizontal section. In this paper,based on theoretical analysis and practical drilling engineering features,
    segmented calculation model for drag and torque is established,and influencing rules are analyzed,such as horizontal section
    length,trajectory profile,BHA and drilling fluid rheology,etc. The results show that with the increase of horizontal section
    length,friction and torque of drilling or POOH increases. When the friction torque does not increase,the length of the horizontal
    section reaches limitation. With increase of before A target displacement,friction and torque also increase. In addition,using
    combinations of drill pipe(101.6 mm/114.3 mm+88.9 mm)is not only conducive to carry rocks for high deviation angle and
    horizontal section,but also available to effectively control the friction and torque at the same time. The lower the yield value
    and plastic viscosity of drilling fluid,the lower friction and torque. Applying friction torque control technology to DPH7,
    horizontal section trajectory is smooth,and the average dogleg is 1.79°/30 m.

    Laboratory Study on Thermal Damage of Formation Properties During#br# Steam Injection in Heavy Oil Reservoirs
    Pang Zhanxi1*, Qi Chengxiang2, Jing Feng3
    2015, 37(6):  93-98.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.09.03.01
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    For the problem of thermal damage from steam injection in heavy oil reservoir,the influence of thermal fluids
    (high temperature and high pH)on absolute permeability is researched in unconsolidated sandstone. Displacement experiments
    are employed to investigate solid-particle migration and permeability variation during hot steam condensate injection
    in unconsolidated sandstone. The experiments of hydrothermal reaction are conducted to analyze the migration mechanism
    of solid particles during steam injection in unconsolidated sandstone. The results shows that formation permeability gradually
    decreases as temperature and pH level increases. At high flow rate,steam and its condensate causes solid-particle migration
    and retention to largely decrease formation permeability. Meanwhile,under the condition of elevated temperature and high
    pH level,steam condensate accelerates expansion of clay minerals and causes solution and conversion of formation minerals.
    Therefore,formation damage is greatly increased resulting from mechanical effects and hydrothermal reactions in heavy oil
    reservoirs.

    Study on The Prediction Model of Oil Testing Formation#br# Non-linear Productivity
    Zhang Minglu1,2, Zhang Jianguo2, Wang Bencheng3,4*, He Lei2, Ai Qinlin2
    2015, 37(6):  99-104.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2014.03.23.02
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    The accurate productivity prediction is an important research task in the process of exploration and development of
    oil filed. However,conventional prediction methods are inapplicable for the early stage of oil development. There is a certain
    correlation between oil-test formation production and all related factors in the same exploration blocks. A nonlinear regression
    model between the production and all static or dynamic parameters is established,which is used as a new independent variable
    to start multiple linear regression. Finally a non-linear regression model used for the prediction of oil-test formation production
    is obtained. Nonlinear model is more accurate in prediction and more applicable compared with multivariate linear models. It
    provides scientific guidance for deciding the oil-test formation reconstruct method in the exploration block and increases the
    economic benefits of oil testing.

    A Flow Model Reflecting Dynamic Kick-off Pressure Gradient for Low#br# Permeability Reservoirs
    Su Haibo*
    2015, 37(6):  105-111.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2015.05.06.05
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    Based on the fluid boundary layer theory,this paper presents a new flow model that can be used to describe the
    non-linear seepage feature in low permeability reservoir to obtain continuous function of the dynamic kick-off pressure gradient.
    And the nonlinear seepage flow model of dynamic kick-off pressure gradient is considered to establish the mathematical model
    of one-dimensional single-phase fluid flow,and the discrete equations are linearized with fully implicit method. Besides,the
    distribution feature of formation pressure and influence of nonlinear seepage flow coefficient on moving boundary expansion
    are studied comparatively from linear seepage model,quasi linear formation pressure and nonlinear seepage model reflecting
    dynamic kick-off pressure gradient. Numerical results indicate that with the influence of the dynamic kick-off pressure gradient,
    the formation pressure of near well region declines more greatly,while formation pressure in the far zone is higher,and
    formation pressure decline range is narrower. In addition,when nonlinear coefficient numerical value is smaller,the degree of
    fluid flow nonlinearity is stronger,and expansion velocity of dynamic boundary is lower.

    Numerical Simulation of Chemical Planar Transport Based on Finite#br# Difference Method
    Gou Feifei1,2*, Liu Jianjun3, Liu Weidong2,4, Xiao Hanmin2,4, Luo Litao1,2
    2015, 37(6):  112-118.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2015.03.04.09
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    In the chemical flooding process,the concentration distribution of chemical agents is essential for the displacement of
    oil. The ideal situation would entail carefully designed chemical injection parameters(injection concentration,injection volume
    and injection rate)so that the chemical agent concentration in the formation is close to the optimum concentration determined
    by laboratory tests,and thus achieving the most efficient oil displacement results. In addition to normal convection of chemical
    agents in the formation,diffusion and adsorption will also happen. While for planar percolation flow,the different percolation
    flow velocity leads to the chemical planar concentration being more complex than that of one dimension. In this paper,based on
    the Finite Difference Method(FDM)and Jacobian Method,according to Darcy′s law,planar flow velocity and pressure field
    are determined. And combined with the solved velocity field equation and the chemical agent transport convection-diffusion
    equation,the concentration field of chemical agents is solved. Simulation results show chemical concentration at the different
    time. It also studies the influence on the distribution of chemical flooding for different parameters including migration-lag
    coefficient,dispersion coefficient and the volume of chemical injection.

    A New Method for Predicting Interfacial Shear Stress of Stratified#br# Gas-liquid Two-phase Flow
    Zheng Ping1, Zhao Liang2*, Liu Yongming1
    2015, 37(6):  119-126.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.12.10.03
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    A new Slip-shear wall model based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)for predicting the interfacial shear
    stress of stratified gas-liquid two-phase flow in horizontal pipe is established in this paper,in which the interface is considered
    as a flat slip wall with uniform shear stress. The gas flow field is simulated by FLUENT. Compared with experimental values of
    gas velocity properties,the convergence values of gas flow rate and interfacial shear stress are obtained,and a new constitutive
    relation of interfacial friction factor and gas Reynolds number is deduced from the convergence values fitting. And the interfacial
    shear stress is predicted,which is in good agreement with the experimental data,and better than that of Taitel & Dukler and Sidi-
    Ali & Gatignol models when the gas Reynolds number is from 9 400 to 50 000 and the liquid Reynolds number is from 21 000
    to 30 000. The results show that the slip-shear-wall model can control the key parameters effectively,improve the prediction
    efficiency and accuracy,and provide a new approach to the prediction of interfacial shear stress of stratified gas-liquid flow by
    CFD.

    Analysis of Sensitive Parameter in Numerical Simulation of Shale Gas#br# Reservoir with Hydraulic Fractures
    Yan Xuemei*, Wang Xin, Zhang Hewen, Wang Yonghui, Duan Yaoyao
    2015, 37(6):  127-132.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.06.14.04
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    To settle the difficulty of describing the complicated fracture network of shale gas after hydraulic fracturing,by
    using the shale model in Eclipse software,we build an equivalent method to characterize the effective stimulated reservoir
    volume as primary fracture and permeability of fracture network,which is to replace the primary fracture and secondary fracture
    method. The two methods are equivalent in gas production and pressure drainage,but the proposed method can solve the
    problem of heavy workload to grid manually and slow running. In this paper,we analyze the influence of hydraulic fracture
    parameters and reservoir parameters on shale gas production after fracturing by using the equivalent method. Meanwhile,
    we use linear experiments of Plackett-Burman type to screen the sensitivity of hydraulic fracture parameters and reservoir
    parameters. Simulation results indicate that the hydraulic fracture height,fracture network permeability and ESRV are the
    three most sensitive parameters among hydraulic fracture parameters and the sensitivity of reservoir parameters is arranged
    from strong to weak as follows:reservoir pressure coefficient,total gas content,effective reservoir thickness,rate of adsorbed
    gas,bottom hole flowing pressure and permeability of matrix,This paper can provide theoretical basis for well and formation
    selection and hydraulic fracturing design optimization.

    Influence of Permeability and Oil Saturation on the Foaming Ability
    Liu Lu1*, Li Huabin2,3, Huang Hao4, Guo Chengfei2, Wu Can2
    2015, 37(6):  133-137.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.08.29.02
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    The difference of reservoir permeability and oil saturation makes foaming ability and sealing ability of the same foam
    system different. We studied the foaming and sealing ability under the condition of different permeability and oil saturation.
    With indoor displacement experiment to measure the piezometer reading,we calculated resistance coefficient of different permeability
    and oil saturation. Results show that foamability and sealing ability increase with the increase of permeability.when
    the permeability is more than 463 mD,permeability cannot affect the foaming ability and sealing ability. On the other hand,the
    resistance coefficient and sealing ability decrease with the increase of the distance,and foaming ability is less than the defoaming
    ability. Foaming ability and sealing ability gradually reduce with the increase of oil saturation,which can be divided into
    three stages under different oil saturation:slow decline stage,sharp decline stage,and balance stage. Resistance coefficient
    is more than 23 when oil saturation is lower than 33%,and the foaming and sealing ability is good. This research has laid a
    theoretical basis for the foam flooding in oilfield development .

    Study and Application of Intelligent Integrated Acid System for#br# Sandstone Stimulation
    Liu Pingli1*, Sun Geng2, Xing Xijin3, Pan Yiyong4, Zhao Liqiang1
    2015, 37(6):  138-143.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.02.22.04
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    By use of preflush,treating fluid,over-flush and diverter,conventional sandstone acidizing treatment could effectively
    break down formation and prevent the secondary precipitation,which is very complicated. To overcome the shortage of
    conventional sandstone acidizing,InteAcid is developed. Through the use of InteAcid,single-step acidizing can be realized,
    instead of using conventional sandstone acidizing. Single-step acidizing could significantly simplify the acidizing stimulation
    process,which can be widely used for offshore well acidizing. The experimental data shows that InteAcid could not only
    dissolve sandstone mineral and remove well damage effectively,but also prevent secondary precipitation excellently,especially
    for metal fluoride precipitation(the inhibition ratio is 71.81%),fluosilicate/aluminate precipitation(the inhibition ratio is
    70.51%)and metal hydroxides(the inhibition ratio is 78.59%). After treated by single-step acidizing,the original permeability
    of non-damage core,slight-damage core and severe-damage core have been improved to 1.35times,3.6 times and 15 times
    respectively. The micro pore structure analysis result shows that InteAcid can stabilize clay and almost never damage the rock
    structure while improving the core permeability. 11 in-situ injection well have been stimulated by single-step acidizing. The
    success rate is 100% and 90 percent of these wells have been improved obviously,of which the injection index is increased
    largely and the pressure declines notably.

    Flow Characteristics of Nano/Micron-Sized Polymer Particles Aqueous#br# Solution Through Microporous Membrane
    Long Yunqian1*, Zhu Weiyao2, Liu Qipeng3, Song Fuquan1
    2015, 37(6):  144-150.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2014.01.07.01
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    To evaluate percolation ability of aqueous dispersion system of nano/micron-sized polymer particles in low permeability
    reservoir,the flow characteristic and its influence factors are studied by laser particle size analyzer and filtration
    device of microporous membranes which are simulated as pore throat of low permeability reservoir. The results show that the
    nano/micron-sized polymer particles have stronger plugging effect in hydration time of less than 120 h. After hydration time
    of more than 120 h,deep profile control effect of nano/micron-sized polymer particles gradually increases. With increasing
    pressure difference,nano/micron-sized polymer particles have stronger deep profile control effect which increases faster after
    larger than pressure differentials of 0.15 MPa. When pore sizes of microporous membrane decrease,the filtration rate of polymer
    particles decreases rapidly. Therefore polymer particles with particle size of 1.68µm have stronger plugging effect in the
    0.45,0.80µm microporous membrane,but they have stronger deep profile control effect in 3.0μ m microporous membrane.
    The deep profile control effect of nano/ micron-sized polymer particles decreases with increasing particle concentration. After
    particles concentration increases to 2.0 g/L,the polymer particles already have no deep profile control effect.

    Application of Interval Analysis Method in Design of Fine Water Flooding#br# Injection String
    Xia Chengyu, Sun Qiaolei, Feng Ding*, Qian Liqin, Shi Lei
    2015, 37(6):  151-157.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.09.02.03
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    As the oilfield development enters the late period,the thickness of the reservoir and mezzanine becomes smaller
    and smaller and the traditional water injection technology is unable to meet the requirements of oilfield development. In order
    to enhance oil recovery,the fine layered water injection process comes into being. However this process possesses the characteristics
    of mass layers and short layer distance,which tends to bring difficulties to accurate calculation. For this reason,an
    interval analysis method is proposed in this paper,which takes into consideration the uncertain factors of string deformation and
    builds a three dimensional,uncertain model and figures out the deformation interval. In the end,the field data and calculation
    results are compared,as a result,both are highly identical and the qualified rate of water is improved distinctly,which will be
    of guiding significance for string designing.

    Study of the PDC Single-tooth Cutting Model About the Bit Balling on Its#br# Cutting Efficiency
    Chen Xiuping*, Zou Deyong
    2015, 37(6):  158-162.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.06.30.02
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    Bit balling is a common phenomenon in shale drilling when using PDC bit,which results in seriously reduced ROP.
    The change of drill bit performances fundamentally comes from the cutter-rock interaction,but the single cutter-rock interaction
    models built by researchers at present didn′t take all the factors into consideration which were not available to the situation of
    balling. In this paper,two new PDC single cutter-rock interaction models are built which can be applied to the cases of cutter
    balling and global balling separately. The models consider comprehensive factors including confining pressure,forces exerted
    on cutter chamfer,the back of the cutter and the build-up edge of cuttings. The results of the models are validated by example
    calculation and reference to predecessors′ laboratory data. At last,the effect of bit balling on cutting efficiency is analyeed
    quantitatively by using the models,and the results show that both cutter balling and global balling affect the cutting efficiency
    seriously,and the latter influences more seriously. In the case of cutter balling,the confining pressure and the length of“cutter
    ball”are the two main factors affecting cutting efficiency,which decreases as they increase. In the case of global balling,the
    area of balling affects and cutting efficiency greatly,cutting efficiency decreases as the area increases.

    Monitoring and Intensity Analysis of Structural Stress of Electric#br# Rig Step-moving
    Tao Yun1, Tan Gangqiang1, Wang Junpu2*, Ni Chao3, Wan Fu2
    2015, 37(6):  163-169.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.12.03.06
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    The step-moving can realize the all-round moving of rigs with the feature of fast moving and convenient operation,
    so it is widely applied in cluster wells. In order to understand if the in-service electric rig installed with step-moving device can
    settle the problem of rig all-round moving with full stand,a structural stress monitoring and test of rig moving is carried out. In
    this paper,a ZJ50DBS rig of CDEC is the research subject,finite element analysis is adopted to identify parts of the rig structure
    bearing larger force when lifting,and regard them as the stress monitoring points. Then the rig moving stress monitoring is done
    in the condition of no stand. Based on the data analysis,strength check results are the target,and rig structure finite element
    model is modified. Finally,the full stand load is applied to the modified rig model,and then stress is analyzed. The results
    show that the rig after installation of step mobile device,is of sufficient strength to move at full stand condition.

    Microscopic Characteristics and Logging Macro Characterization of#br# Volcanic Rocks
    Deng Shaogui1,2*, Zhao Yue1,2, Li Li1,2, Huo Ningning1,2
    2015, 37(6):  170-180.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2014.05.24.03
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    Based on the image processing techniques,this paper analyzes the gray frequency distribution of image of the thin
    sections in deep volcanic rocks from a certain oil field in north China,and investigates the microscopic characteristics of the
    pore structures of reservoirs and their relationships with the log response of volcanic reservoirs. The research shows that the
    thin sections in acid-volcanic-rock in this area are characterized by high silicon and low iron and that the line graph of their gray
    frequency presents unimodal characteristics. However,the basic volcanic rock obviously presents asymmetric distribution and
    shows a low silicon and high iron characteristics. Gray threshold value of the siliceous component corresponds to the range
    of GR better in the image of thin sections of volcanic rocks. The GR value of basic volcanic rocks is low and gray value of
    the siliceous component is small. The GR value and gray threshold value of the siliceous component of acid-volcanic-rock are
    high. So the GR value can be used as the siliceous component to identify the basic volcanic rocks and acid volcanic rocks. For
    basic volcanic rocks,the more serious the chloritization,the lower the resistivity,the higher the neutron porosity,the more
    intense the siliceous component move towards the direction of the smaller gray value.