Table of Content

20 October 2013, Volume 35 Issue 5

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The Further Understanding of Carboniferous Source Rocks in
Wulungu Depression

Zhang Kuihua1，2, Li Yanli2, Zhang Guanlong2, Bai Zhongcai2

2013, 35(5):  1-6.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 001

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Whether Carboniferous source rock develops and its developing stratigraphic position of the real source rock in
Wulungu Depression are always in dispute. The Jiangbasitao formation source rocks found in the north of Lun 6 well verify
that Carboniferous source rock does exist in this area. The mudstone and the silty mudstone deposited in the shore and shallow
sea are the main source rock types. The source rocks are medium-good with the average organic carbon in 1.23%. The type of
organic matter is mainly II1 type， which contributes to oil generation. The source rocks are in the high-maturity stage. Some
geochemical characteristics including saturated hydrocarbon and aromatic hydrocarbon are that the source rocks are developed
in the reductive and brackish water environment. It indicates that the shore and shallow sea is favorable to source rock， which
facilitates the abundant source rocks forming and possess good prospects for exploration.

Reservoir Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Da’anzhai
Member in Lower Jurassic，Central Sichuan

Chen Wei1, Hao Yi1, Ni Chao1, Zhu Yin1，2, Hou Gangfu1

2013, 35(5):  7-14.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 002

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Based on the lithology characteristics of the drill cores，outcrops profile，and thin slice observation，X-diffraction，
isotopic analysis，CT-Scanning，and so on in the central of Sichuan Basin，we studied the reservoir of Da’anzhai Member
in lower Jurassic in the paper. The Da’anzhai Member could be divided into two main kinds of reservoir：crystallized shelly
limestone and argillaceous-organic shelly limestone. The main storage spaces include emposieu，intercrystalline gap，intra-shell
dissolved pore，periphery gap，inter-shell gap，shelly microfracture，interlamination fracture，tectonic fracture and so on. The
reservoir was controlled by sedimentary facies，diagenesis，denudation，tectonic disruption and so forth. Sedimentary facies
is the environment basements of reservoir；denudation and tectonic disruption are the key factors that the reservoir could be
improved；some diagenesis such as compaction，pressolution，cementation and metasomasis are disadvantages for the reservoir.

Palaeoclimate and its Controlling on the Development of
Carbonate Beach and Bar

Wang Yanzhang1, Wang Xinzheng2, Shi Xiaohu3, Xiao Shuming2, Lu Da4

2013, 35(5):  15-22.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 003

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Using the cryptogam method，index method of palaeoclimate，element vertical alteration analysis method，element
ratio method etc，we analyzed more than 300 examples in 20 wells and made a study of the palaeoclimate feature in Es4
sedimentation phase，and its influence on the development of carbonate beach and bar. The Es4 sedimentation phase corresponds
to the temperate environment where both the philotherm and therophyte develops well. It also corresponds to the moisture
environment where both the hydrophyte and xerophyte develops well. The lower part is of relatively low temperature and
is relatively dry while the upper part is of relatively high temperature and is relatively damp. The carbonate beach and bar
developing in the relatively arid area with moderate moisture since the relatively arid environment makes the evaporation
stronger and is favorable for the chemical rock formation and carbonate beach and bar development. On the other hand，the
suitable climate condition makes the palaeophyte gastropod and ostracodan develop in large quantity and is favorable for forming
the biology carbonate rock in lake facies.

Diagenetic Facies Characteristics of the Chang 9 Oil-bearing Layer of the
Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Jiyuan Area，Ordos Basin

Xiang Fang, Chen Kang, Li Fengjie, Meng Fanxing, Meng Lina

2013, 35(5):  23-30.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 004

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On the basis of comprehensive research，the characteristics of reservoir，diagenetic process and diagenetic facies
of Chang 9 oil-bearing layer in Jiyuan area can be researched. The results indicate that：（1）the reservoir sandstones of the
Chang 9 oil-bearing layer are mainly composed of coarser feldspar sandstones and lithic-feldspathic sandstones. Cementing
materials are mainly chlorite and laumontite and matrix content is less. Reservoir spaces are mainly intergranular pores and
intragranular dissolved pores；（2）reservoir sandstones are in the A to B stage of middle diagenetic phase. Weak compaction，
limited filling of cements materials and authigenic minerals，and feldspar and laumontite dissolution have very important influence
on retention of original intergranular pores and forming of secondary dissolved pores；（3）three diagenetic facies can be
divided：laumontite intragranular pore diagenetic facies，rim chlorite residual intergranular pore diagenetic facies and siliceous
cementation diagenetic facies. The distribution of these diagenetic facies is related to supply of material sources，sedimentary
characteristics and water dynamic action；（4）rim chlorite residual intergranular pore diagenetic facies and laumontite intragranular
pore diagenetic facies，which are connected with distributary channel sand body，are the most advantageous diagenetic
facies in the area.

Improvement and Analysis of Carbonate Reservoir Saturation Model

Wang Min

2013, 35(5):  31-40.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 005

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In order to understand the current situation of carbonate reservoir water saturation models，and to offer basic information
for saturation evaluation in heterogeneous reservoir，this paper summarizes the current saturation interpretation models.
According to study objects，conductive mechanism and study methods，the carbonate reservoir saturation interpretation models
are divided into four types：Archie and its extended empirical saturation models，saturation models of dual and triple porosity
system based on different porosity types，saturation models of dual and triple porosity system based on different porosity size，
and saturation models based on effective medium theory. The conductive mechanism，assumption and application of different
saturation interpretation models have been discussed. It points out that the Archie formula is concise，and always equivalent in
the numerical sense after scaled by the data of experimental analysis and the triple-model will be the most conventional one that
we expected currently，and based on the discussion we suggests that rock conductive mechanism，petrophysics experiment and
the calculation of model parameters need further research，and that the pore network model based on digital core is an important
research subject in carbonate reservoir evaluation.

Diagenetic Facies of Xujiahe Formation Member 4 Reservoir in Jinqiu
Area and the Logging Recognition

Lai Jin1，2, Wang Guiwen1，2, Zheng Yiqiong3, Huang Longxing4, Zheng Xinhua5

2013, 35(5):  41-49.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 006

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The diagenesis，diagenetic minerals，diagenetic stage and diagenetic evolution sequence of Xujiahe Formation
Member 4 reservoir in Jinqiu Area are studied by the normal thin sections，casting thin sections，X-ray diffraction scanning
electron microscope analysis data. Five types of diagenetic facies are divided based on diagenesis，diagenetic minerals and
its impact on reservoir property：compaction tight facies，carbonate cementation tight facies，illite and montmorillonite mixed
layer filling facies，corrosion of unstable components facies and chlorite mat cementation facies. A series of logging curves
including compensated neutron logging，density logging，natural gamma ray，array induction log and spectral gamma-ray log，
are sensitive to the diagenetic facies. Actual log data of Well Jin1 were processed with the built logging identification model，
and the vertical distribution law of diagenetic facies in Well Jin1 is figured out by the well logging data. When the logging
recognition result of diagenetic facies in Well Jin 1 is corresponded with the reservoir physical property analysis data，it is
found that the layer with the corrosion of unstable components facies and chlorite mat cementation diagenetic facies are the
best，while the compaction tight facies illite and montmorillonite mixed layer filling facies are relatively worse，the reservoir
property of the carbonate cementation tight diagenetic facies are the worst.

Lithogeny Trap and Correlated Recognitions Obtained From the
Oil and Gas Exploration

Li Hongxi1, Wu Lei2, Chen Guo1, Li Zhaogang1

2013, 35(5):  50-56.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 007

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Lithogeny trap with complex relationship between gas and water is developed widely in the west area of Amu-
Darya Basin. Some lithogeny traps are characterized by very complex water-gas relationship with different reservoir for each
single well. The article emphasizes the concept of lithogeny trap and analyzes the exploration methods on lithogeny trap by
learning the causes of lithogeny traps. Based on exploration practice in west area of Amu-Darya Basin，and taking advantage
of paleostructure recovering and complex carbonate reservoir prediction technology，we researched the characters of lithogeny
trap which conclude the recognition of lithogeny trap. Later stage lithogeny function and new tectonic movement are both
key factors in the formation of lithogeny traps with complex water-gas relationship，inclined gas-water contact，and different
reservoir for each single well. The exploration practices in west area of Amu-Darya Basin lead to following conclusions：the
palaeostructure learning，which is followed by the research on lithogeny and reservoir development on the basis of cores and
reservoir prediction is effective method in lithogeny trap exploration.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Lower Porosity and Permeability Reservoir
in Upper Paleozoic of Daniudi Gas Field

Wang Yongjian1, Wang Yanbin2

2013, 35(5):  57-64.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 008

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The Shan 1–He 3 member of the Upper Paleozoic in Daniudi Gas Field is a typical lower porosity and permeability
reservoir，but the differences of reservoir properties exists in each member. This paper analyzes reservoir of the Upper Paleozoic
from the aspects of sedimentary facies，diagenesis，character of porosity and permeability，pore type and structure etc. The
result shows that the sedimentary system from Shan 1 to He 3 member changes gradually from delta facies to fluvial facies；
reservoir diagenesis is strong and the compaction damages the primary pore seriously. Compaction and dissolution from Shan
1 to He 3 member weakened. Both porosity and permeability are poor，but are increasing from Shan 1–He 3 member. Finally，
the authors set up the evaluation standards based on Sedimentary facies，diagenesis，porosity and permeability characteristics，
pore type，etc. and give out a comprehensive evaluation. The result shows that He 3 and He 2 members are the best of reservoir
performance，followed by Shan 1 member and He 1 and Shan 2 are the worst.

Application of Geosteering Technique in the Marginal Oil
Sheet Developing

Zou Xiaoping1, Chen Gongyang2

2013, 35(5):  65-72.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 009

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HZ25–3 Field is the first marginal oilfield on production independently developed by platform in eastern Peal River
Mouth Basin. According to the characteristic of very thin oil column，serious heterogeneity and discontinuity of the two major
reservoirs，the trajectorys of two horizontal wells were designed accurately. The log curves from LWD tool close to the bit are
quite important to land the well succesfully，and the information of formation boundary guided the lateral placement and well
trajectory adjustment. The geosteering drilling technique was successfully applied in two horizontal wells of HZ25–3 Field，
which brought the good productivity.

Application of Seismic Technology in Volcanic Reservoir Prediction

Zhu Chao1, Gong Qingshun1, Huang Geping1, Wu Yiping2

2013, 35(5):  73-80.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 010

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Seismic technology represented by seismic attribute and inversion is the universal and effective technology for
reservoir prediction. Taking for example volcanic rocks in Honghaoershute Sag of Erlian Basin，by well-seismic calibration，
we summarized reflection characters of volcanic rocks on the seismic section and horizontal time slice and then identified the
volcanic rock. As volcanic reservoir has strong heterogeneity and conventional seismic inversion is too dependent on module，
we tried to extrapolate the distributions of volcanic reservoir by applying AVF inversion and reservoir-parameter inversion based
on BP neural network. In the end，we analyzed the two inversion results and pointed out the exact effective reservoir zones and
non-reservoir zones，which accorded well with the real datum. We believe the findings can effectively guide the exploration
of volcanic rocks. This technology and method on reservoir prediction can be used for reference to especial rocks，which has
strong heterogeneity.

Numerical Simulation of Oil-water Two-phase Flow in Low Permeability
Reservoirs Considering Well-grid Influence

Wang Jianzhong, Yao Jun, Wang Wei

2013, 35(5):  81-86.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 011

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A mathematical model for numerical simulation of 3D water-oil two phase reservoir is established with consideration
of the influence of start-up pressure gradient，and the inner boundary conditions are derived based on the pseudo stable seepage
theory，in the process of which fixed flow pressure，fixed oil production rate and fixed liquid production rate are taken into
consideration. Then by full implicit finite difference scheme，corresponding numerical model is established and solved by
pretreatment conjugate gradient method. The calculation results show that start-up pressure gradient has obvious effect on
pressure field in low permeability reservoirs；in case of fixed oil production，the bigger start-up pressure gradient is，the more
severely pressure changes and the larger pressure drop range is. The effect of well-grid conditions on pressure field is not
obvious，but its effect on well flow pressure is obvious；in case of fixed oil production rate，with the increase of start-up
pressure gradient well flow pressure drops.

Affection of Simulating Water-flooding by Water Injection
Tests on Reservoir Properties

Shi Changlin1, Zhang Fenghong2, Chen Ping1

2013, 35(5):  87-93.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 012

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With the samples of mid-porosity and mid-permeability reservoir from the oilfield in Bohai Bay，by scanning electronic
microscope，cast thin section and mercury penetration test，the changes of reservoir properties before and after water
injection simulation tests were studied. The tests indicate that the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of and fluid
distribution characteristics of the reservoir petrophysical properties changed complicatedly after displacement with water.
After displacement with water，the average porosity and permeability of the reservoir above 500.0 mD increased while the
permeability below 500.0 mD decreased；the maximum pore throat radius and the average coordination number of pore throat
increased，but the average radius of pore throat and mercury saturation median radius had different levels of reduction；the
average diameter of pore and pore throats enlarged in the medium-coarse sandstone（median size above 1.5µm），but reduced in
the fine-grained sandstone（median size below 1.5 µm）；the microscopic homogeneous coefficient of reservoir decreased while
variation coefficient increases，and the micro-heterogeneity of reservoir became stronger；the resident oil mainly distributed on
the surfaces of grains，in the corners of intergranular pores，micropores and pore throats that cannot be swept by water.

Experimental Research on the Influence of Supercritical CO2 Flooding on
Reservoir Physical Property

Zhang Chao, Li Zhaomin, Zhang Dong

2013, 35(5):  94-99.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 013

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The influence of injected gas on reservoir physical property was studied after reservoir rocks being flooded by
N2，CO2，and supercritical CO2. The mineral composition and microstructure of the reservoir rocks were also investigated
by applying X-ray diffractometer（XRD）and scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The results show that the injected CO2
can corrode the mineral compositions，make porosity and permeability increase. Supercritical CO2 will change the physical
property of the reservoir at the initial stage of the injection because of its rapid dissolution and fast diffusion. However，clay
minerals could plug rock pores，which result in the deterioration of the permeability. Calcite and feldspar could be corroded by
CO2 which was detectable by XRD，and the microstructure of the reservoir rocks were observed by SEM before and after the
corrosion. The corroded rocks became loose and had many secondary pores with better connectivity.

Research of Injection-production System Seepage Field Characteristics
and Well Spacing Optimization in Bohai M Oilfield

Wang Liqun1, Huang Kai1, Deng Qi1, Lü Dongliang2

2013, 35(5):  99-108.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 014

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Aimed at the lacks of the related theory and experience about horizontal well development Bohai conventional thin
oilfields. The four typical horizontal well injection-production systemswere studied with the conformal transforation and potential
superposition principle：one vertical well injection and one horizontal well production（I），one horizontal well injection and
one horizontal well production（II），one vertical well injection and two horizontal wells production（III），and one horizontal
well injection and two horizontal wells production（IV）in M Oilfield，we established the potential field equation，the corresponding
dimensionless productivity equation，and draw the equipotential line maps & dimensionless production change chart
by conformal mapping and potential superposition principle. Theoretical analysis results show that：the production of I～III
injection-production system is the most when producing wells directly face injecting wells. Nevertheless the production of IV
injection-production system is the most of them when horizontal well spacing staggers，and the optimum distance is 0.5～1.0
times the half length of horizontal segment while injector-producer spacing equals the length of actual horizontal section. The
oilfield application instances indicate that analysis results of theoretical production are consistent with the real production.

Optimization Design of Integral Fracturing Parameters Based on Fine 3-D
Geology Model

Duan Weigang1, Lu Cong2, Zhang Lihui3, Liu Liming2, Lin Hai3

2013, 35(5):  109-117.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 015

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Based on the optimization method of integral fracturing parameter of the homogeneous geological model or conceptual
model，in which the reservoir heterogeneity and distribution of sand bodies are not considered，hence，there is a poor
match between optimization results and reservoir. To solve the problem，a fine reservoir 3-D geology model was applied to
conduct fracture-parameter-optimization research. By the fine geological modeling technology with consideration of the change
of reservoir properties and sand body distribution in the plane and longitudinal direction，the fine 3-D geology model has been
established. According to the formation coefficient and the layer distribution，reservoir types have been divided. For different
types of reservoirs，the optimization of integral fracturing parameters was conducted which was combined with production models
and economic evaluation mode. Finally guiding plates for integral fracturing parameters have been built. Because the object
was subdivided，the optimal fracture parameters of the block is not constant which alters with the change of reservoir types
and the results is more realistic. The achievement of this research is of great importance to the guidance of integral fracturing
design.

Dynamic Simulation of Gas Well Overflow Based on
Drift-flux Two-phase Flow Model

Wang Xudong1, Chen Ping1, Hu Deyun2, Chen Yiyang3

2013, 35(5):  118-122.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 016

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The current engineering calculation models for well overflow are simple and cannot accurately describe the dynamic
behavior，and the relevant parameters are not agreement with the actual situation. Thus，the parameters will make it difficult
to kill well. Based on drift-flux two-phase flow model and the interaction of gas and liquid，the model has been established by
two-fluid models to describe dynamic behavior of gas and liquid. The changes in the gas fraction of gas-liquid two-phase flow
in annulus are analyzed. The length and position of gassy segment in annulus are analyzed when killing well. A Simulation of
kill well is done using field data via which to validate the model. The simulation results show that the measured data and the
model results are consistent. The model can describe accurately the dynamic of well overflow，which provides the theoretical
foundation for the safe and effective well control.

Construction of Underground Gas Storage Conditions for Screening
and Optimization

Li Yueyang1, Tian Yuanyuan1, Cao Peng2, Jia Hu1, Zhang Cheng3

2013, 35(5):  123-129.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 017

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Considering to comparatively few construction types and high cost of gas storage facilities，and problems of environmental
protection，and by taking into consideration the geological characteristics and level of economic development in
China，we put forward measures like the actual cushion gas processing，data processing SCADA system application，and mining
during the geological information collection in gas storage optimization，we describe all kinds of oil and gas reservoirs and
further summarizes the features of gas storage reservoir physical property and the geological structure characteristics of gas
storage reservoirs. Based on the complexity of the gas storage design and the literatures at home and abroad，it provides more
optimal solutions than the conventional design in pressure design，structural mechanics，monitoring and safety assessment. The
purpose of this paper is to provide energy efficient utilization and effective reserve constructive suggestions and the new ideas
about the gas storage design.

Experimental Study of Improved Oil Recovery Through Air Foam
Flooding in Ultra-low Permeability Reservoir

Wang Jiexiang, Wang Tengfei, Han Lei, Ren Wenlong

2013, 35(5):  130-134.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 018

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Wuliwan-1 block is a main reservoir in Changqing oilfield. It is an ultra-low permeability lithologic reservoir with
bad pore configuration. The block is a heterogeneous reservoir with low oil recovery. With the purpose of further improvement
of oil recovery，the experiments of small batch reactor，Accelerating rate calorimeter and single or double flooding were
launched. The low temperature oxidation ability of oil and air foam EOR regular pattern of ultra-low permeability reservoir was
researched. The results show that the low temperature oxidation can happen in the reservoir condition，and the oxidation rate
will increase fast when the temperature reaches 100 ℃，the activation energy of oil E=6135 4 J/mol. The injection of air foam
after waterflooding will improve oil recovery obviously in ultra-low permeability reservoir，with the improvement amplitude
reaching to 20%. The higher of the reservoir permeability，the larger of the oil recovery of air foam flooding. The injection
time of air foam has a significant impact on the oil recovery. It is more benefit to inject air foam in the production tail，in order
to enhance the oil recovery.

Influence of Gravel Packing Sand Control on the Productivity of Heavy
Oil Well

Si Lianshou1，2, Li Zi’an1, Zhang Jian3

2013, 35(5):  135-140.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 019

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Aimed at the complex models in heavy oil performance history and its attached affections in sand control，the gravel
pack mechanism is studied in this paper. The productivity predicting models and the flow model of the sand control well was
established. Based on the conventional perforated casing productivity prediction，the regional flow drag force and skin factors
were considered. The pressure loss mainly occurs in the perforations. The pressure drop is analyzed by case study，which proved
that the permeability of the packed gravel，oil viscosity and perforation parameters are the key factors to affect the productivity
of gravel-packed wells. Oil well productivity can be improved with high-density and big diameter hole perforating technology
in the gravel-packed well in heavy oil reservoir.

Numerical Simulation of Preventing Formation Contamination About the
Circulating Foam Drilling and Completion Fluid

Zhang Bin1, Huang Jianxi2, Cao Jiayi3

2013, 35(5):  141-145.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 020

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It is difficult to observe the circulating foam drilling and completion fluid underground in actual production. In
order to simulate the hydrocarbon reservoir protection mechanism，a reasonable strata simplified model of pore is established
to analyze how to prevent formation contamination under the bottomhole circulating foam drilling and completion fluid with
the numerical simulation. Results show that the air bubble of circulating foam drilling and completion fluid can go into the
formation，and effectively prevent the drilling fluid from getting into the formation and damaging the reservoir. Furthermore，
by testing in the site，it is proved that the circulating foam drilling completion fluid can be used to protect the reservoir rock and
reduce the formation damage.

Study of Oxidative Desulfurization of Diesel by a New Quaternary
Ammonium Gemini Surfactant

Peng Guofeng1，2, Zhao Tianhong2, Huang Zhiyu3, Chen Jingwei1, Chai Junjun1

2013, 35(5):  146-150.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 021

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Aimed at the sulfur components in diesel fuel， which is one of factors that causes the formation of acid rain in
atmosphere， we investigated the deep desulfurization technology for sulfides removal. In order to speed up the diesel oil oxida-
tion desulfurization reaction and improve the desulfurization rate， homemade synthesis of new Quaternary Ammonium Gemini
surface active agent （abbreviated DAEQ9–Cl）as a phase transfer catalyst， hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid as the oxidation sys-
tem， Nanchong refinery straight-run diesel for the study， the suitable reaction conditions and catalytic oxidation desulfurization
effect of H2O2/CH3COOH/DAEQ9–Cl system diesel desulfurization was investigated. Experimental results show that， in the
oxidation of diesel desulfurization reaction， DAEQ9–Cl is a kind of fine phase transfer catalyst， sulfur content in diesel oil down
to 28 µg/g， the desulfurization rate of 96.2%. This study is significant for controlling environment pollutions and environmental
protection.

Study on the Molecular Dynamics Mechanism of Extra-Heavy Oil by
Catalytic Aquathermolysis

Wu Chuan, Su Jianzheng, Zhang Rusheng, Zhang Zuguo, Long Qiulian

2013, 35(5):  151-156.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 022

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The extra-heavy oil before and after catalytic aquathermolysis were separated，and the properties of resin and
asphaltene both before and after reaction were studied by using molecular weight analysis（VPO），nuclear magnetic resonance（
NMR），and elemental analysis（EL）. The chemical molecule simulating dynamics software Hyperchem 7.5 was used
in study of the molecular dynamics of extra-heavy oil by catalytic aquathermolysis. After the catalytic aquathermolysis，we
found that the viscosity of heavy oil reduced largely，the H/C rate of heavy oil，resin and asphaltene increased，the aromaticity
decreased，and the average molecular reduced especially the asphaltene which decreased largely. The molecular energy of asphaltene
increased and resin decreased which showed the asphaltene central aromatic framework were broken. The size of resin
and asphaltene decreased，and more aggregation of heavy components dispersed in heavy oil which contribute to the viscosity
reduction of extra-heavy oil.

Rod Design Optimization of the Hydraulic Feedback Pump of Heavy
Oil Mixed with Light Oil

Yuan bo, Du Linhui, Liang Zhiyan, Tang Jian, Jiang Jianhua

2013, 35(5):  157-164.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 023

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Tahe Oilfield is a carbonate reservoir with ultra-deep，ultra-heavy oil，which needs to mix with light oil. Sucker rod
pumps are mainly the hydraulic feedback heavy oil pump，which is designed specifically for heavy oil production. The stress
situation of hydraulic feedback heavy oil pump in mixing light oil wells was analyzed，and the sensitivity of various loading
factors was evaluated，and finally we put forward that producing fluid level and viscosity of the miscible liquids are the most
sensitive factors affecting the loading. On the basis of force analysis，we identify the problems of rod string designing method
at present and analyze the reasons of the rupture and out of joint of the sucker sod. Through a lot of comparison of the measured
and calculated data，we draw the conclusion that the stress error of optimized poles is smaller and the stress status evaluation is
more accurate. The optimized calculation method will be used to calculate the maximum pump depth for various combinations
of the oil extractor，rod and pump，and to guide the production management.

Study on Leakage Detection and Localization of Underground Pipelines
Based on Metal Magnetic Memory

Yang Yong, Wang Guanjun, Sun Dong, Liu Yanguo, Ji Jie

2013, 35(5):  165-171.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 05. 024

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Underground metal pipeline leakage detection and positioning is an urgent technical problem. Usually，the leakage
could cause the pipe wall to be deform and damage. The metal magnetic memory is an effectively method to detect the stress
concentration. In order to extract the feature of pipeline leakage from the magnetic signals，a time-frequency analysis method
has been proposed based on Hilbert–Huang Transform. Firstly，the Intrinsic Mode Functions（IMF，Mi(t)）of magnetic signals
were obtained using the empirical mode decomposed（EMD）algorithm. Then，through the separation and extraction of the
different frequency components，the reconstructed signal by low-frequency Mi(t) would contain feature of pipeline leakage.
Finally，the purpose has been realized to extract the feature of pipeline leakage according to analysis of the Hilbert envelope
spectrum. The favorable recognition precision ratio and the validity of extraction feature of pipeline leakage were verified by
the experiments. Furthermore，experimental results indicate that the pressure and leakage could not affect the extraction feature.
The results of in-situ show that the accuracy of leakage positioning is less than1.0 m.