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    20 April 1999, Volume 21 Issue 2
    油气藏工程
    DEVELOPMENT AND SOLUTION OF A NEW MATHEMATICS MODEL IN SWABBING WELL-TESTING ANALYSIS
    Xu Chun-bi Huang Bing-guang Li Shun-chu Wang Nu-tao
    1999, 21(2):  1-4.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.01
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    According to the technical procedures and the characteristics of well -testing for a swabbing well and the formation pressure distribution of last swabbing, we developed a new mathematics model of well-testing analysis for the next step swabbing, and obtained the theoretical solution for this new model in Laplace space. Application results in Changqing oil field showed that this new model can describe the characteristics of transient drops of the well pressure in swabbing producer and the changes of the non- regularly characteristics of the well pressure during the swabbing procedures. The ratio of the well -testing data is used and the reliability of the analysis results can be also increased. The well pressure of a swabbing producing well can be calculated with this new model as well.

    ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO ASSIST WELL TESTING INTERPRETATION
    Chen Wei Duan Yong-gang Liu Hui Xie Jun
    1999, 21(2):  5-8.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.02
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    Comprehensively integrated well testing interpretation model and the automatic recognization of the model have being a hard point for the study on the area. In order to solve the problems of curve pattern recognization and model diagnosing inference, a new method of well testing model recognization is presented in the paper based on syntactic pattern recognization. The complicated process recognizing pattern is simplified into characteristic extraction, shape tracing and model inference. A set of highly effective interpretation software integrating interpretation models is developed by well testing analyses and nonlinear optimization technology.

    EFFECT OF PARTIALLY HYDROLYZED POLYACRY LAMIDE ON SAND PARTICLE WETTABILITY
    Ye Zhong-bin Jin Ying-hui Yang Qing-yan
    1999, 21(2):  9-12.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.03
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    Based on the analysis of conventional rock wettability evaluation methods, a sand-pack flooding experiment procedure for the research of effect of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide on sand partial wettability has been established. Use this procedure, the effect of polymer solution on sand grain wettability is measured under different TDS and polymer concentrations. The results show that the presence of adsorbed polymer always induces an increase in the water irreducible saturation and decrease the residual oil saturation. It makes the sand grain become more water-wettability. The enhancement of the water-wettability of the sand grain affected by polymer concentration and TDS. It increases with polymer concentration and decreases with TDS in the interesting ranges.

    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ROCK UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION STRENGTH PREDICTION BY USING ACOUSTIC VELOCITY
    Yan Jing Li Zu-kui Li Chun-cheng Zhao Xiu-ju Zhai Ying-hu Wang Ke-xiong
    1999, 21(2):  13-13–15.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.04
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    Since the acoustic velocity is an acoustic index that can reflect the comprehension physical properties of formation rock in fairly good condition, it is widely used in all the technical fields of oil exploration and development. In this paper, the methods of the rock acoustic velocities and the uniaxial compression strength measurement in the laboratory are introduced briefly. And the studies of the correlation the acoustic velocity with uniaxial compression strength of rocks and the surface acoustic velocity with logging acoustic velocity by regression analysis, their data analysis procedure and their qualitative-quantitative conclusions are discussed deeply. Based on comprehensive analysis, the paper describes the mathematical models and their prediction profiles that are established for field to predict uniaxial compression strength of rocks by means of acoustic velocities from logging. As a content of an experimental study, the application prospect of this research result is also presented in the conclusions.

    THE APPLICATION OF3-D SEISMIC DATA IN EXPLORING RESERVOIR POTENTIALA EXAMPLE OF L RESERVOIR
    He Yan Wu Nan-sheng
    1999, 21(2):  16-19.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.05
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    In order to explore old reservoir potential, 3-D seismic data and drilling data are integrated and used in reservoir areas are determined: (1) the mini-structures around faults; (2)the structure formed by sealing of fault plane; (3) the blind areas surrounded by faults and (4) the lower part blind areas located not on main stream lines. The potential exploring illustrates that 3-D seismic data has incomparable advantage over 2 -D ones, specially, exploring old reservoir potential will be effectively guided by tight combination of 3-D seismic data and drilling data so as to determine well location.

    COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION OF NATURAL GAS RESOURCE IN THE REMOTE MARGINAL AREAS IN OIL/GAS FIELDS
    Tang Xiao-dong Deng Lan Zhang Bin
    1999, 21(2):  20-24.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.06
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    The natural gas resources in the remote magical areas in oil/gas fields include let-out gas (mainly associated gas) and low pressure well gas, which have not being utilized for a long time because of low yield, no local users and far away from transportation pipeline. The resource is not only considerably wasted, but environment is servile polluted. After demonstrating purification and integrated utilization technology of natural gas development of remote marginal areas in oil/gas fields both at home and away, it is recognized that reasonable purification and utilization technology should be put into use according to gas quality, quantity and the demand of market. Finally, integrated utilization of gas resource in the remote regional areas in TuHa oilfield is studied.

    MEASUREMENT OF CORE SATURATION DISTRIBUTION BY USINGINDUSTRIAL COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY
    Huang Rui-yao Yi Min Sun Liang-tian Wang Jie
    1999, 21(2):  25-27.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.07
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    It is of great importance to further study flooding mechanism if the oil saturation and the distribution in reservoir rocks are know. By using industrial computerized tomography, the paper presents a method to measure the density difference of saturation distribution after the displacement of oil - bearing cores.Theprocedure ison the same sectionof a core sample , to do scanning to dry sample, saturated sample and displaced sample respectively, then the corresponding section image is rebuilt,and the gray scale value is measured and density value is calculated. Based on the above values, saturation and its distribution can be calculated by Density Difference Method. The authors have conducted a measurement to a rock sample from certain oil field by an industrial computerized tomography CD - 300BG withγ- ray. The result indicates that the CT density difference method is effective to measure the saturation distribution. Compared with ordinary flooding methods, it is faster , more accurate , no damage to rock sample and can simulateformation condition. Therefore , it isa new effective methodforoilfield
    地质勘探
    STUDY ON MICROFACIES DISTRIBUTION OF THE TYPICAL DELTA FRONT SANDBODY OF THE FIRST SUBMEMBER OF THE SECOND MEMBER OF DONGYU FORMATION, OLIGOCENE SERIES IN DALUJIA AREA
    Ou Cheng-hua Chen Jing-shan
    1999, 21(2):  28-30.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.08
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    Dongyun formation, Oligocene series in Dalujia area is on of the main production formation of Linpan oil field deposition system is mainly made up by the delta from part, and its sand body genetic type includes river-ountain, sublacustrine distributary channel, sublacustrine levee, sublacustrine crevassesplay, distal bar, sheet coveting in delta front subfacies, which have been identified through comprehensive use of core, logging and well log data. Vertically, all these microfacies can be induced into three typical depositional sequences; uniform, decreasing and increasing upward respectively. In addition, all these microfacies identified in the area are the result of multisuperstition in the geologic time. And the interfaces are not always the interfaces of single sand beds. Through all studies inthis area and by the analysis of the deposition source from the west-north direction, the driving way of river, and the locate form extending to east-south or south, the data in this area is determined to be river-controlling type. Finally, a 3-D depositional faces model of this area has been induced, and in this model sublacustrine distributary channel and river-mouth barare in the center and the other microfacies are around them.

    EVALUATION OF RESERVOIR LOGGING FOR YINGMAI STRUCTURE NO.2~3OF JURASSIC TO SILURIAN
    Chen Ke-gui Shen Hai-yun Guan Wei Li Jin-fu Zhang Li Zhang Yong-zhong Wang Huan-zeng
    1999, 21(2):  32-32–35.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.09
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    AbstractIn order to evaluate the oil and gas resources of the structure from Jurassic to Silurian system in Yingmai structure No.2-3 in Tarim Basin, basic electric properties of all strata from Jurassic to Silurian system in the structures are investigated. Core analysis and paleocurrent of important in the wells both in and around the structures are investigation, shows that Jurassic strata in Yingmai structure No.2-3 rise up gradually from northwest reservoir improved from northern west to southern east, and the direction of deposit source accorded with that of paleocurrent. Vertically, properties of formation on the bottom is stronger than that on middle and top. The oil and gas display in Yingmai well 3 is better than n other wells. Therefore, new oil and gas display is to be found from the apex area, which is the southern part of Yingmai well 3.

    THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL ASPHALT, OIL AND GAS SEEPAGE AND EXPLORATION IN SOUTH CHINA
    Zhang Xue-yu Li Guo-jian
    1999, 21(2):  36-40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.10
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    Based on the extensive surface natural asphalt, oil and gas seepage hydro-chemical property and asphalt evolution stage, integrated with regional tectonic, thermal degradation, preservation condition and the correlation of known oil and gas field, it is pointed out the preservation and potential structure study should be done on the fault-depression at Mesozoic and Paleozoic outcrop areas. It is in the area with good preservation and thermal action is procreating that fault trap and organic reef gas pool will be found. It is not favorable area to find gas field in the area, which the natural asphalt commonly occurs and oil and gas seepage and extensional fracture are developed.

    THE ADVANTAGE OF COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION METHOD BY BLURRED MATHEMATICS IN TRAP EVALUATION
    Yang Chang-ming Wang Mei-li Nie Xin-kun
    1999, 21(2):  41-42.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.11
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    Trap evaluation is the core of oil/gas resource evaluation. But some qualitative factors make the conventional evaluation methods not convenient during the work. For example, it can only be given a dim concept about whether or not a trap contains oil- gas. Comprehensive evaluation method of blurred mathematics can deal with the “be this and that” with mathematical method. Therefore, it can be evaluated quantitatively. It is the advantage of comprehensive evaluation method of blurred mathematics in trap evaluation.

    HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHM AND ITS APPLICATION IN SEISMIC WAVE IMPEDANCE IN VERSION
    Yin Cheng Chen Tao Huang Xiao-ge Nian Yong-jie
    1999, 21(2):  43-45.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.12
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    A hybrid fast genetic algorithm (H2O) is proposed on the basis of various characteristics of nature evolution. This algorithm is combined with niche technician, a variety of crossover schemes, multi-populations and catastrophism phenomenons. Last sense, it can efficiently eliminate premature convergence of GA on the nonlinear multi-parameter optimization problem. Through testing seism wave impedance inversion, the result is obviously improved compared with the convention genetic algorithm in the convergence ability and computation efficiency.

    APPLICATION OF VSP AVERAGE VELOCITY
    Cao Tong-ren
    1999, 21(2):  46-48.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.13
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    According to the comparison of the VSP-log shooting and receiving conditions with the conventional seismic exploration, this paper discussed the accuracy of the VSP-log and the conventional seismic average velocity and the reasons which conventional seismic average velocity accuracy is lower than that of the VSP-log average velocity. The author emphasizes that it is important to restrain and correct the conventional seismic average velocity using the VSP-log average so that it provides good velocity data for the high accurate structure maps compilation used in oil-gas exploration.

    钻采工艺与设备
    THE EFFECT OF HYDRATION TO THE FORMATION OF SHALE ON“SAVE”DRILLING
    Liu xiang-jun Luo Ping-ya Liu You-jia
    1999, 21(2):  49-49–52.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.14
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    Shale formation is different from “inactive” rocks when contacting with water-based drilling fluid, rock strength and the internal stress around borehole in the hale formation will change with mud properties and time in which shale formation had been opened. Finally stability will be decreased. The effects of hydration on stresses distributions, caving pressure and fracture pressure of shale formation around borehole had been studied quantitatively. The results have illustrated that shale hydration will decrease the fracture pressure, and increase caving pressure.

    STUDY ON TECHNOLOGY TO REDUCE THE STICKING TENDENCY IN DEEP WELL OF LOW PRESSURE AND POROUS FORMATION IN XINJIANG
    Pu Xiao-lin Hou Qin-li Qian Xu-jun Shi Lei
    1999, 21(2):  53-56.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.15
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    Aimed at low pressure and high porous formation in the deep wells in Southern margin of Jungor Basin, Xinjiang, influence of various factors on differential sticking is analyzed. Two testing methods to evaluate differential sticking tendency are recommended for Xinjiang oil field. According to parts of laboratory testing results and the characteristic of deep well drilling fluids, the technological sticking tendency is established.

    IDENTIFICATION OF DRILL-STRING SYSTEM WHILE DRILLING
    Han Ji-yong
    1999, 21(2):  57-60.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.16
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    Drill-string vibration system while is very complicated dynamic system, which has uncertain boundary conditions and randomness. Based on random signal theory, in order to quantitatively research drilling string by vibration measurement method, the article sketches out a new method——the identification of drill——string system using the cross correlation function. Using input signal, and output signal, the impulse response of drill-string is obtained. Some problems of drill engineering (critical rotation speed of frill-string, drill-string resonances, interaction between the drill string and the borehole wall and lithology of formation driied )are discussed.

    ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING THE SCRAPING EXPERIMENTAL DATA OF DISC BIT
    Liu Qing-you Qiu Ya-ling Yao Zhi-heng
    1999, 21(2):  61-64.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.17
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    The structure characteristic and operation mechanism of disc bit is briefly introduced in the paper, and the experimental data is analysis and processed aimed at the scraping correlation experiment between disc bit with 9 different structural parameters of disc cutting teeth and conventional insert bit with gourd -shape and wedge-shape teeth operating on the sandstone from Chongqing Member. The scraping force is obtained which is required to scrap unit volume rock, as well as maxim value, minimum valued average value of scraping force obtained during the process of scraping by different teeth, and the scraping effect by different structural teeth in scraping the sandstone from Chongqing member is gained, which provides experimental data for fourthly developing the disc bit suitable to midi-hard adsoft formation and being of highly integrated property.

    CORROSION FATIGUE OF CARBON STEEL IN SALTS DRILLING FLUIDS
    Fu Chao-yang Zheng Jia-shen Yao An-lin Li Jian
    1999, 21(2):  65-67.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.18
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    Under load stresses and corrosion environment with high temperature and pressure , drill pipes occur corrosion fatigue crack easily in drilling mud. A simulated testing apparatus was used to study the crackprocessof drillpipes so as to find an efficient protection method in laboratory. Corrosion fatigue behaviors of steel 45 are studied using self - made rotary type bending corrosion fatigue testing apparatus in salt drilling fluids, as well the effect of some mechanics factors and medium factors, such as cyclic stress, load frequency, temperature , on the corrosion fatigue crack of steel 45 . Results showed that corrosion fatigue crack of steel45 was depended on the corrosion rate of steel 45,especially the extent of pitting corrosion. The corrosion fatigue life of steel 45 increased with the increase of load frequency.While temperature reached 45 C or so , the corrosion fatigue crack of steel 45 was the most quickly.

    THE SCALE PREDICTION OF SURFACE GATHERING PIPELINE OIL FIELD BASED ON ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
    FU Ya-rong WANG Kai-bing;WANG Jing-que
    1999, 21(2):  68-69.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.19
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    According to the theory of artificial neural network, prediction and judgement the scale of the gathering pipeline in oil field can avoid the problem of various factors on scaling and the scale of the gathering pipeline can be predicted and judged correctly and easily. After application of this theory in analysis of a pipeline scale statue in one oil field, it is shown that the artificial neural network needn’t to establish mathematical model,instead, it adjusts the connected weight values automatically.Under the condition to get the representative training sample,the artificial neural network can successfully predict and judge the scale statue of the surface gathering pipeline in oil field.
    油气化学工程与化工
    IMPROVING THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF CO-POLY-MERIZATION PRODUCT OF WATER-SOLUBLE MONOMERS BY PRECIPITATION POLYMERIZATION
    Tang Shu-zhong Zhu Lin Tang Chun-ling
    1999, 21(2):  70-73.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.20
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    Water solution polymerization and precipitation polymerization of ethenyl radical monomers were carried out at same conditions, and the differences between the products in molecular weight and other aspects were investigated. The results indicate that the product of precipitation polymerization has a higher molecular weight and is better in the capability of inhibiting clay expansion than that of water solution polymerization.

    ULTRALOW TEMPERATURE BREAKER ON CROSSLINKED HPG FRACTURING FLUIDS BY BORANE
    Chen Fu Yan Xing zhong Lin Tan Fang
    1999, 21(2):  74-76.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.21
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    It is necessary to solve the problem of fracturing fluids being broken in shallow and low temperature reservoirs. Catalysts under low temperature accelerate the breaking capabilities of ammonium persulfate (APS), enzyme and encapsulated breaker. By testing viscosity losses of hydroxyprophyl guar(HPG) crosslinked by borane, some APS/catalysts systems and microencapsulated breaker have been screened at 50℃. Results have been shown that the HPG fracturing fluids can be completely destroyed by APS/catalysts.

    THE EXPANSION MECHANISM OF MAGNESIA COMPOUND FOR OIL WELL CEMENT——THERMODYNAM IC PRINCIPLE AND VALIDATION
    Yao Xiao
    1999, 21(2):  77-80.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.22
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    The expansion mechanism of hydroxide expanding phase for oil well cement slurry are discussed on the basis of principle of chemical thermodynamics and topochemical reaction model. It suggests that expansion force results from crystallization pressure, which converted from the reduction of chemical potentials in the reaction of hydroxide formation, i.e., the chemical energy of the reduction was converted into the mechanical work. Furthermore, the special experiments were designed to validate the theoretical analysis by use of class G oil well cement and anovel expandant. The theoretical analysis and experimental findings indicate that two conditions are indispensable: (1) the plastic strength of the slurry must high enough to restrained crystal growth of the solid product (i. e. restrained crystal growth) and (2) solubility product of the pore solution for hydroxide in the slurry should be greater than that of standard condition.

    PROCESSING OF DRILLING WASTE WATER BY TRISTEP METHOD
    Zhao Li-zhi Zeng Zhi-nong Liu Zhi-de Xiao Xiang
    1999, 21(2):  81-83.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.23
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    An acid neutralization-coagulation-adsorption on activated carbon trio-step method has been presented and investigated on the basis of characteristics of drilling waste water and present problems. Results have indicated that over 80% suspended solid and 50% CODCr can be removed in the first step,75% CODCr can be removed after coagulation, and the CODCr value can be reduced to 200mg/L below by using activated carbon for further process, which has reached the exhaust criteria.

    DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF A NEW KIND OF CATIONIC COLLOID
    Yang Xu Wang Ping-quan
    1999, 21(2):  84-87.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.24
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    A new kind of cationic colloid used in drilling fluids is introduced. Theological properties, compatibility with other additives and inhibitive property of this frilling fluid system were studied in laboratory, and lots of data show that this drilling fluid system is more efficient than MMH and COS-1 drilling fluid system. This drilling fluid system can e used in high temperature system (more than 140°C) and in high slat lime concentration system, and shows good performance. The cationic colloid can be prepared in laboratory with aluminum chloride by heating aluminum chloride to get to caustic aluminum chloride and then using aluminum chloride reacting with water to produce this cationic colloid.

    石油经济管理
    STUDY ANALYSIS METHODS OF ECONOMIC BENEFIT IN OIL AND GAS FIELD
    Liu Xian-tao Zhang Shu-ying
    1999, 21(2):  88-91.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.25
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    As the establishment and perfection of socialist market economy system of China, petroleum industry is flourishing. In order to match the new situation, all the managers should attach great importance to economic benefit analysis of petroleum and management activities in oil and gas field. In this paper, train of thought and method on economic benefit analysis in oil and gas field are proposed. The cost and output analysis is completed. The methods to reduce production cost and to determine benefit output and non-benefit output in oil and gas field are got out.

    RESEARCH ON PRODUCT COST DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL METHOD OF REFINERY ENTERPRISE
    Tang Fang-cheng Zhang Ming-quan
    1999, 21(2):  92-94.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1999.02.26
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    Because of the unreasonable method of distributing cost in terms of co-product structure in some refinery enterprises used currently, we give a new method justified by means of nonlinear program theory and maximum profit of western economics. In order to strength the cost management, to reduce the production cost for refinery enterprises, and to boost product market competition. Firstly, distributing total cost in light of co-product sales revenue, and working out unit cost of individual product according to single product price of co-product.Secondly, taking advantage of single product price and complicated degree of producing process, working out and comparing the relative of expense and profit. It is justified to be effective significantly and reference value on the part of controlling product cost and making the coproduct reasonable.