Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science & Technology Edition)

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Controlling Factors of Hydraulic Fractures Extending into Network inShale Formations

Jinzhou Zhao;Ren Lan;Hu Yongquan

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 1-9.

Abstract （683）

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Fracturing practice shows that hydraulic fractures in shale reservoir present complex extending models of non-planar and multiple branches，which is essentially different from traditional symmetry plane bi-wing fractures in forming mechanism. Based on the research results of indoor experiments，field fracturing practice，theory analysis and numerical simulation etc，this paper has systematically analyzed the controlling factors of hydraulic fractures extending into network in shale formations. Research shows the extending shape of fractures in shale reservoir is influenced by both geological factors and engineering factors：according to reservoir geological attributes，higher brittle mineral contents of rock，stronger elastic characteristic of rock mechanical properties，smaller horizontal differential stress and better developed natural fractures will be constructive to better extension and propagation for hydraulic fractures extending into network；according to engineering conditions of
fracturing operations，higher operation net pressure，lower fluid viscosity and larger fracturing scale will be more helpful to the formation of fully propagated fracture-network. This study has important theoretical value and practical significance to the understanding of shale reservoir fracture-network propagation mechanism and can improve the science of shale reservoir fracturing design.

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Oil and Gas Distribution Features and Main Controlling Factors ofNorthwest Shelf，Australia

Wang Weiguang;Tong Xiaoguang;Yu Lian;Wen Zhixin;Wang Zhaoming

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 10-18.

Abstract （412）

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Based on the analysis of tectonic evolution and petroleum geology，the author summarized the oil and gas distribution
features of northwest shelf of Australia，and discuss the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation. The results
show that the hydrocarbon distribution of northwest shelf of Australia are divisional in plane，oil mainly occurs in NW trend
narrow rifts formed during the late Jurassic，while gas mainly distributed in the outer highs adjacent to those rifts. Vertically，
hydrocarbon principally occurs in Mesozoic series with a stratified feature，and gas is concentrated in Triassic and Jurassic
reservoirs while oil mainly occurred in Cretaceous and upper formations. Hydrocarbon accumulation of northwest shelf of
Australia is principally controlled by source rock，structural background，big delta sedimentary systems，regional seal and
later preservation conditions. Source rock property and distribution led to the appearance of“rich in gas and poor in oil”
of northwest shelf Australia and controlled the oil and gas distribution. Big delta sedimentary systems and fine regional seals
provided excellent source-reservoir-seal assemblages，and determined the concentration layers of hydrocarbon. Besides，uplifts
and highs adjacent to sags are always the favorable areas with all sorts of traps developed.

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Prediction of Sand Reservoir with Multi-Wavelet Seismic TraceDecomposition and Reconstruction

She Gang;Zhou Xiaoying;Wang Jianbo

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 19-27.

Abstract （309）

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Daniudi Gasfield in Ordos Basin is typically a lithologic gas reservoir with tight and anisotropic characteristics.
There is no obvious seismic response of sand body due to low resolution，small difference of acoustic impedance between sand
and shale，and strong reflection events from coal. Therefore，it is very difficult to predict the reservoirs in the area. Using the
multi-wavelet seismic trace decomposition and reconstruction，each post-stack seismic trace is decomposed into a set of Ricker
wavelets of different dominant frequencies. A new seismic volume is then reconstructed with wavelets within a selected range
of dominant frequencies that reflect the reservoirs and used to predict the reservoirs and gas-bearing property.

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Discussion on the Differential Distribution of WOC and its Mechanism inthe Faulted Anticline Reservoir

Yan ke;Zhao Hongbing

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 28-34.

Abstract （335）

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Based on the isochronous formation frame，the reservoir characteristics and oil & water distribution pattern of
Es2（81）sand unit in Shenglicun faulted anticline of Shengtuo Oilfield are described by using of core data and close spacing
log information. With the mechanical balance between the driving force and resisting force of petroleum accumulation，the
mechanism of the differential distribution of WOC in faulted anticline reservoir is elaborated. The result shows that the oil
column height and WOC depth in the same sand unit but different block are inconsistent in the faulted anticline reservoir，and
the WOC in the same block is not parallel with the structural contour. The block and area with poorer physical property，smaller
strata dip and higher oil density can hold higher oil column height，which causes the differential distribution of WOC in planar
shape. In the actual reservoir，the regional difference of oil column height between blocks and in same block is a basic feature，
and the situation of WOC is controlled by reservoir heterogeneity，structural attitude and oil density comprehensively.

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Tectonic Evolution Characteristics of Hala’alate Mountains and TheirInfluence on Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Northern Xinjiang

Hu Yang;Xia Bin;

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 35-42.

Abstract （291）

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The area of Hala’alate mountains is located in the foreland thrust belt，north segment of the Junggar Basin，the tectonic evolution characteristics of which was complicated. Using Basin dynamics theory，basin-range coupling idea and balanced cross section technique，this paper shows the whole structural interpretation and resumes the tectonic evolution of the area of Hala’alate mountains. We analyze and discuss about the factors of oil and gas migration and accumulation which are controlled and influenced by tectonic evolution of the area. On this basis，we conclude that：（1）tectonic evolution of the area of
Hala’alate mountains is closely related to the northwest Junggar Basin，and the entire development can be divided into 4 stages: impact extrusion period（C—P），back-arc extrusion period（P2—T），extended fault period（J1—J12 ）and regenerated foreland basin（J22—Q）；（2）bitumen and heavy oil existence in Hala’alate mountains and the surrounding areas illustrate that oil and gas migration and accumulation had been occurred in this area；（3）there are two kinds of source supply system which are local source and Mahu sag distal source in the area of Hala’alate mountains. The formation of a critical period of oil and gas were the Triassic and Jurassic. The reservoir formation models may be briefly summarized as follows：earlier formation model of far source and side transportation through sand-unconformity，earlier formation model of near source and vertical transportation through sand-fault，and later formation model of near source and ladder transportation；（4）the anticlinal structures in the lower plate of the Daerbute fault should be favorable direction for oil and gas exploration.

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The Effect of Salts on Hydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion ofArgillaceous Source Rock

Ma Zhongliang;Zheng Lunju;Li Zhiming;Qin Jianzhong;

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 43-51.

Abstract （400）

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According to the presence of aalt lake sediments of the Tertiary in the east of China，we make use of hydrocarbon
generation and expulsion of pore hot simulation instrument to carry out the simulation under the conditions of formation of
salt and no salt argillaceous source rock hydrocarbon generation and expulsion simulation experiments，through the analysis
of hydrocarbon products of the salts in hydrocarbon source rocks in the process of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion. The
results have shown that：（1）the presence of salts accelerated the evolution of hydrocarbon generation，and promoted oil and gas
generation.（2）the presence of salt reduces the adsorption capacity of organic matter，accelerated the process of transformation
and dehydration of clay，and promoted the initial operation of oil and gas shift easy cleavage and other reasons，the source
rocks in the development of micro-pores and apertures in source rocks.（3）Although there exist a large number of stranded
oil resources，salt-free zones in shale source rocks has little value of commercial exploitation because of the difficulties in
fracturing. But they may be favorable of shale rock gas exploitation when reaching maturing. Although it is easy to discharge
oil and gas generated in the process of evolution of salt rocks，20% of oil resources were still stuck，when Ro=1.28%a large
number of salts rich in minerals and low brittleness with clay minerals，are conducive to creating cracks，and are easy for
fracturing，which makes salt rock areas favorable shale zones for reservoir exploration.

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A Review on Pyrolysis Experimentation on Hydrocarbon Generation

Tang Qingyan;Zhang Mingjie;Zhang Tongwei;Shang Hui;Lin Yao

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 52-62.

Abstract （360）

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Experimental pyrolysis simulation on hydrocarbon generation from organic-rich sources is an important approach
to the evaluation of hydrocarbon generation potential and resource assessment，and it can be used to simulate the physical and
chemical evolution of organic matters under geological conditions. The results of pyrolysis experiment provides the tools and
data for the appraisal of the hydrocarbon generation potential and the study of the hydrocarbon formation processes，genetic
mechanism and chemical kinetics. The samples used in pyrolysis experiments are usually from immature to low mature，
depending on the purpose of the study and also the type of organic matter and the thermal evolution of sedimentary basins. Open
system and close system are two different types of experimental apparatuses designed to probe special objectives. The open
system is used to simulate primary kerogen cracking，and the closed one is used to investigate the oil and gas secondary cracking
at high thermal maturation level. The effect of temperature，pressure，water and minerals on hydrocarbon generation from
organic matter can be quantified through experimental simulation. As a result，the relationship between oil and gas generation
history and the evolution of a sedimentary basin is revealed with the combination of the thermal history and the sedimentary
history of the basin，which provides the important parameters for basin modeling. With the demand of the rapid increase in the
exploration and development of shale gas and tight oil unconventional resources，in order to semi-quantitatively or quantitatively
extrapolate the results of laboratory simulation to geological conditions，we outlined the following new research topics related to
pyrolysis simulation from this review，including：to develop the experimental technique，especially well-constrained confining
pressure for rock cylinders at high temperature and pressure condition；to further investigate hydrocarbon formation mechanism
and petroleum expulsion efficiency；to enhance and strengthen high temperature and pressure simulation of organic matters，its
interaction with strata water and minerals，as well as organic-inorganic interaction and their role in pore development，which
will be important to the assessment of potential resources of unconventional resources，like shale gas and tight oil etc.

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Study of Remaining Oil Distribution of Underwater Distributary Channelin Lasaxing Oilfield

Xiao Hongwei

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 63-66.

Abstract （329）

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Lasaxing Oilfield has come into a development stage with ultrahigh water cut and highly decentralized remaining
oil. Remaining reserves are mainly stored in channel sand reservoir，which accounts for about 70% of water flooding remaining
geologic reserve. Underwater distributary channel sand is typical channel sand body，mainly distributing in non major
reservoirs from Lamadian Oilfield to Xingshugang Oilfield of Daqing Oilfield. Underwater distributary channel in Lasaxing
Oilfield was taken to be main research object，using stratification testing of sealed coring inspection well & oil-water well，well
log interpretation of water flooded layer and production data，remaining oil formation mechanism of underwater distributary
channel in Lasaxing Oilfield was studied by using sealed coring inspection well data analysis method，reservoir engineering
method，reservoir numerical simulation method，physical simulation and comprehensive analytic approach. The remaining oil
distribution pattern was presented.

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Research Progress of the Ultrasonic Detection in Phase Behavior of Fluidsin Porous Media

Chen Hao;Yang Shenglai;Yu Donghai;Li Fangfang;Zhang Xing

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 67-73.

Abstract （363）

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So far，the study of the phase behavior of hydrocarbon fluids has been relatively mature. It could supply corresponding
theoretical guidance and technical support for the efficient development of the oil and gas reservoirs. However，the effect of
porous media on phase behavior mostly is ignored. Therefore，it is crucial to study the phase behavior of fluids in porous media
with due consideration of the interactions of the fluids and porous media. With the further development in this field，advantages
of the ultrasonic detection such as no limit of pressure and temperature，no effect on fluid compositions，low cost and no harm
to human beings have received increasingly attention and the technique is gradually being used in phase behavior of fluids in
porous media. In this paper，with reference to abundant literature at home and abroad，detection mechanism of the ultrasonic
wave is described briefly and research advances of the ultrasonic detection in phase behavior of gas hydrates and condensate
gas system is summarized emphatically. And，the existing problems and future research of this technique are also identified.

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A Discussion on Main Controlling Factors of the Third FeixianguanFormation in Tongnanba Tectonic Zone

Zhan Guowei;Deng Gang

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 74-78.

Abstract （312）

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The third Feixianguan formation oolitic reservoir in the Tongnanba tectonic zone is low-porosity，low-permeability
and compact limestone. We make use of logging，core and slice to discuss the main controlling factors from respects of tectonic，
sedimentology and diagenism. The results show that the oolitic reservoir is controlled by the sedimentary face，micro-
palaeogeomorphology，tectonic movement and diagenism. The preconditions of the oolitic reservoir growth is the core of
intra-platform shoals，and the high spot of the ancient micro-landform provides the indispensable material basis；the key is the
extent and the length of the exposure to air and transformation by fresh water leaching. The tectonic disruption makes possible
the connection between the pore and the hole of the reservoir，and improves the infiltration fluid ability of the unit. The well
match of the multi-factors may form the good reservoir.

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The Controlling Factors and Characteristics for Biological Pores ofChangxing Formation in Yuanba Area，Sichuan Basin

Huang Yong;Zhang Hanrong;Fan Xiaojun

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 79-85.

Abstract （280）

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Quality Dolomite Reservoir of exposure shallow shoal in back reef and the exposure reef flat has developed on
the platform edge of Changxing Formation in Yuanba Area in Sichuan Basin. By observation and description to hundreds of
meters drilling core and more than one thousand cast pieces sections of more than 20 wells drilling，we discover many reservoir
space type. The major reservoir space types are the dolomite intercrystalline pore，organism coelom pore，framework pore，
the biological intergranular porosity and dissolved pore or break，etc. The advantage reservoir spaces of the quality dolomite
reservoir Changxing Formation in Yuanba Area in Sichuan Basin，are the biological dissolved pores，and the secondary origin
porosities and cavities related to biology. The minority of secondary pores are formed directly by dolomitization，dissolution
and recrystallization etc，while the majority from biological pore. The biological pore are controlled by sedimentary context
and constructional diagenesis besides internal cause，such as mineral composition，architecture，conformation，ect. The development
of biology and dissolved pore are one of the main control factors for the quality Dolomite Reservoir in the exposure
shallow shoal in back reef and the exposure reef flat on the platform edge of Changxing Formation in Yuanba Area.

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Resistivity Through Casing in Chenbao Oilfield

Liu Hongqi;Li Li;Shi Songshan;Shen Xiaohong

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 86-92.

Abstract （380）

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Casing hole formation resistivity logging has been paid more and more attention to in recent years，and ECOS
technology of Russia have been applied in some oilfields of China，and Chenbao Region，Jiangsu Oilfield，is one of those.
Insofar at present，the critical task is to locate the residual oil zones and to evaluate the flooding grade of oil-bearing formation.
Through comparison between ECOS-resistivity and conventional resistivity，we discover that the two kinds of resistivity have
roughly similar trend. However，there are relatively obvious amplitude differences between them，and usually，the latter is
larger than the former. The law is the more serious flooding，the larger amplitude difference. So this paper provides a novel
method，which is the relative resistivity change rate（IR），to evaluate the flooding grade. Through two cases，this method is
proved available. Finally，we conclude that the ECOS technology is suitable for Chenbao Oilfield.

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Optimizing the Fracture Parameters of Low Permeability Gas Reservoirs

Guo Jianchun;Liang Hao;Zhao zhihong

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 93-98.

Abstract （420）

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The effective fracture permeability and fracturing scale which are allowed by the economy is rarely considered in the
present fracture design method，as a result，the long effectiveness and economics of the fracturing results can not be ensured.
Based on the concept of Proppant Index，with maximization of economy profit as the objective，an optimal proppant index
function is established by considering the relationship between economic aspects，reservoir size and fracturing scale. For a
given reservoir size the only optimal proppant index and optimal fracture length can be determined by using this function，and
with the iteration method we can get the optimal fracture parameters under non-Darcy flow conditions. The results show that the
more severe non-Darcy flow effect in the fracture，the smaller the optimal proppant index and fracture length is，and the larger
the optimal fracture width is，a fracture with lower penetration ration and higher fracture conductivity is needed to minimize
the non-Darcy flow effect.

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Well Test Analysis Based on a New Model of High-velocity Non-DarcyFluid Flow

Li Linkai;Jiang Ruizhong;Xu Jianchun;Wang Gongchang;Wang Ruiheng

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 99-105.

Abstract （389）

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Based on a new model which describes the high-velocity non-Darcy fluid flow，well testing models about homogeneous
and double medium were established considering the wellbore storage and skin effect. Then，all the models were solved
by finite difference method. Results show that when considering the high-velocity non-Darcy flow，the pressure curves will
move up and the pressure derivative curves will have a transportation hump and move back，time delay appear in the horizontal
section. Compared with the Forchheimer model，the curves of the new model have smaller upward movement. Kmr and τD
are two significant factors to determine both pressure and pressure derivative curves morphology. The transportation hump
of the pressure curves increases with the decrease of Kmr and increase of τD and the pressure derivative curves have a bigger
upward movement. At last，the difference between the drawdown test and build-up test based on high-velocity Non-Darcy flow
is clarified and a simple interpretation method is given for buildup test.

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Experimental Research on Combination Flooding System for EOR inYangsanmu Heavy Oil Reservoir

Yi Xiangyi;Li Jiansong;Wang Hongbo

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 106-109.

Abstract （326）

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A surfactant-polymer（SP）system screened by interfacial tension experiments and Emulsifying test is prepared for
EOR in view of Yangsanmu heavy oil reservoir. This system is composed of a surfactant（PS-2）with a density of 2 000 mg/L and
HPAM with a density of 1 000 mg/L，which can reduce the oil-water interfacial tension to the magnitude of 10􀀀2 mN/m and form
stable water-in-oil（W/O）emulsion with a water separation rate of 10.8% and a viscosity-reducing rate of 95.8% for 60 min.
Core flow experiments demonstrate that the enhanced recovery of three different systems referring to SP，single polymer and
single surfactant system is 15.7% ，10.8% and 7.9% respectively when 0.3 PV flooding system was injected. Thus，SP system
is the best for EOR in Yangsanmu heavy oil reservoir，and is also helpful to applied to improve oil recovery for ordinary heavy
oil reservoir

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Study on the Horizontal Wellbore Model of Thin-layered Bottom-waterReservoir in Luliang Oilfield

Xu Weina;Shi Jun;Yan Jiang;Fan Saihua;He Changbo

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 110-115.

Abstract （354）

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A special thin layer of bottom water reservoir has developed in Hutubi River Layer in Luliang Oilfield of Xinjiang.
This kind of reservoir has thin thickness，small sand body amplitude and large bottom-water energy. Drilled with horizontal
well，this kind of reservoir has possessed some characteristics such as short water free production period and water-cut with
faster ascending velocity and big decline production. Aiming at solving these problems，we established the horizontal wellbore
model which takes the pressure loss into consideration with the numerical simulation method，and obtained the pressure
distribution of horizontal wells and the influence of horizontal section production due to the pressure loss. On this basis，we
analyzed the features of water cresting characteristic of the horizontal well bottom water coning，and judged the location of
water breakthrough in horizontal section. Finally，the paper suggests that the reasonable liquid production can be achieved by
plugging the location of water breakthrough and using pump which has smaller diameter. Such method will control bottom
water coning and decrease the pressure loss and reduce the water cut increasing rate.

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Study on the Adaptability Limits of Point Bar Potential Tapping byHorizontal Well at High Water Cut Stage

Li Junjian;Liu Yuzhang;Xiao Kang;Jiang Hanqiao

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 116-121.

Abstract （318）

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Combined with geological and production performance data in 4 sand group of upper Ng in Gudao Oilfield，the threedimensional
typical model reflecting reservoir architecture of point bar is set up according to quantitative description of lateral
accretion interbed in point bar. Based on economic limit production of horizontal well，the methods of reservoir engineering
and numerical simulation are used to analyze the adaptability limits of point bar potential tapping by horizontal well at high
water cut stage on the basis of distribution modes of remaining oil under different injection-production patterns in point bar. The
result shows that when the dip direction of interbed is consistent with water injection，and permeability of interbed is less than
12 mD，dip angle is lower than 7°vertical extension length / reservoir thickness more than 0.46 and horizontal spacing less than
60 m，it is time to prepare for tapping the potential of horizontal wells. When the dip direction of interbed is opposite to water
injection，and the adaptability limits become 30 mD，11°，0.33 and 90 m respectively，it is time to carry out potential tapping.
Such results provide a certain theoretical guidance for application of horizontal wells in point bar at high water cut stage.

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Study on CO2 Huff and Puff Technology for Strong Water Sensitive HeavyOil Reservoir

Lu Teng;Li Zhaomin;Liu Wei;Li Songyan;Zhang Jiguo

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 122-128.

Abstract （356）

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Zheng 408 Block is a typical strong water sensitive heavy oil reservoir. The recovery performance of natural drive，
anti-swelling water flooding and steam huff and puff is unsatisfactory for the shortage of natural energy and strong water sensitivity.
Based on indoor experiments，the dissolution of CO2 in heavy oil of Zheng 408 Block and the percolation characteristics
in production period were studied. The optimization of development scheme was obtained by numerical simulation. The results
show that the volume of heavy oil increases obviously and the heavy oil viscosity will decrease greatly after the dissolving of
CO2. In CO2 huff and puff production period，CO2 precipitated in heavy oil disperses in oil like small gas bubbles because of
high viscosity，which can be defined as“foamy oil”. Foamy oil can improve the flow ability of heavy oil，increase elastic
energy and decrease the velocity of reservoir pressure drop. Numerical simulation results show that the optimal cyclic CO2
injection volume was 100 t，and the optimal injection rate was 50 t/d.

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Development of Anti High Temperature and Salt Polymer Fluid Loss Agentand Study on its Operation Mechanisms

Huang Wei´an;Qiu Zhengsong;Qiao Jun;Jiang Lin;Li Gongrang

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 129-134.

Abstract （359）

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Aimed at the present problem of filtration property and high temperature stability adjusting of high temperature
water base drilling fluid around the world，the polymer fluid loss agent HTP–1 anti 240 ℃ and salts are developed. The result
of gravitational thermal analysis indicates that the pyrolytic temperature of molecule chain of HTP–1 is up to 320 ℃，and has
strong thermal stability. Evaluation results of dropping filtration performance several drilling fluid slurry show that HTP–1
has excellent fluid loss decreasing performance and high temperature（240 ℃），salt（saturated brine）and calcium（0.5%）tolerance，
overmatching congeneric fluid loss additive at home and abroad. The mechanism of action of HTP–1 is studied by
experiments such as adsorption，particle size distribution measuring，colloid stability measuring and compressibility of filter
cake testing，which is as follows：HTP–1（1）adsorbs clay particles fast and in large amounts，its performance is not very much
influenced by salt pH and temperature；（2）observably reduce the permeability and improve compressibility of filter cake before
and after aged sixteen hours under 240 ℃；（3）improves particle size grading and colloid stability of drilling fluid system.

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Investigating the Saturation Distribution Measurement Method for thePhysical Model of High-pressure and Large-thick Reservoirs

Pei Bailin;Zeng Ming;Liu Cheng

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 135-139.

Abstract （318）

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Current research on saturation distribution of physical model focuses on the one-dimensional small rock sample and
two-dimensional thin model，and research on high-pressure and large-thick reservoirs model has been involved. In this paper，
the timing stable gamma ray test to each model grid node is implemented with high precision two-dimension Computerized
Numerical Control（CNC）mobile positioning system，and then the saturation of each grid node is calculated through Lambert
Law. Afterwards，reservoir saturation profile is obtained using mathematical drawing method and the prediction of saturation
distribution measurement in high-pressure and big-thick reservoir physical model is finally realized. After a single point testing
and a simple replication experiment，this method is proved to be feasible and accurate and significant to predict the saturation
distribution of high-pressure and large-thick reservoir model.

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Flooding Mechanism and Flow Behavior of Surfactant in S7 FaultBlock Reservoir

Liu Aiwu;Liu Hua;Ma Mingjun;Li Xiaonan;Huang Ju

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 140-143.

Abstract （404）

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Taking the S7 reservoir of SN Oilfield as an example，a study is made of flow and oil displacement process of
surfactant in the complex rock / oil / water system after it enters porous media. Surfactant effects on residual oil include the
following three aspects: emulsion，migration and enrichment. Low interfacial tension system can make the oil disperse，then the
oil droplets become smaller，so it is easy to flow. Experimental studies show，after injection of surfactant，relative permeability
curve changes，phase curve shifts to the right，and liquid phase permeability increases，reducing residual saturation.

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Study on the Interface Characteristics of N80 Steels and Silica MatrixCoatings and Well Cement

Zhang Chunmei;Guo Xiaoyang;Cheng Xiaowei

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 144-149.

Abstract （308）

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In order to improve the bond strength of the first interface cementing，the silica matrix ceramic coatings were prepared
on N80 steel substrates as transitional coating between casing steels and well cement by thermochemical reaction method. The
characteristics of the interfacial microstructures and bonding behavior were investigated by the structure，morphology and
binding forces of the samples with XRD，SEM，Stereomicroscope and Scratch Tester. The results show that the interface of
ceranic coating and cement created the new phase MgAl2O4 and Ca54MgAl2Si16O90，respectively. The critical adhesion between
the ceranic coating and the steel matrix is 40 N or so，and the preparation of the ceranic coating is helpful to improve the bonding
strength on the first interface.

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Performance Research of Oil-based Gelled Fracture Fluid Based on thePhosphoric Acid Ester and Ferric Iron

Wang Manxue;He Jing;Zhang Wensheng

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 150-154.

Abstract （301）

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Hydrocarbon gels are used in the low penetrate，low pressure and the water-sensitive formation fracturing. We make
a study on a kind of new phosphate ester and ferric iron to hand over the oil-based fracturing liquid to fasten in this paper. By
optimizing iron crosslinking agent，We choose a new crosslinking agent reacted with phosphate diester，and evaluate the performance
of phosphate diester/Fe3+ oil-based gelled fracturing fluid. The results display the new crosslink system（30%Fe2（SO4）3
+15%Diethanolamine +55%H2O）functions stabily，and it crosslinks quickly with gels，with good gum function. The new fracturing
fluid functions well in temperature resistance and shear resistance. Compared with conventional aluminum crosslinker，
the new fracturing fluid is 20 times faster in gelation，and is able to resist a temperature of 135 ℃. Both the breaking and lossing
of the new fracturing fluid meet the requirement of fracturing.

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Comparative Study For The Properties Of Different Surfactant/PolymerBinary Flooding Systems

Jing bo;Zhang Jian;Lü Xin;Jiang Weidong;Feng Guozhi;

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 155-159.

Abstract （387）

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Based on the different molecular structures，interaction mechanisms of surfactant interaction with polymer and
high-valent metal ions were discussed. The bonding ability of calcium ions ranks as SDS > HPAM >SDBS，which results in
the different viscosities of surfactant/polymer binary systems. Experiments show that oil displacement efficiency was mainly
influenced by their viscosity and interfacial tension. However，for similar property systems，the surfactant with bigger molecular
surface cross-sectional area is more helpful to enhance oil displacement efficiency. To some extent，such surfactant would
maintain original interfacial tension while flooding.

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Finite Element Analysis of Conducting Ring Structure of theIntelligent Drill Pipe

Rong Jiguang;Xiong Jiyou;Yu Ronghua;Xu Haiying;Wen Jiewen

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 168-172.

Abstract （268）

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Conducting ring is the key part of the intelligent drill pipe conductivity and reliability. The paper introduces the
conducting ring structure of the processed intelligent drill pipe. An inner conducting ring and an outer conducting ring in this
structure were located at the end of the internal diameter of threads of the pin and box connectors of the drill pipe. The contact
of the cylindrical surfaces of the two rings realizes the power and signal communication at the drilling joints. We analyze the
stress of conducting ring deformation process in an indoor experiment of break-out and make-up connections，and proved that
a axial force F is the main reason of conducting ring deformation，and with the finite element analysis software，we make a
numerical simulation of the contact process between inner and outer ring and the conductive ring status under the axial force F
respectively. Simulation results indicate that the conducting rings will not be plastic deformation and have high reliability if the
magnitude of interference is less than 0.024 mm and the taper of joint surface is greater than 1：5.

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A Method of Improving Measurement Sensitivity of ReturnDrilling Mud Flow Rate

Ren Meipeng;Li Xiangfang;Xu Darong;Zhang Xingquan

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 168-167.

Abstract （313）

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According to no-pressure pipeline hydraulic calculation theory，and based on the critical slope gradient and the
critical unsliting speed，the paper presents the design method and rules of slope gradient and the size of horizon tank to settle
such issues as the unsteady level of mud in the return channel and the under change of mud height，which hinders the early
kick detection while drilling. With the calculation of examples，the slope gradient is optimized and the size of horizon tank is
modified to make sure of the steady level of mud，whitout talus accumulation. Besides，the fluid level sensitivity is analyzed
before and after the modification，and the results show that when the change of flow is small，the fluid level of tank changes
obviously. It is recommended to use supersonic kick detection with high accuracy to detect the change of level，and finally
detect the kick with pit level method. It has been proved to be of advisability with field experiment.

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Investigation Advances in Rheological Properties of Water Based Foam

Jing Jiaqiang;Dai Kemin;Yang Lu;An Yunpeng;Zhao Chuandong

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (1): 173-178.

Abstract （337）

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Water based foams have been widely used in oil well drilling，foam flooding，mineral flotation and other fields.
Because of the complexity and instability of their own structure，the exact description of their rheological properties should
consider various factors such as liquid film drainage，gas diffusion，foam mass and structure，foam compressibility，wall slip，
bubble size compared with measuring system，environment temperature and pressure and so on. This leads to no generally
accepted theory for their rheological behavior. A widely available method of controlling the wall slip is to increase surface
roughness of the flow channels such as rotor surface or pipe wall during the experimental investigation，and some theoretical
modification methods deduced from some appropriate hypotheses have a better adaptability. The volume equalized constitutive
equation assumes that the friction factor of foam flow in pipe is a constant，which can solve the difficulty of its pressure drop
calculation due to the foam compressibility to some extent. It is widely believed that the foam rheological properties can be
satisfactorily described by power law or Herschel-Bulkley models，but the existence of“yield stress”for the aqueous foams is
being disputed due to different measurement conditions.

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Reflections on Research Status of Subsea Test Tree andHome-made Feasibilities

Liu Qingyou;Tang Yang

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 1-7.

Abstract （296）

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The subsea test tree is a key risk control equipment in deep water testing process. Under the emergency condition，it is
quick to disconnect test column，plug the downhole string within the high-pressure oil and gas in order to achieve the protection
of test equipment and personnel safety and to avoid pollution of the marine environment in special sea conditions. Through
extensive literature data collection and on-site research，we analyze the subsea test tree research status at home and abroad，
detailing the functions，structural features of foreign subsea test tree，applications，and domestic subsea test tree development
and application at home. The comparative analysis shows that：the foreign subsea test tree is the powerful，reliable for different
conditions，and products by different companies we discuss have their own characteristics in structure and function. At the same
time，with reference to the research and development process of the application status of domestic subsea test tree，problems
that may arise in subsea test tree in China，and we explore the feasibility of subsea test tree production in China，too. We believe
that this paper is of significance to research and development and manufacturing of China’s offshore oil subsea equipment.

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Palaeosalinity and its Controlling on the Development of Beachand Bar in Lake Facies

Song Guoqi;Wang Yanzhang;Shi Xiaohu;Lu Da;Yan Ruiping

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 8-14.

Abstract （187）

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We make the content of Boron and the ratio of Sr/Ba、Sr/Ca the target，and calculate the palaeosalinity values
of sedimentation epoch in Sha 4 of the south slope in Dongying Depression. The palaeosalinity in vertical direction totally
decreases from down to up. The palaeosalinity is higher in early stage of lake invading and becomes lower in later stage. The
east is relatively higher in plane and the north is lower. The distribution of palaeosalinity is controlled by palaeowater-depth.
The palaeosalinity controls different types of carbonate rock and the palaeosalinity limits is in 10.0 ‰ 35.0 ‰. The dolomite is
mainly distributed in the area with palaeosalinity higher than 15.0 ‰ while the limestone is mainly distributes in the area lower
than 20.0 ‰. The high salinity of water supplies the material base and media condition for the dolomite formation and dolomitic
diagenetic change. In the area of high salinity the the primary deposition is dolomite，or formed limestone the dolomitisation，
the limestone deposition is primary in the area of low salinity.

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Analysis on Organic Facies of Hydrocarbon Source Rocks of the ForthMember of Shahejie Formation of Lower Eocene in Dongying Sag

Zheng Deshun;Zhou Lu;Cai Jingong;Ding Fei

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 15-22.

Abstract （201）

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With many deep oil and gas reservoirs found around the world，the researches are beginning focusing on generation
and accumulation of the deep hydrocarbon resources in recent years. Organic facies can assist to make a better evaluation
of hydrocarbon potential of source rocks，and then guide oil and gas exploration. The organic facies of hydrocarbon source
rocks of the fourth member of Shahejie Formation of Lower Eocene（Es4）is divided into three types according to the data of
sedimentary characteristics，sedimentary environment，organic petrology，organic geochemistry and palynofacies，and by using
special element ratios，organic carbon content，vitrinite reflectance and palynofacies model. Three types from the bottom to the
top are weak reducing alluvial fan organic facies under salt beds，strong reducing salt lake organic facies within salt beds and
reducing deep-half deep lake organic facies upper salt beds. In the three types of organic facies，organic matters in hydrocarbon
source rocks upper salt beds are best，with good exploration prospects，and those within salt beds go second，those under salt
beds last.

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Source-reservoir-cap Assemblages in Paleozoic of the Rub al KhaliBasin，Qatar

Fan Chunhua;Hu Xiaolin;Huang Xingwen;Bai Haiqiang;Yin Jun

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 23-28.

Abstract （221）

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Clastic rock in Paleozoic is a new field for the petroleum exploration in the Rub al Khali Basin，Qatar. Based on
the regional geology study，the source-reservoir-cap assemblage in Paleozoic，especially the development characteristic of cap
rocks，is studied using petroleum geology and reservoir geology theory. The results show that the Palaeozoic group in the Rub
al Khali Basin is well-developed source-reservoir-cap assemblage. The Qusaiba hot shales in Silurian are the major source
rocks. The littoral sandstones of Jauf in Devonian and fluvial-deltaic sandstones of Unayzah in Permian are major reservoirs.
The Gypsum rocks and basal transgressive mudstones of Khuff are the regional cap rocks，with several sets of local cap rocks.
The seal abilities of cap rocks is one of the main risks for the Paleozoic petroleum exploration in this region. The distribution
of the regional cap rocks are stable on plane，which contains gypsum rocks. The seal ability is good as a whole，but local cap
rocks with minor dolomites and a few of siltstone are thin and impurity，which have an adverse effect on sealing abilities. The
cap risks should be taken in consideration in petroleum exploration.

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Analysis of Reservoir Differences of Member 2 of the XujiaheFormation in Northeast Sichuan Basin

Zhang Chun;Jiang Yuqiang;Wang Li′en;Xu Houwei;Wang Meng

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 29-36.

Abstract （200）

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With the deepening of the degree of exploration，and the expansion of the Sichuan Basin natural gas exploration
field，and to look for new exploration replacement area，Sichuan Basin exploration area extends from the basin to the basin
margin. In this context，successive new exploration results are obtained in the second section of the upper Triassic Xujiahe
Formation，but many problems gradually arose in the process of exploration and development，such as gas well productivity
differences，clastic components，thickness and property differences of reservoir between blocks. In response to these problems，
based on the core observation，core analysis data and log interpretation results，and starting from the analysis of deposition and
diagenesis，we make a comparative analysis with reservoir differences and its causes of Member 2 of the upper Triassic Xujiahe
Formation between Longgang and Yingshan Area. We think that far away distance from the source area and repeated washing
by high-energy water are the primary factors causing reservoir differences；strong compaction and multistage quartz overgrowth
are the key factors caused by the reservoir differences，and antigenic chlorite rim cementation and feldspar selective dissolution
are the ultimate factors causing the reservoir differences. The research results explain many of the problems encountered in the
exploration and development of gas reservoirs，and provide effective guidance for the next step of exploration and development
work.

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Triassic Leikoupo Salt Distribution and Evolution in Sichuan Basin

Huang Dong;Yang Guang;Yang Tianquan;Wang Hua;Shi Xuewen

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 37-42.

Abstract （198）

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Middle Triassic Leikoupo group is one of the earliest formations where nature gas and salt brine were exploited
in Sichuan Basin. The large number of drilling data from Leikoupo indicate that the period of the Leikoupo salt is T2l2
3 and T2l2 4，respectively. Eastern and southern basin due to the effect of palaeohigh，the ancient salt rock strata have been eroded and
hard to conserve，today，the salt formation mainly exist in the Kaijiang palaeohigh and Luzhou west palaeohigh，as well as
Tianjing mountain. Indo-Chinese movement plays an important role in the horizontal migration of salt rock of Leikoupo group.
According to statistical data of rock salt in different periods，two salt basins in the plane display a feature of westward migration
and superimposition. An examlpe of such feature is Well Gongshan 1 on the two phases of rock salt in middle Sichuan Basin.

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Hydrocarbon Heterogeneous Distribution and Main Controlling Factors ofComplex Fault-block Oilfield

Tan Lijuan;Liu Jun;

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 43-53.

Abstract （191）

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The hydrocarbon heterogeneous distribution is the universal law in oil and gas bearing basin，especially in complex
fault-block oilfield. The crude oil properties and the enrichment of oil and gas accumulation of different fault-blocks or different
layers vary greatly in the same complex fault-block zone. Due to the difference of heterogeneity and diagenesis of reservoir
in the same fault-block，hydrocarbon is also distributed heterogeneously. The types of oil reservoirs in complex fault-block
oilfields are complex and changeable，and often related with fault. The diversity of configuration of fault and sand body and the
properties of the fault are the key factors leading to hydrocarbon heterogeneous distribution. The scale of fault，fault occurrence，
mechanical properties and the combination style of the fault in the plane or in profile etc，also have an important influence on
oil and gas enrichment. Therefore，the concept of“blocks control petroleum enriched areas”will favorably contribute to oil
and gas exploration.

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Methods to Determine the Lower Limits and Controlling Factors of theEffective Reservoir of Tight Sand Gas Reservoirs

Li Jing;Luo Bin;Zhang Xuyang;Hou Wenfeng;Yue Xiaojun

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 54-62.

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The tight sand reservoirs of the east of Sulige Area in Changqing Oilfield is typical of relatively lower porosity and
much lower permeability in gas reservoirs area. Research of lower limit of reservoir set is the base for distinguishing effective
reservoirs from non-effective ones. We have researched the lower limit of reservoir by several methods. The lower limits of
effective porosity and permeability for reservoirs are determined by productivity simulation technique. On the basis of the
research，the controlling factors of effective reservoirs are discussed. Our research indicates that the low limit of porosity and
permeability is 4.0%5.0% and 0.0750.100 mD，respectively. And the lower limit of gas saturation is 45%. The property of
reservoirs in east Sulige Gas Field is mainly controlled by lithology and sedimentary microfacies. The mechanical compaction is
the key factor which caused the porosity decreasing. Quality of sandstone reservoirs is controlled by the efficiency of corrosion
and alteration. Thickness of sandstone has less influence on the reservoir effectiveness.

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Research on Development Regularity of Structural Fractures inSand-mud Interbed of A Gas Field，Kuqa Depression

Wang ke;Dai Junsheng;Jia Kaifu;Fu Xiaolong;Zhang Yi

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 63-70.

Abstract （250）

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Based on the generation mechanism of structural fractures，the development regularities of structural fractures in
sand-mud interbed of A Gas Field，Kuqa Depression are discussed in the paper，and the influencing factors are analyzed，and
the development model of structural fractures in sand-mud interbed is established. The analysis reveals that，influenced by the
fragility of sandstone and plasticity of mudstone，structural fractures in sand-mud interbed generate in sandstone layers first
and expand into mudstone layers to gradually form the fracture network. Fragile stones are easier to produce a great quantity of
fractures than plastic ones，thus the density of fractures in sandstone layers of sand-mud interbed is greater than that in mudstone
layers. Due to the difference of internal friction angle between sandstone and mudstone，the average dip angle of fractures in
sandstone layers is greater than that in mudstone layers. The smaller the thickness of single sandstone layer or mudstone layer is.
The better the development of fractures is the Strata with strong anisotropy always produce more fractures than homogeneous
ones. However，as the result of the anisotropy，one group of conjugated shear fractures would be restrained and another group
would be taken as the principal. The research result also demonstrates that，in the sand-mud interbed of A Gas Field，Kuqa
Depression，the thickness of each mudstone layer is less than 4.0 m，the limit value for fractures to penetrate mudstone layers.
Therefore，the fractures could penetrate mudstone layers and connect the upper and lower sandstone to form massive continued
hydrocarbon pore volume. Finally，the development model of fractures in sand-mud interbed is established according to the
above theoretical analysis.

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Accuracy Evaluation on 3D Digital Cores Reconstruction byProcess-based Method

Yan Guoliang;Sun Jianmeng;Liu Xuefeng;Zhang Li

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 71-76.

Abstract （218）

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It is too expensive and time consuming by use X-ray computerized tomography（CT）to obtain the real 3D digital
cores for representing the true microstructures of rocks. It is important in both theory and applications to reconstruct 3D
digital cores based on 2D thin section of rocks and evaluate the accuracy of reconstructed digital cores. 3D digital core was
reconstructed utilizing petrographical information obtained from two dimensional thin sections to model the results of the main
sedimentary rocks forming processes-sedimentation，compaction，and diagenesis. The accuracy of this method is evaluated
by calculating local porosity distribution function and average percolation probability function in real 3D digital cores and the
reconstructed digital cores. The results show that the homogeneity and connectivity of reconstructed three-dimension digital
core by process-based method are similar to those of true 3D digital core and both of the reconstructed 3D digital core and true
3D digital core are isotropic. Reconstruction of 3D digital cores can be used to characterize the pore structure of the true core，
and can also be used as the basis for simulation of other physical properties.

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P-wave Velocity-density Relation of Limestone in Amu DaryaRight Bank Block，Turkmenistan

Xiong Xiaojun;Wang Fei;He Zhenhua

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 77-82.

Abstract （184）

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Based on petrophysical parameters of 31 water saturated limestone samples from the right bank of Amu Darya，
Turkmenistan，the Castagna polynomial and exponential relation of P-wave velocity and density was evaluated. According
to the result，the predictive densities by Castagna exponential relation are bigger than real values with major prediction error.
However，the Castagna polynomial relation can better reflect the character of P-wave velocity and density；besides，its fitting
accuracy increases gradually along with the increase of the confining pressure. The result is of great benefit to reservoir
prediction research，and has important theoretical and practical value.

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Identification and Distribution Investigation of Seismic Reflection AnomalyBodies in Xidingjia Area

Chen Cen;Hu Wangshui;Yan Zhenhua;Hou Huimin

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 83-89.

Abstract （209）

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The lower cretaceous strata of Xidingjia Area，Songliao Basin is dominated by deep-water deposits. Through the
correlation and interpretation of seismic profiles in the researched area，we found that there are many kinds and amounts of
seismic anomaly bodies in different layer series，such as Sha 1 Member and Ying 3 Member. The majority of these anomaly
bodies are formed by turbidity current deposit and biogenic deposit，and they display external reflection characteristics of
banding，downward cut and lenticular. Based on the study of feature classification of seismic anomaly bodies，we found that
there are close correlations between seismic anomaly bodies and lithological subtle reservoir in this area and most of them have
not been drilled. Therefore，it means good oil and gas prospects. Identification and distribution research with seismic trace and
interpretation of anomaly bodies，can provide new ideas for further exploration and development of lithological subtle reservoir
in Xidingjia Area.

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Analysis of Shale Gas Fracture Stimulation Mechanism andOperating Techniques

Li Yongming;Peng Yu;Wang Zhongze

西南石油大学学报(自然科学版) 2013, 35 (2): 90-95.

Abstract （222）

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Energy is the main factor restricted the economic development of our country，but our convention oil and gas
resource has already gone into the stage of decreasing production. Therefore，developing shale gas is an important way to
solve the problem. Fracture operating is related to the productivity，recovery and economic effectiveness，so it′s the key to the
development of shale gas. This paper introduces the stimulation mechanism and operating techniques of shale gas，and gives
some suggestions of shale gas development of our country. First，we analyze the geology of gas shale and suggest strengthening
the evaluation of brittleness and natural fracture；and then，we expound the stimulation theory of stimulated reservoir volume
and analyze the influencing factors of shale gas production. In the end，we analyze all kinds of operating techniques which
could be used in shale gas development，giving some new perspectives and suggestions of research direction.

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