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    20 October 2007, Volume 29 Issue 5
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    专家论坛
    The Study and Application of New Mode of Effective Development of Offshore Heavy Oil Field
    ZHOU Shou-wei
    2007, 29(5):  1-4.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.01
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    Aimed at offshore heavy oil reservoir, on the basis of technological feasibility, a new model of developing offshore heavy oil reservoir is presented for more benefits. increasing production rate in early stage and prolonging the time of highrate development are ideas of new model, meanwhile, maximum oil recovery can be obtained in the minimum time. The new model is out of focus of the primary development and secondary or tertiary recovery, while a series of technologies in the three stages are integrated, optimized, innovated and comprehensively applied. Taking early stage water flooding, polymer injecting while water flooding as the policy of development technologies, EOR technological system which takes polymer flooding as main technologies and takes drilling and production support technological system which takes multilateral well, limited sand production and electric submersible progressive cavity pump as main technologies, are set up. Adopting the new model, recovery of offshore heavy oil reservoir can be increased by 5%~10% or more, so it has great significance to China which is lack of oil.
    地质勘探
    THE SALT RELATED STRUCTURAL TRAP AND THE ACCUMULATION PATTERN IN THE EASTERN QIULITAGE BELT
    JIN Wen zheng;TANG Liang jie;WAN Gui mei;et al.
    2007, 29(5):  5-7.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.02
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    The thick Neogene salt layer developed in the Eastern part of Qiulitage Belt, through the representative seismic profiles, it is reveled that the salt layer is a decollement layer and adjustes the differentiated deformation between the supra salt layer and the sub salt layers, the structural traps in the supra salt layer are mainly anticline trap, thrust fault sheltering trap, etc, the traps in the salt layer are mainly the lithostratigraphic trap or the anticline trap constituted of the carbonate rock and the sandstone, the structural traps in the sub salt layer are mainly the pop up etc. Combining this result with analyzing of the condition of the hydrocarbon accumulation, the authors consider there is the accumulation pattern of separated source side rejecting in the area with a transporting layer composed of faults and unconformities, there is a good relationship between the evolution history of the source rock in Yangxia Sag and the structural deformation, all these make the structural traps in the studied area capture the natural gas generated in Yangxia Sag.
    Application of Mathematics Methods in Reservoir Evaluation of Low Porosity and Low Permeability
    WANG Yong;BAO Zhi dong;LIU Hu
    2007, 29(5):  8-12.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.03
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    The expression of the capillary pressure and relative permeability can be used to calculate the fractal dimension of the reservoir rock pore structure. geological characters of Reservoir are revealed by logging data. Based on this information and the method of fuzzy identification, fuzzy belongingfunctions and equations are derived for the low porosity and low permeability reservoirs of Silurian in the block. The types of reservoirs can thus be determined according to the belonging degree. On the basis of investigating reservoir′s characteristics of lithologic, physical, electrical and oilbearing properties and the relationship of them, a logging classification model of identifying reservoir type is established by use of BP neural network method, and the prediction accuracy is tested. The assessment parameters are analyzed from 10 wells in target zone with the methods, the result is much better than ever before. The research indicates fractal dimensions of the pore structure can quantitatively characterize the reservoir property of sandstones. The types of the pore structure with different origin have different fractal dimensions, so fractal dimension is of importance in classification and evaluation of the pore structure in sandstones.
    RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS OF YANCHANG FORMATION, IN TRIASSIC, ORDOS BASIN
    XU jian-hong CHENG Lin-song BAO Peng et al
    2007, 29(5):  13-17.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.04
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    The lithology, mineral composition, physical property, oil bearing and oilwater relationship of Yanchang Formation are analyzed by using data of drill core, well logging, testing and production performance, the relationship of characteristic of pore structure, mobile fluid saturation and physical property, are studied, too, the relationship and affecting factors among electri property, physical property and oil bearing summed up, and the interpretation model of porosity, permeability, oil saturation etc. is given. The research indicates that the reservoir beds of Yanchang formation are characterized by the little rock particles, rich cementing material, small porous throat, multifold porous forms and complex composition in microcosmic, which are the essential reasons to make it form the characteristic of low porosity and low permeability. Through the research of “four quality”, the new conception of acoustoelectric integration index is proposed, the lower limit reference criterions of “four quality”for Chang 2&3,Chang 4+5,Chang 6 and Chang 8 formation established to divide oil layer, acquifer and dry layer accurately.
    EVALUATION OF HOT INTER WELL COMMUNICATION THROUGH FIBEROPTIC DISTRIBUTED TEMPERATURE SENSING TECHNOLOGY
    LIU Li-cheng;JIANG Han-qiao ZHAO Ye-wei
    2007, 29(5):  18-20.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.05
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    The rule of energy exchange correspondence of molecular thermal vibrations of fiber optic and photon interaction is principle of fiber optic distributed temperature sensing operation. The examples of the fiber optic distributed temperature system （FODTS）applications of a heavy oil horizontal well group in Liaohe Oilfield outlines the basics and installation of the system, and the results of system test temperature profile is analyzed. The hot interwell communication is divided into two phases, i.e. thermal fluid connectivity and steam breakthrough. Results show that the efficiency of thermal fluid connectivity has reached 36.7% of horizontal length after this round injection and hot inter well communication hasn′t accessed steam breakthrough phase. The reservoir properties have a big influence on heat transfer before thermal fluid connectivity phase. The integrated interpretation of hot interwell communication and well log is used for heated reservoir performance completely and objectively.
    NMR RELAXATION PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OILS
    XIE Ran-hong XIAO Li-zhi LIU Tian-ding
    2007, 29(5):  21-24.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.06
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    The crude oil is of broad distributions of NMR relaxation for their complex components and changeable viscosity. It is important for interpretation of NMR logging to distinguish the oil and water formations to study on the crude oil NMR relaxation properties changing with different viscosity, work ing frequency and echo spacing TE. The dead oil NMR relaxation times are measured with two working frequency (2 Hz and 23MHz) NMR spectrometers in this paper. The results show that, light oil has similar T1and T2, and inversely proportional to viscosity, viscosity/temperature in logarithmic coordinates. However, heavy oil has greater T1 than T2,T1/ T2 is increasing as the increases of working frequency and viscosity/temperature. The relaxation time of light oil is not sensitive to the working frequency of the NMR spectrometer. Heavy oil relaxation time is related with working frequency. For heavy crude oil, apparent T2 relaxation time increases and the signal amplitude decreases as increasing echo spacing TE

    A DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPAGATION RESISTIVITY LOGGING
    LIU Sheng-hu XING Ya-min
    2007, 29(5):  25-29.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.07
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    The LWD method has many advantages the traditional cable borehole survey because of its higher accuracy, higher geologic strata resolution capacity, much less time and cost. To meet the current logging technology needs, A data acquisition and processing system for electromagnetic propagation resistivity logging while drilling is designed．The acquisition system structure, acquisition Program, the digital design of LWD is introduced, the design and the implementation of each functional module discussed．The system which is designed on the basis of the high precise DSP and FPGA implements signal pretreatment, high speed A/D control and digitalization of the phase sensitive demodulation etc, optimizes the acquisition and processing system and supplies a new way for the development of logging while drilling．Experimental results show that system performance has reached the design requirement.
    WATER FLOODING EFFECT IN BLOCK RESERVOIRS
    SHAO De-an ZHOU Li-qing
    2007, 29(5):  30-33.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.08
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    Through the study on water flooding effect of Q2 block reservoir with production dynamic and tracer data, combining the static modeling, it is realized that the directions on producers from injectors can be divided into 5 types: along main permeable reservoir direction (i.e. main variogram direction of porosity), along secondary permeable reservoir direction, along fracture direction, along main permeable reservoir direction that attached to the end of fractures, as well as open fault trend. The producers perform better from water injection if they are put in the main permeable reservoir direction with injectors. Injectors should be avoided being drilled near open faults. In the main reservoir, the injectorproducer pairs are better performed in the lower reservoirⅡ than that in the upper reservoir
    GAS COMPONENTS AND THE ORIGIN IN FEIXIANGUAN FORMATION GAS POOL, NORTHEAST OF SICHUAN
    ZHU Ya-dong;WANG Yun-cheng GAO Pei-cheng et al.
    2007, 29(5):  34-37.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.09
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    In northeast Sichuan Basin， Feixianguan Formation gas pools are rupewrdry gas ones with lots of H2S, over matured， and the pressure are normal or lower. The strata were embeded deeply and experienced high temperature in geologic history, the conditions that oil cracked into gas existed. The components of fluid inclusions prove the original Feixianguan Formation gas pool contains a lot C+2 hydrocarbons and liquid bitumen， but no H2S， and prove that the gas pool evolved from crude oil. The there was thermochemical reduction reaction between cracked gas and sulphate， consumed a lot C+2 hydrocarbons，generated lots of H2S and CO2. So，the gas pool contain lots of H2S，and has over matured character. TSR generated a lot acid， the acid eroded the reservoir and increased the pore space. Furthermore， a great lot of H2S and CO2 dissolved in water，so， the pressure of gas pool is lower.
    THERMAL FLUID ACTIVITY AND HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION
    BAO Dong-mei JIANG Lin TANG Yan-jun et al
    2007, 29(5):  38-41.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.10
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    On the basis of analyzing the structure of the earth and rock sphere and the generation and transmission of geothermal heat flow, the authors of this paper firstly probe the condition of thermal fluid sustainable movement. And then, according to the relationship among lithology, unconformity, fault and thermal fluid movement, thermal fluid movement is classified into three types, including lateral migration, vertical migration and composite migration. And trace markers of the thermal fluid movement including vitrinite reflectance, fluid inclusion, evolution of authegenic minerals, color of sporopollen, apatite fission track and so on are analyzed. And lastly, the influence of thermal fluid movement on evolution of organic matter, hydrocarbon migration and reservoirs is discussed. It is pointed out that thermal fluid movement can accelerate hydrocarbon generation, improve the efficiency of hydrocarbon immigration, provide the dynamic and pathway for hydrocarbon migration, and improve the physical properties of reservoirs in deep zone and worsen the physical properties of reservoirs in shallow zone usually.
    SUMMARIZATION OF IDENTIFICATION OF MACRO PORES IN UNCONSOLIDATED SAND STONE OIL RESERVOIR
    LI Ke-xing WU Wan-fen ZHAO Jun et al.
    2007, 29(5):  42-44.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.11
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    The macro pores developed in the long term water flooding reservoir decrease the sweeping efficiency. the indoor physical simulation experiments on the forming mechanics and the affecting factors of the macro pores are introduced in the paper; aiming at the drawbacks of the indoor physical simulation experiments; the ways of qualitatively and quantitatively identifying the macro pores by means of well test, logging, and core analysis and so on are mainly introduced; the present major problems analyzed, and it is proposed that, based on the theories of oil reservoir engineering, together with the advanced logging technology and interpretation method, it is workable to qualitatively and quantitatively identify the macro pores. some research conceptions are proposed. Accurately identifying and describing the macro pores in unconsolidated sand stone oil reservoir and calculating relevant parameters are not only helpful to recognize the reservoir more intensively, guide sand prevention of the oil wells and regulate the working system of the oil wells, but also will provide technical foundation for the selection of the blocking agents and technological design of the shutoff in the middle and latter stage of the oil development.
    THE FINDING OF COCCOLITH LIMESTONE AND ITS ENVIRONMENT SIGNIFICANCE IN QIKOU DEPRESSION IN SHAHEJIE ⅠMEMBER
    MU Xiao-hui DONG Zhao-xiong;ZHANG Jian et al.
    2007, 29(5):  45-47，5.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.12
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    In Shahejie ⅠMember in Qikou Depression, the massive “alcareous laminated mudstone”or “Bituminous rock”are discovered. However, by means of the optical microscope, the scanning electron microscope observation as well as the entire cock Xray diffraction analysis, it is identified most part of these “alcareous laminated mudstone”, “Bituminous rock”are composed by mudstone and coccolith limestone. The limestone geochemistry analysis, the mineralogy findings indicated that the forming of coccolith limestone were related with sea water, further compared with coccolith growth environment and the characteristic of its deposit in modern Black Sea, it is discovered the coccolith limestone of Shahejie ⅠMember in Qikou depression and even Bohai basin is similar to the coccolith limestone in the Black Sea. This indicate that at the communication period between Bohai Bay and sea, coccolith limestone in Qikou Depression is the result of blooms and deposition of coccolith when it entered the Bohai Basin from the open sea.
    石油与天然气工程
    CHARACTERISTIC OF FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA IN LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR WITH EOLOTROPY
    SHI Cheng-en;HAO Fei;ZHAO Ji-yong et al.
    2007, 29(5):  48-52.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.13
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    Eolotropy, threshold pressure gradient and stress sensitivity are unique feature of low permeability reservoir. The authors of this paper build mathematical model of low velocity non Darcy flow through porous media, which takes three factors above mentioned into consideration. Because of nonlinear for equations, approximate solution is used to solve steady flow and unsteady flow. Meanwhile, under the condition of fixed production and variable production as well as fixed BHP, movement rule of dynamic boundary, reservoir pressure characteristic and production change rule are solved by means of material balance mechanism. The results show that stimulative region boundary of eolotropy reservoir extends outward in the pattern of ellipse, which changes reasonable well row spacing; the factors of threshold pressure gradient and stress sensitivity make productivity decline, and the speed of boundary movement becomes slower, and single well control size reduces. It becomes more and more difficult to develop this kind of reservoir.
    OPTIMIZATION OF PROFILE PARAMETERS IN STEAM HUFF AND PUFF WELL BASED ON SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE
    ZHAO Jin-sheng LI Zhao-min LI Bin-fei et al.
    2007, 29(5):  53-56.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.14
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    ecause the effect of profile adjusting is influenced by various factors, and the relationship between them is very complex and nonlinear, it is hard to establish the relationship between the profile adjusting and factors using traditional means. According to the affecting factors of profile adjusting in steam huff and puff well, a relation model between the profile adjusting effect and factors is established based on support vector machine. The computer software to optimize huff and puff parameter of profile adjusting in steam huff and puff well is developed. Using the model, the optimal intake volume of profile adjusting agents and increased oil production in one circle is predicted. The predicted results show that the inspection error of the model is controlled within 5% and the model is feasible and applicable.
    OIL/GAS RESERVOIR ENERGY EQUATION AND A NEW THEORY OF OPTIMAL PRODUCTION ALLOCATION
    WANG Gao-feng HU Yong-le LI Zhi-ping et al.
    2007, 29(5):  57-59.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.15
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    A new method of optimal oil/gas reservoir production allocation among wells is presented. Based on the idea of energy conservation, the equation of oil/gas reservoir energy conservation(EOREC) is derived by applying the first law of thermodynamics to quantitatively exam the process of reservoir development. Total reservoir energy depletion at a minimal speed, and reservoir oil/gas production rate (ROPR/RGPR) is regarded as the objective and constraint condition of optimal production allocation respectively according to the structure of EOREC, a new mathematical model with sound physics background is found when applying EOREC to the problem of production allocation. The existence of the minimum value of the objective function in the mathematical model can be proved by using theory of algebra. Lagrange′s method is employed to get the point at which the minimum value reaches. The minimum point is a system of nonlinear equations which can be solved to get well oil/gas production rate (WOPR/WGPR) at bottom hole flow pressure. The theory will be useful for numerical simulation of optimal oil/gas reservoir production allocation among wells. The concept of meanenergy production can be generalized from the results to guide the practice of production allocation.
    STEAM DISTRIBUTED MATHEMATIC MODEL IN WELLBORE DURING STEAM INJECTION OF HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR
    LIU Tong-jing LEI Zhan-xiang HOU Shou-tan et al
    2007, 29(5):  60-62.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.16
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    Aimed at the characteristics of the steam injection stage of thermal recovery and based on the existed achievements, a relatively correct steamdistributed mathematic model is built in the paper. In this model, such factors as phase transition of fluids in wellbore and uneven inhibition of steam in formation are taken into account. Based on this research above mentioned, this model is verified by using actual testing data of several wells. It′s indicated that there exists a perfect match between the calculated values and testing data, which hints that the steam inhibition of the wells can be described with the steam distribution model established in this paper and the dynamic coupling law between the wellbore and formation can be reflected. The result of this research has guidance significance in the description of steam injection performance during thermal recovery of heavy oil.
    THE PORE STRUCTURE AND THE PROPERTIES OF WATERGAS FLOWING THROUGH POROUS MEDIA IN A VOLCANIC ROCK IN DAQING
    HU Yong ZHU Hua-yin;WAN Yu-jin et al
    2007, 29(5):  63-65，8.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.17
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    By means of such advanced experimental techniques and integrated analysis methods as CT imaging, NMR etc，the authors of the paper study the pore structure and properties of gas water flow in volcanic core. The pore structure of volcanic rock in Daqing is complex, the throat is small and the pore is easy to be restricted by the throat, the throat′s size decides the permeability of the formation, the reservoir space can be classified into three types: pore, fracture and the tight. In different pore structure, there are different reservoir space and properties of gas water flow. The residual water saturation of volcanic rock in Daqing is high and the obvious and properties of gaswater flow is that the fracture core′s two phase flow area is small in fracture core, but the gas also has flow ability under high water saturation, so, the fracture has good flow conductivity. The pore core′s two phase flow area is big, the gas phase permeability is high under residual water saturation, the reservoirphysical property is good, both the two kinds of core′s gas phase permeability decrease quickly as water saturation′s increase.
    CALCULATION METHOD OF MATERIAL EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION FOR FRACTURE CAVE TYPE RESERVOIRS
    MA Li-ping LI Yun
    2007, 29(5):  66-68.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.18
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    Fracture cave type reservoirs are special and complicated ones. The materials equilibrium equation for the reservoirs differs from the one of conventional reservoirs greatly. Based on the basic principle of materials equilibrium for reservoirs, the materials equilibrium equation is established for fracturecave type reservoirs. Compared with the material equilibrium calculating method of conventional reservoirs, the features of stratum pressure changing and elasticity expanding is considered in the new method, the coefficient of compressibility introduced, meanwhile, the two phase factor of oil and water in fracture cave type reservoirs is considered which makes the new materials equilibrium method be not only able to express the release process of stratum elastic energy, but also to describe water invasion phenomenon. The related curve solving method is applied, as a result, the reserves calculating accuracy is improved greatly. Taking fracture cave unit S of a certain oil field as example, its production performance data are used to verify the new method, the results show using the new calculation method of the materials equilibrium equation can accurately calculate the reserves of fracture cave type reservoirs.
    THE FLOW MODEL CONSIDERING THE QUADRATIC PRESSURE GRADIENT AND THE WELL TEST TYPE CURVES
    JIA Yong-lu NIE Ren-shi CHEN Ke et al
    2007, 29(5):  69-71.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.19
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    Embarking from the mass conservation principle and the Darcy′s law, the flow equation of the elastic porous medium and the slightly compressible single phase fluid are deduced with the quadratic pressure gradient for constant compressibility and isothermal flow. Considering the well bore storage effects, the well test model has been established for the infinite reservoir with the onephase constant voluemetric sandface rate production. Through variable substitution and linearizing the flow equation, the Laplace space analytic solution and procuring the real space solution is obtained by use of the numerical inversion. In the end, the pressure and the pressure derivative bilogarithmic type curves are drawn up. From the physical seepaging mechanism, the analysis to the curve shape characteristics is carried on, then the influence result of the dimensionless quadratic pressure gradient coefficient alpha to the transfusion and the well test curve is obtained. Specially on low permeable reservoir and the heavy oil reservoir, the influence of the quadratic pressure gradient term should not be neglected, the result can be used in the study of the flow rule and the well test analysis of heavy oil reservoir.
    THE RADIAL PERCOLATING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW PERMEABILITY IN NONHOMOGENEOUS RESERVOIRS
    WANG Dao-cheng ZHAO Li-qiang LIU Ping-li et al
    2007, 29(5):  72-76.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.20
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    By means of the equation of threshold pressure gradient and permeability regressed by experimental method, and the threshold pressure gradient distribution of heterogeneous reservoirs which is derived from the equation, the math model of flowing through porous media and infinite differential equation at three dimentions and three phases radius axis considering threshold pressure gradient. The threshold pressure gradient at each grid in the equation can be considered as different value, and the threshold pressure gradient value at the grid can be given by initial parameter field, corresponding sofeware is developed, the comparision is done under the conditions of not considering threshold pressure gradient, constent threshold pressure gradient and unevenly distributed threshold presuure gradient.
    A NEW METHOD DETERMING OIL WELL CONTROL RESERVES
    WANG Nu-tao ZHANG Feng-bo LUO Zhi-feng et al.
    2007, 29(5):  77-78.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.21
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    The oil well control reserves determination often is obtained through the well test analysis or the numerical simulation analysis, but the well test analysis and the numerical simulation analysis have their disadvantages, it is difficult to analyze the single well control reserves on time, basically, the relative permeability and the recovery index change of single well have not been used to determine single well control reserves. This article, in the analyzing recovery index change and the relative permeability relation, proposes a new method to determine the single well control reserves, the relationship of the decline rate between the recovery index and the relative permeability is obtained, single well control reserves is calculated, this method is suitable specially for the oil field development mid late period, and the accurate forecast to the surplus recoverable reserves, taps latent potentialities the measure for the single well to provide the reliable basis.
    THE INITIAL POTENTIAL EVALUATION METHOD OF WATER FLOODING EFFECT IN WATERINJECTION DEVELOPMENT RESERVOIRS
    SUN Wen-tao HUANG Bing-guang TANG Hai et al.
    2007, 29(5):  79-81.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.22
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    To a certain sandstone reservoir, some geologic characteristic parameters before development can not only be used to describe formation and evaluate geology, also evaluate the initial potential of water flooding effectwater flooding difficulty degree, water flooding uniformity degree and water flooding recovery. The practical evaluating index is given to water flooding difficulty degree, water flooding uniformity degree and water flooding recovery respectively to water injection sandstone reservoir, and also, the corresponding index in the water injection reservoir in China is counted. The research provides reliable foundation for formulating and adjusting reservoir development plan and recovery plan
    A NEW METHOD FOR WATER INVASION PERFORMANCE PREDICTION IN THE EARLY STAGE OF FRACTURED AND WATER CARRYING GAS RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT
    ZHANG Xin-zheng ZHANG Lie-hui LI Yu-lin et al
    2007, 29(5):  82-85.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.24
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    The geological conditions of Sichuan gas field are complicated, including obvious low porosity and permeability, a strong heterogeneity, and the fractures having different fracture growing degrees.Because of locally active edge or bottom water, it breaks through into the gas reservoir along larger fractures, making the production of gas wells greatly reduced and the gas wells waterflooded. It also damages gas reservoirs and decreases the recovery factor. It is very important for early water control in aquifer gas reservoirs to use the early production testing data for studying the aquifer behavior and water invasion performance. Based on material balance equations, a new method for prediction of water invasion performance of fractured gas reservoirs is presented in the paper. By this method calculation of water invasion rate by introducing the water invasion factor is avoided. A nonlinear optimization solution procedure is employed and the proposed solution has more improvement than traditional method. A field example is presented that illustrates the capabilities of this water invasion prediction method for the analysis of past performance of fractured and watered reservoirs. Real case study indicates that the method can acquire the aquifer behavior and water invasion performance exactly and the results are useful to the measures for water invasion
    DESIGN OF OIL PRODUCTION AND WATER INJECTION DCS ON OFFSHORE PLATFORM
    SUN Wan-qing WANG Guo-xing WANG Li-li
    2007, 29(5):  86-89.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.24
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    The auto control technology, fault diagnosis technology and communication technology are all integrated to research and develop the oil production and water injection distributed control system (DCS) on offshore drilling platform, which controls the parameters such as the ratio of water injection, oil production, flow rate and liquid level and so on. The expert system and selftuning PID/PI control strategy are adopted to get high stability and rapid response. The DCS communicates with Ethernet and data high way(DH) plus network and makes use of the Rsview 32 configure software building up the computer monitoring system, which has the online debug function, automanual switching without disturbance function and self diagnostic function. The DCS includes two sub systems that are offshore platform oil production system and water injection system. The MSG function of PLC can make the data communication between the sub systems, which has the ability to debug the system without stopping any sub system and thus can update the system easily. The chief computer and the manager computer can make common decision to change the parameters, which make the system safer when the system encounters difficulty. The system has human machine interface and it improves the oil field automation level and it is safe and reliable
    TECHNICAL COUNTERMEASURES FOR STABLE PRODUCTION BY STEAM HUFF AND PUFF IN SUPERHEAVY CRUDE RESERVOIR
    XU Jia-nian FENG Guo-qing REN Xiao et al.
    2007, 29(5):  90-93.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.25
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    In this paper, super heavy crude reservoir of Liaohe Oil Field in Shu 1 area is taken as an example. Using the steam huff and puff temperature field, saturation field result and the in situ monitoring data of high temperature steam intake and liquid producing profiles, well temperature profile, the primary factors that the super heavy crude single well convention steam huff and puff high cycle decreases progressively are analyzed. Research shows the low producing degree of super heavy crude reservoir and the oil well decreases the fluid providing ability lead to the single well convention steam huff and puff high cycle decreasing progressively. Based on the above decreasing factors, strengthening mechanism, increased indoor and field experiment, a simultaneous multi well cyclic steam huff and puff, intermittent steam huff and puff, high temperature profile control to adopt a multiinjection technology and other productivity measures are suggested. With the application of stability technical countermeasures in field, which effectively lightens the high cycle steam huff and puff of super heavy crude production decline, decreasing cycle dropped to 3.25% from 8.31%, higher than the same period production of conventional steam huff and puff 200 tons single well, about 0.03 higher in oil gas ratio.
    RE FRACTURING TECHNOLOGY CONDITIONS IN SN OILFIELD
    TANG Hai-jun;HU Yong-quan JING Bu-hong et al
    2007, 29(5):  94-96.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.26
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    Re fracturing is an important stimulation for low permeability reservoir. stress field induced by existed fractures and oil production in SN Oilfield is simulated in this paper, it is proven that the azimuth of new fractures created by refracturing will be different from that of existed fractures on the base of principle of minimum principal stress. Then, according to theory of orthogonal design, simulator of fractured well production performance is used to analyze such factors affecting the oil production as formation pressure, current water cut, permeability and porosity, fracturing scale and conductivity on re fracturing effect, depending on the NPV criteria, conditions of refracturing are determined, moreover, the best time of re fracturing of SN oilfield is determined, effective thickness greater than 5m, pressure coefficient greater than 0.5，permeability greater than 1.0×10-3μm2, current water cut less than 60%。Fracture length should be controlled within 90~120m and sand ratio at 30% application effect is good.
    THE DENSITY OF WATERBASE DRILLING FLUID AT
    WANG Gui PU Xiao-lin LUO Xing-shu et al
    2007, 29(5):  97-99.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.27
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    HTHPUnder the condition of HT and HP, the density of water base drilling fluid will not be a constant. Too narrow range of safe fluid density is not the biggest problems in drilling HT and HP well. The apparatus for testing stastic density at HT and HP and the property of conventional drilling fluid are used to research the rule that stastic density of running water, low density , medium density and high density water base drilling fluid changes as temperature and pressure, and a regression relationship is set up, the mathematic model of the stastic density of drilling fluid change as temperature and pressure established, the factors affecting water base drilling fluid density under HT and HP analyzed. It is concluded that temperature impacts the waterbase drilling fluid density more than pressure does. Based upon the experimental data, pressure impacts the change of drilling fluid density more as temperature increases.

    油气化学工程与化工
    THE MOBILITY CONTROL CAPACITY OF HYDROPHOBIC ASSOCIATING POLYMER IN HIGH PERMEABILITY POROUS MEDIA
    YE Zhong-bin;JIA Tian-ze SHI Lei-ting et al
    2007, 29(5):  100-104.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.28
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    The mobility control capacity research of hydrophobic associating polymer and linear polymer without associating capacity suggests that in high permeability porous media, under the condition of high calcium cation and magnesium cation concentration, the mobility control capacity of hydrophobic associating polymer with low molecular weight is better than polymer with high molecular weight and without associating capacity. After mechanical shear and porous media shear, resistance factor build by hydrophobic associating polymer with low molecular weight is almost equal to that of the linear polymer, but the residual resistance factor is higher than that of the latter, so it can be used to improve the water flooding sweeping volume of high permeability reservoir. The conclusion can be drew as follows: under the condition of high calcium cation and magnesium cation concentration, as a result of its solution structure build by associating action, polymer with low molecular weight and associating capacity is fit to the mobility control of high permeability Bohai oil field where the polymer is injected with high flow rate. It offers theoretical and technical support for polymer flooding in offshore oil field.〖KH*2D〗
    THE INFLUENCE OF PRE CONTACT TIME ON THE INTERFACIAL TENSION IN COMBINATIVE SYSTEM
    LIU Li-wei HOU Ji-rui YUE Xiang-an et al
    2007, 29(5):  105-107.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.29
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    The influence of pre contact time on the interfacial tension of alkali/surfactants/crude oil system is studied. The result shows that the value of the minimum IFT rises with the increase of the pre contact time, when the pre contact time lasts from 20 minutes to 1440 minutes, the minimum IFT will rise from 1.3×10-3mN/m to 4.8×10-2mN/m,the curve between IFT and precontact time is regular. The equilibrium value of IFT increase smoothly with the lasting of precontact time, it is a constant during the first 120 minutes, and then past 0.01mN/m and keeps increasing smoothly after the 120 minutes. At the same time, it validates that the active substance in the oil has a important function in decreasing the interfacial tension.
    THE CATALYZINGOXIDATION DESULFURIZATION PILOT TEST OF THE STRAIGHTRUN DIESEL（II）
    TANG Xiao-dong;HE Bai CUI Ying-xian et al
    2007, 29(5):  108-111.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.30
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    Adopting the straight run diesel catalytic oxidation desulphurization pilot facility and under the condition that the reactor is the static state one, the apparent time is 3～5 minutes, the reaction temperature is 60℃, the materiel circulation is 1000L/h, the ratio of the TS2 oxidation catalysis to the diesel is 0.24, the ratio of the diesel to the EA1 extractant is 2.5∶1, the pilot test of straightrun diesel is conducted for catalyzingoxidate desulphurization. The production analysis and the qualification indicate that at the aforesaid condition, the main dibenzothiophene sulfide in the diesel are moved out; mixing the sulfide enriched diesel with the catalytic diesel with the volume rate of one to ten and at the simulation conditions of the diesel hydrodesulphurization operation in the Lanzhou refinery, the sulfide in the sulfideenriched diesel declines to 800μg/g from 2500μg/g。The sulfideenriched diesel can be used as the raw material of the catalytic cracking diesel′s hydrogenization facility.
    PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF TEMPERATURERESISTANCE VISCOSITY REDUCER FOR HEAVY OIL
    GE Ji-jiang LI De-sheng ZHANG Gui-cai
    2007, 29(5):  112-115.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.31
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    Using acetone as solvent, a series of octyl phenol polyoxyethylene ether carboxylate (abbreviated as OPC n, where n is oxythylene chain length ) with different oxythylene chain length ranging from 4 to 15 are prepared from octylphenolpolyoxyethylene ether and chloroacetic acid, and their minimum concentration needed to reduce the viscosity of 7 crude oil samples from Shengli and Liaohe oilfield is measured. The result indicates that, OPC8 is the most efficient among the resultants, when mass fragment is 0.03%~0.10%, the viscosity reducing ratio of this surfactant for Shengli and Liaohe viscous oil all can be above 90%. In addition, the temperature resistance property of this viscosity reducer is studied. The result shows that, the concentration of OPC 8 changes little after being heated at 300℃ for 3 hours.
    HIGH TEMPERATURE FOAM PROFILE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR IN LAB EXPERIMENT
    HUANG Xing ZHANG Feng-li
    2007, 29(5):  116-118.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.32
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    Aimed at the increase of water content, decrease of oil/gas ratio and the benefits decline of the heavy oil reservoir in the late stage of steam flooding in Shengli oil field, the research of the foamprofilecontrol system for hightemperature reservoir is conducted. From the structure and the mechanism of foam, the foam profile control system for high temperature reservoir is selected and developed, the influence of temperature and salility on the stability of foam is inspected, and sealing ability is studied in Lab. Result shows the developed foam system is of good stability and sealing ability under the condition of reservoir, and able to meet the need of high temperature profile control of heavy oil reservoir.
    APPLICATION OF ORTHOGONAL Test DESIGN METHODOLOGY IN OPTIMAL PARAMETERS OF POLYMER FLOODING
    GENG Zhan-li JIANG Han-qiao LI Jie et al
    2007, 29(5):  119-121.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.33
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    Optimal parameters of polymer flooding are the key in working out development plans, which determines the effects of polymer flooding. Sensitive parameters are presented which affect the effects of polymer flooding in the Ⅳ series of bottom strata of Shuanghe Oilfield. The sensitive parameters are density of polymer, amount of polymer slug, injecting rate and injectionproduction ratio respectively. Orthogonal test is carried out based on the principle of orthogonal design, involving the four factors and three corresponding levels. Optimal level of the parameters is achieved on the objectives of incremental recovery, cumulative production increment and integrative index. With the methodology, the numbers of tests has been greatly reduced while the scientific results ensured effectively. Then the optimal form of slug group is presented on the objectives of incremental recovery and net present value using reservoir numerical simulation method based on optimal level of the parameters above. These results will provide scientific support to the developing practice of the Ⅳ series of bottom strata of Shuanghe Oilfield.

    THE KEY FACTOR OF THE DYNAMIC STABILITY OF FOAM IN FOAM FLOODING
    CUI Wen-jun;HE Shao-qun YU Tian-tian et al
    2007, 29(5):  122-125.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.34
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    The influence factor on the stability of foam system formed by CO2 and FCY is researched with foam scanner and interfacial tension meter. The relations among surface tension, modulus, foam entrainment and foam stability are systematically analyzed, The relation of the modulus and rebirth ability is explained, too. It is recognized that Entrainment ability and deformation ability influence foam stability mostly. The increase of entrainment ability and deformation ability enhances the foam stability, rebirth ability of foam system is effected by deformation ability, the increase of modulus makes the rebirth ability drop. The bound of modulus for foam system must meet the request of foam stability and rebirth ability.
    PREPARATION AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF PU/ BATIO3 HYBRID MATERIALS
    SHI Zhi-qianga JI Ning-ningb Qing Da-yong
    2007, 29(5):  126-129.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.35
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    PU/BaTiO3 hybrid materials are successfully prepared by sol-gel process. The structure and properties of the hybrid materials are investigated by using FTIR，SEM and XPS. The mechanism of the sol-gel process is also studied. Furthermore, the dielectric properties of PU/BaTiO3 hybrid materials radiated by microwave are studied. Result and conclusion are that Polyurethane and BaTiO3 in the PU/BaTiO3 hybrid materials prepared by sol gel process are incorporated by chemical bond.They are not simply mixed. BaTiO3 particles are uniformly dispersed in the PU/BaTiO3 hybrid materials. The dielectric properties of PU/BaTiO3 hybrid materials increases as the increase of BaTiO3 amount
    石油机械工程及其它
    OPERATION STATION DIAGNOSIS OF ROTOR BASED ON SWIVEL RELATIVE VIBRATION ENERGY
    WAN Bo ZHANG Lai-bin WANG Zhao-hui
    2007, 29(5):  130-133.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.36
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    The relation curve is analyzed qualitatively between the rotor shaft of oil transfer pump unit operation situation and relative vibration energy of swivel double-ended points, and it is similar to “the bathtub curve” except to an extra breakpoint. The multi-measuring points, multi-channels vibration signals of axle centre trail is used to integrate three-dimension axle centre trail, based on this, the relative vibration energy of swivel double-ended points is obtained, which includes two index information, the phase and axle centre trail radius. Then the energy index, root-mean-square which can be reacted the energy of the relative bounce amount is also obtained. Based on a lot experiment, the relation between the index and the unit situation is proved to similar to the qualitative analysis result. So the feasibility is proved, the method can be used to analyze the operation situation of rotor system.
    2D DEFECT RECONSTRUCTION OF PIPELINE FROM MAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE SIGNALS BASED ON LS- SVM
    JI Feng-zhu WANG Chang-long LIANG Si-yang et al
    2007, 29(5):  134-136.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.37
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    Nondestructive evaluation of ferromagnetic material is most commonly performed by magnetic flux leakage (MFL) techniques, and it is key element to describe the characters of defects from MFL detecting signals. A new method for the reconstitution of 2D profiles is presented based on least squares support vector machines (LS-SVM) technique, the input data set of SVM is MFL signals and output data set is 2D profiles parameter, the mapping relationship from MFL signals to 2D profiles of defects is established. The least squares method is introduced into network learning, the training data set is composed of experiment data set and emulational data set, the testing data set is artificial crack defects. The reconstitution of 2D profiles of artificial crack defects in the magnetic flux leakage detecting is implemented by this algorithm. Compared with the reconstitution results of RBF network, the results show that LS-SVM possesses quickens speed, enhances high accuracy and is of very good generalization ability , and it is a good way for the quantization of the MFL detecting.
    THE COMPLEX ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT SEQUENCE DECISION OF HEAVY OIL RESERVOIRS
    SHI Jun-feng WU Xiao-dong ZHU Biao
    2007, 29(5):  137-140.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.38
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    A new assessment method combined catastrophe theory and fuzzy mathematics is established and applied for the first time to determine the development sequence of heavy oil reservoirs, in which subordinate functions of reservoir parameters are derived with the combination of catastrophe theory and fuzzy mathematics. Based on these subordinate functions, comprehensive values of all heavy oil reservoirs are calculated, based on which, the development sequence of all reservoirs is ranked. The greater the evaluation value is, the more prior the development sequence of the reservoir is. Finally, 11 developed heavy oil reservoirs are presented to validate the ranking method. Result shows that the sequence ranked by the method is in accord with the order of benefit very well. The method can ensure the veracity and creditability of the evaluated result and avoid the randomicity and troubling of hierarchy process, factor analysis, fuzzy comprehensive appraisal and other assessment methods. The ranking method has been proved to be practical in the decision of heavy oil development.
    REASONABLE SELECTION OF PACKER ELEMENTS CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR ACRYLONITRILEBUTADIENE RUBBERS
    WU Kai-song YUAN Xin-sheng ZHANG Yuan et al
    2007, 29(5):  141-144.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.39
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    The equations determining rubber constitutive model and evaluating the model are derived by application of the finite deformation theory of rubber, test data and the least square method. According to the compressive test data of packer elements of two acrylonitrile-butadiene rubbers（No.701 and No.29）, the above equations are used to determine the suitable models of two-, three-, five- and nine-constant Mooney-Rivlin(M-R) models and three-power constitutive model, and the evaluation and comparision of error are done. The results show that the three-power Yeoh constitutive model is suitable for the test data of the material No.701 and No.29 but the twoconstant M-R constitutive model is improper because of big errors. The material No.701 should use the five- constant or up M-R constitutive models. The material No.29 should use the three- constant or up M-R constitutive models.
    CALCULATION OF STRING DEFORMATION FOR SEPARATE ZONE WATER INJECTION TECHNIQUE
    JIANG Jian-xun LIU Qi CHENG Fu-ping et al
    2007, 29(5):  145-148.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.40
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    At present, due to two or more packer being usually used in separate zone water injection technique, as a result, calculation of string deformation becomes complicated. Hydraulic compression packer separate zone water injection technique string is taken as an example, loads and deformations of pipe string during three phases are studied in detail, including anchoring, setting, and water injection. In addition, the instance of pipe string stress is suited, as a result of interlamination pressure difference in water injection, equations derived to calculate stress and deformation during respective phases. The work provides theory for interlamination infusion techniques solving contradiction and adjusting the homogenization of water distribution on reservoir plane.
    THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF REASONABLE PUMP SETTING DEPTH IN RODPUMPED WELL
    YANG Zhi LIANG Zheng ZHU Xin-qing et al.
    2007, 29(5):  149-151.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.41
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    The pump setting depth in rod-pumped wells is always according to the relationship between pumping efficiency and submergence depth of the pump, or to submergence just by experience, through the comparative analysis of relationship among pump setting depth, pump efficiency and system efficiency, it is put forward that the best system efficiency, the maximum well fluid recovery or the best economic efficiency should be regarded as the objective function. After the comparison between multi design proposals and some optimal work, the pump setting depth which has the biggest objective function is selected as the reasonable pump depth. Transferring from flowing to pumping wells, viscous crude wells, limited but stable liquid producing wells, drainage gas recovery wells have the different well casing, the selection of objective function should be different. It has major application value for oil field exploitation.
    MECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF PIPELINE CROSSING BY HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
    DING Peng YAN Xiang-zhen YANG Xiu-juan
    2007, 29(5):  152-155.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.42
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    Research on mechanical parameters of pipeline crossing by horizontal directional drilling is rare and the engineering is almost designed by experiential method. So there is a need to have more study on mechanical analysis of pipeline crossing design. In this paper, soil mechanical parameters in construction of pipeline crossing are analyzed and the new concepts of minimum required mud pressure and maximum allowed mud pressure are put forward. Then, the formulas of vertical soil pressure and mud pressure in the construction are given．Using these formulas，an engineering of pipeline crossing by horizontal directional drilling is analyzed and the quantitative values of soil stress and mud pressure are obtained. The theorization of mechanical parameters in pipeline crossing can provide the reference for the engineering practice.
    DYNAMOELECTRIC VALVE CONTROL BASED ON DSP LOCKING LOOP
    YUAN Ji-min;CAO Tai-qiang LI Xiao-ling et al
    2007, 29(5):  156-159.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.43
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    In this paper a control system is designed, which is aimed at DC dynamoelectric valve used in the petrochemical field production. It tests the rotating speed of motor and the displacement with photoelectric encoder and constructs digital phase-locked-loop based on DSP (DSPLL), which produces PWM logic and adjusts the frequency and dumpy to control the input voltage and input currency of DC motor. At last, it controls the valve to be open or closed. This system adjusts automatically the rotating speed and torque of DC motor according to the piston of the dynamoelectric valve, the rotating speed of DC motor and torque of load and ensures that rotating speed and torque of DC motor are optimal matching. Experiment with DC motor (80ZY24-200) proves that the system does not only guarantees high precision of speed and position, but also adapts the change of torque when it is changable continuously and protects DC motor effectively. So system is applicable to control the valve used in the petrochemical field production.
    FURTHER RESEARCH ON OILFIELD PRODUCTION FUNCTION
    SHI Xiao-jun WANG Li-jie SHAO Chun-wei
    2007, 29(5):  160-163.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.44
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    By means of total differential analysis method, it is pointed out the formerly proposed method of modifying Cobb-Douglas production function by adding natural productivity decreasing rate and cost increasing rate has an unrealistic supposition, that is, it implies that resource stock of oilfield impacts output through weakening of technology progress. According to typical production structure of oilfield, the authors of the paper propose a timevarying translog stochastic frontier production function of oilfields with three inputs of resource stock, capital, and labor. The function is applied empirically by using the data collected from 15 oilfields in China with time span of 1995—2003. Estimation results show that the coefficient of square term of resource stock input is significantly positive, which means resource stock input has an increasing impact on the oilfields output. By comparison, the efficacy of the tranlog function specification can be confirmed; it can capture the characteristics of an oilfield production better with two prominent features, that is, reflecting impacts of resource stock correctly and revealing impacts of technology progress profoundly.
    THE FORMATION MECHANISM OF VERTICAL ENTERPRISE GROUPS
    SHI Shi-xin LIU Hong-yuan ZENG Yan-lin
    2007, 29(5):  164-167.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.45
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    During our current transformation period, government plays a crucial role in the management of state-owned assets, based upon this background and existing enterprise-group theories and definitions of vertical enterprise groups, an abstract assumption is made about the activities of both government and enterprises in the transformation period from planned economy to market economy. Besides, a basic model is designed to reflect enterprise activities so as to include these activities into the analytical framework of dynamic competition. Then a deep discussion about both internal and external dynamic mechanism is carried out with the safe conclusion achieved that vertical enterprise groups owe their birth to the mutual win-win relation among enterprises, enterprises and government, while what hinders the mutual win-win relation is our current segmental administrative system and the system of tax distribution.
    基础理论
    HYDROPHOBICALLY ASSOCIATING WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMER WITH HIGH-RATIO INTERMOLECULAR ASSOCIATION
    LI Ai-hui GUO Yong-Jun FENG Ru-sen et al
    2007, 29(5):  168-171.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.46
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    The relationship among apparent viscosity, concentration and shear thinning behavior of ANPE-HAWP solution, as well as ability of resisting temperature and salt are studied. The experimental results indicate that ANPE-HAWP solution have obvious critical associating concentration（CAC ) and its ability of temperature tolerance and salt resistance is quite different from sample of reference P(AMPS-AM). Apparent viscosity at different shear rate shows that solution structure of ANPEHAWP can swiftly reversible restore. CAC of different type of HAWP are determined and experimental results verify the new HAWP molecular design idea of high-ratio inter-molecular association.

    EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF MOVING BOUNDARY MODEL NON DARCY FLOW THROUGH LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR
    HU Qi-hua ZHOU Chang-bin
    2007, 29(5):  172-176.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.47
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    In the development of the low permeability reservoir, fluid flow through lowpermeability media deviates from Darcy law and the moving boundary expands outwards constantly. Where moving border does not reach, the reservoir keeps still. All these make strata pressure distribution and bottom-hole pressure distribution different from that of medium-high permeability reservoir, a new moving boundary model with Stefan condition is set up in this paper. After turning the existence and uniqueness of the moving boundary problem into fixed point problem of a integral transformations, Schauder fixed point theorems and extreme value principle are utilized to prove the existence and uniqueness of the model. There are some value to calculation and numerical simulation in the development of low permeability reservoir.
    博导论评
    MULTI-SCALE SCIENCE AND THE APPLICATION IN OIL AND GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT
    KANG Yi-li LI Qian-gui;ZHANG Jian et al
    2007, 29(5):  177-180.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.48
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    Multi-scale science is a subject to study coupling phenomena and action mechanisms in distinct spatial or temporal scales. It is also the core of complexity science. The main contents, methods and advances for multi-scale studies are presented briefly. From the point of view of multi-scale science, oil and gas reservoirs are complex multiscale systems. Production of oil and gas are very complicated processes with spatial-temporal scales and series coupling processes in percolating channels such as pore throats and fractures. Multi-scale phenomena in oil and gas field development mainly include reservoir multi-scale description, multi-scale data integration and multi-scale simulation. Exemplified by tight sand gas reservoirs, multi-scale phenomena in the unconventional gas reservoir development are discussed. Multi-scale structure of tight sandstone gas reservoirs consists of matrix pores and throats, natural fractures and hydraulic fractures. Restriction of gas supply from tight matrix and formation damage are two key factors limiting gas well performance. According to multi-scale mass transport theory, application of reservoir protection during drilling, completion and stimulation and maximum reservoir contact technology should be emphasized for exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources.
    封面人物
    Cover Person Introduction
    2007, 29(5):  200-201.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.100
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    Zhou Shouwei doctor, senior engineer of professorship, graduated from Southwest Petroleum Institute in 1982. He is now a member of the Party Group and deputy general manager of China National Offshore Oil Corporation(CNOOC), the president of CNOOC Ltd., the chairman of Offshore Oil Engineering CO. LTD., the director of the key laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) of CNOOC, the vice-president of China Petroleum Institute Offshore Oil Branch, the vice-president of China Shipbuilding Engineering Society, the vice-president of China Ocean Institute, the vice-director of World Petroleum Congress of China National Committee, a member of Academic Committee of the State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation (Southwest Petroleum University), the editorial board director of China Offshore Oil and Gas, the deputy director of editorial board of Natural Gas Industry.
    Zhou Shouwei is China's famous expert of offshore oil development, he contributed a lot to offshore heavy oil field development, high quality and high speed drilling, marginal oil fields and full ocean oilfield development of FPSO (floating production storage offloading units). He proposed the new model and new theory of offshore oilfield development, promoted the progress of offshore heavy oil development, made China reach international advanced level in offshore heavy oil development technology.
    Zhou Shouwei achieved many significant science and technology progress rewards, including three the first award of national science and technology progress rewards, one special science and technology progress reward, and five the firsts and four the seconds. He achieved six patent technologies (four invention patents), published nineteen monographs and papers.
    He is the first person who proposed founding the four development systems of oil and gas in Bohai sea and the thought of the rolling exploration and development, and developed four matching technology series. The “Offshore High-yielding Technology with Fewer Wells”, posed him, solved the difficult problem of large marginal oilfield development in Bohai sea, which overcame the world difficulty in long-distance transportation of heavy oil in multi-phase. He advocated and probed out the packaged technology of Optimized and Fast Drilling, which increased the efficiency of drilling by almost 3 times. His new technology of marginal oilfield development has been applied successfully in parts of practice of marginal oilfield development, which made great contribution to establishing the technology system of offshore oilfield development and making the Bohai oilfield the third largest one of China after Daqing and Sengli Oilfields.
    He is the first one who proposed the new model of high efficient development of offshore oilfield. He was in charge of moderate sanding in drilling fracturing, early water injection, water injection and accumulation, depth profile control, and electric submersible screw pump lifting, which made important breakthrough in offshore application. He headed the national 863 topics “Depth Profile Control Enhanced Oil Recovery”, laying the foundation for the Bohai oilfield’s production to reach 30,000,000 tons a year.
    China’s first FPSO, designed by Zhou Shouwei, was recognized as one of the ten famous ships in China’s ship making history. His technology of emergency relief single point overcame difficulties in serious ice environment. He posed in the first place that the underwater single point should be used in China’s offshore oilfield, and won the invention patent of underwater installation, which reached international advanced level. He positively gave impetus to the application of “shallow water effect for large floating body” theory, successfully made the 160,000 tons large FPSO used in Bohai area, the lowest sea area in the world. So far, FPSO manufacture has become China’s new high-tech industry, and its manufacturing technology has reached international advanced level.
    本期导读
    Guidance for readers
    2007, 29(5):  201-202.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2007.05.101
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    The laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery of our university, belonging to the State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, was established in 1984. It is a part of the key laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery of CNOOC. The Enhanced Oil Recovery of chemical flooding technology is one of the important research directions of the Petroleum Development Engineering which is of the national key subject and Applied Chemistry which is of the provincial key subject. Its research emphases are basic theory, application basic theory, study on oilfield application technology, and the development, manufacture and field service of chemical for eor. The scientific research thematic report “Playing the Advantage of Subject, Constructing Study Platform, Condensing Team Strength, Accelerating Technical Progress” systematicly introduced the research status of Enhanced Oil Recovery in our university to readers from “the Research Team, the Research Conditions and Characteristics, the Undertaken Research Task, the Typical Achievement——the Special Polymer of Enhanced Oil Recovery of Chemical Flooding and Its Application Research”.
    “The Study and Application of New Mode of Effective Development of Offshore Heavy Oil Field”, by Dr. Zhou Shouwei, the deputy general manager of China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC), posed the new model of developing offshore heavy oil reservoir from the view of increasing production rate. Adopting the new model, recovery of offshore heavy oil reservoir can be increased by 10% or more, so that the utilization of oil and gas can be increased obviously. It has great significance to China which is lack of oil.
    “Characteristic of Flow Through Porous Media in Low Permeability Reservoir with Eolotropy”, by Shi Cheng’en, the doctor of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and other authors, comprehensively considered the effect that the threshold pressure gradient and stress sensitivity in low-permeability reservoir with eolotropy makes on the characteristic of unsteady flow, posed the approximate solution of low-velocity non-Darcy flow considering the effect of the threshold pressure gradient and stress sensitivity in similar reservoir. This paper has significance on guiding how to determine the movement rule of dynamic boundary, single well control size, variable production of oil well, and reservoir pressure distribution.
    “The Mobility Control Capacity of Hydrophobic Associating Polymer in High Permeability Porous Media”, written by Ye Zhongbin, the doctoral tutor, and other authors for this periodical, studied the mobility control capacity of hydrophobic associating polymer and linear polymer with high molecular weight and without associating capacity, which achieved the objective of improving its mobility control capacity in high-permeability porous media through reducing the demand of the molecular weight and appropriately increasing the amount of hydrophobic singles, e.g. improving the associating capacity of hydrophobic associating polymer solution.
    Finished by Dr. Wan Bo and other authors, China University of Petroleum, the Operation Station Diagnosis of Rotor Based on Swivel Relative Vibration Energy analyzed qualitatively the relation curve between the rotor shaft of oil transfer pump unit operation situation and relative vibration energy of swivel double-ended points, and it similar to “the bathtub curve”. The multi-measuring points, multi-channels vibration signals of axle centre trail is used to integrate three-dimension axle centre trail, based on this, the relative vibration energy of swivel double-ended points is obtained, which includes two index information, the phase and axle centre trail radius. It is proved that the relative vibration energy of swivel double-energy index can be used to analyze and diagnose the operation situation of rotor system.
    The series of articles “Hydrophobically Associating Water-Soluble Polymer with High-Ratio Inter-Molecular Association(III)”, by Prof. Li Aihui and Prof. Guo Yongjun, studied the concentration and shear thinning behavior of ANPE-HAWP solution, as well as ability of resisting temperature and salt.
    Multi-scale science have achieved important progress, it is the hot and frontier of many subjects’ studies. “The multi-Scale science and the Application in Oil and Gas Field Development”, by Prof. Kang Yili, the doctoral tutor, pointed out that oil and gas reservoirs are complex multi-scale systems. From the point view of multi-scale science, production of oil and gas are very complicated processes with spatial-temporal scales and series coupling processes in percolating channels such as pore throats and fractures. Exemplified by tight sand gas reservoirs, multi-scale phenomena in the unconventional gas reservoir development and its effect and countermeasures on gas development are discussed.
    Great acknowledgement to authors and readers for your love and support to this magazine!