Table of Content

01 February 2015, Volume 37 Issue 1

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Research of Dynamic Deconvolution Method in Time-frequency Domain

Wang Yuanjun1, Zhou Huailai1，2，3

2015, 37(1):  1-10.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2014.12.29.01

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Most methods for improving the resolution of seismic data are usually based on the traditional static convolution
model，which are inconsistent with the actual propagation law of seismic wavelet in inhomogeneous media. Therefore，based on
the dynamic convolution model，this paper combines attenuation and absorption characteristics of seismic wave，and proposes a
dynamic deconvolution method based on time-frequency domain. This method introduces the good multi-resolution characteristic
of GST（generalized S transform）into the processing procedure of dynamic deconvolution for seismic data. Firstly，GST
of non-stationary seismic records can be approximately presented as the product of Fourier transform of static source wavelet，
time-frequency attenuation function and GST of the reflection coefficient. And then we use polynomial fitting to smooth the
time-frequency spectral of non-stationary seismic records，thus dynamic propagation wavelet and the reflection coefficient of
formation can be estimated. The method of this paper does not need calculate the value of Q directly，and it is applicable in the
situation that the value of Q is changed. The processed results for both theoretical model and real 3D seismic data validate that
this method not only can improve the resolution of the seismic data，but also can compensate efficiently the energy attenuation
caused by deep formation absorption.

Advances in Intensive Geological Evaluation Methods of the Mature
Exploration Areas

Liu Keqi*, Hao Xuefeng

2015, 37(1):  11-18.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.01.05.01

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The prospect areas including Jiyang Depression in east China has stepped into a relatively mature stage on the whole
after about fifty years′ exploration and development. Some problems crying out for solutions in the sphere of intensive geological
evaluation of the mature exploration areas，which includes the analysis of high resolution sequence stratigraphy，the restoration
of key geological elements at the crucial moment of petroleum accumulation，the accurate interpretation of petroleum migration
pathway system，and the quantitative characterization of petroleum accumulation process，are pointed out and systematically
reviewed on the basis of the previous researches and exploration practices in Shengli Oilfield. We find that sequence stratigraphy
researches have developed from traditional pattern to high resolution model；researches on key geological element restoration
have developed from state at the present time to the condition at the crucial moment of petroleum accumulation；interpretation
of petroleum from two-dimensional surface to three-dimensional body，and petroleum accumulation researches have developed
from qualitative analysis to quantitative evaluation. Finally，the authors put forward that the quantitative study of petroleum
accumulation process is the development trend of both theoretical analysis and exploration practice.

Pre-Mesozoic Unconformity and Its Significance for Hydrocarbon
Exploration in Kuchedong Area

Han Yong*, Yang Zichuan, Han Qiang, Wang Mengnan

2015, 37(1):  19-24.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.02.22.03

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Pre-Mesozoic unconformity is an important unconformity in Kuchedong Area，which is the direct product of the
late Hercynian movement. Based on 3D seismic interpretation data，combined with well drilling data and regional geology，
we analyzed the main unconformity types，planar distribution of pre-Mesozoic unconformity and its control over oil and gas
reservoirs. The research shows that the types of the unconformity can be divided into parallel unconformity，abnormal unconformity，
truncation unconformity and overlaping unconformity. Parallel unconformity mainly occurs in Akekule uplift，abnormal
unconformity exists in the eastern part of the Yakela faulted uplift，and truncation unconformity and overlaping unconformity
occur in Kuqa Depression. There are two types of unconformity related traps；stratigraphic overlaping trap above the unconformity
surface and buried hill traps below the unconformity. Pre-Mesozoic unconformity is favorable oil and gas lateral migration
channel. Oil and gas migrate along the unconformity from the depression center to south，and enter unconformity related traps
forming oil and gas reservoirs.

Studies on the Coal-formed Gas Reservoir Heterogeneity in
the Upper Paleozoic in Jiyang Depression

Men Yuefeng1*, Zheng Xue2, Yang Qidong2

2015, 37(1):  25-32.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.12.27.05

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Neopaleozoic is an important coal-gas reservoir of Jiyang Depression. The reservoir heterogeneity is an important
factor to the migration of underground coal-gas，and is also the basis for understanding coal-gas，so achievements of researches
on the reservoir heterogeneity have a direct impact on recognizing the distribution law of coal-gas in reservoirs and on the
development effect. According to the information available，and by using statistical methods and the Lorenz curve methods，
we studied the coal-gas reservoirs heterogeneity from the plane，intralayer，interlayer heterogeneity in Paleozoic Jiyang Depression，
respectively，and evaluated the results. The results show that sand permeability of Gubei Area in Zhanhua Sag of
Jiyang Depression decreases from west to east and from north to south. Wells with severe interlayer heterogeneity are Degu
2，Wanggu 1，Gubeigu 1，Gubeigu 2，Gubeigu 3 etc. And wells with severe intralayer heterogeneity are Degu 2，Gubeigu1，
Gubeigu 2 etc. Such results have guiding significance to the coal-gas exploration in Jiyang Depression.

A Research on Characteristics of Dolostones in Akeshake
Formation，Lower Carboniferous，Ili Basin

Qu Jianhua1*, Yu Chaofeng2, Li Xiao1, Ding Jing1, Tang Yong1

2015, 37(1):  33-43.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.03.11.05

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Ili Basin is an area where the carbonate is best developed in north Xinjiang，both the distribution range and the
depth being large. By observing outcrops，we found that dolostones was widely distributed in ILi Basin，with 2nd of Akeshake
upper-subunit developed lengthways，and distributed in（but not all）platform edge shallow facies. There developed dolostones
in south of basin，with bigger thickness，scale and expansion range than northern part，which is closely related to fracture or
later intrusions. Lamella observation indicates that dolostones are mainly in powder-fine grain texture，the majority of which
is finegrain，with block structure，and carbonate with larger type of rocks are fine grain dolostones according to size fraction.
Through contrasting the rare earth element distribution pattern of the dolomite，gray matter dolomite and limestone，we found
the three rock curve shapes are very similar，which make clear that there is close inner link between dolomite and limestone.
According to the δCe we conjecture the limestone is formed from the deoxidation environment and the dolomite is formed from
the oxidation environment. In conclusion，the genetic type of the dolomite in the research area is hydrothermal dolomite.

Geological Modeling of Effective Sandstone Reservoir of the Su-6 Infilling
Drilling Pilot in Sulige Gas Field

Shi Shi1*, Gao Lixiang2, Liu Lili3, Gu Jiangrui1, Bi Mingwei2

2015, 37(1):  44-50.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.06.08.06

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Upper Paleozoic gas reservoir in Sulige Gas Field has the typical“thick sand layer but thin effective reservoir”
feature，effective reservoir is mainly lenticular，with complex spatial distribution，which increases the difficulty of geological
modeling because of its reservoir heterogeneity. A new method of geological modeling aiming at this type of reservoir is put forward
in the Su-6 infill drilling pilot based on both static and dynamic constraint. First，the facies model which can better reflect
the heterogeneity of reservoir was established on the basis of fine sedimentary facies research controlled by both deterministic
and stochastic modeling method. The facies model is a static constraint of reservoir distribution range and direction. Secondly，
the uncertainty of effective reservoir spatial distribution was analyzed on the basis of statistics on the flow discharge of single
well radius obtained from single well production performance analysis. Finally，in order to realize the random simulation of
dynamic and static constraints on the effective reservoir，the distribution range of the effective reservoir was arranged under the
control of sedimentary facies model and the radius of the single well flow discharge，and the space distribution probability of
effective reservoir was given in each layer. Comprehensive analysis reveals that the effective reservoir model accords with the
geological knowledge，and the dynamic analysis of the well connectivity very well. Compared with the conventional methods
of effective reservoir modeling，success rate of production history matching increased by 43%.

Research on Fracture Characteristic in Reservoir of Qingshangkou
Formation，Yaoyingtai Oilfield

Wang Shilin1, Qin Zhangjin2

2015, 37(1):  51-56.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.09.02.05

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Abstract：Yaoyingtai Oilfield is located in the central depression of Shongliao Basin，and the reservoir of Upper Cretaceous
in Qingshankou Formation in the 1∼301 blocks of Yaoyingtai Oilfield is fractured low-permeability reservoir and develop
fracture quite. This paper carries out systematical research about fractures through core observation，slices analysis，the imaging
logging data and carbon and oxygen isotope analysis. The study shows that the fracture developed in Qingshankou Formation
of Yaoyingtai Oilfield，and the highest degree of development in Qingshankou Formation is II sand set in No.1 section of
Qingshankou Formation. Other findings include that the length of fracture distributes between 5∼15 cm and the width distributes
between 0.1 1mm and the average density is 0.41 strips per meter. Most of fractures are full filled and the majority of fillings
is calcite with fracture dip between 75? ∼90? ，the orientation of fracture has mainly 4 groups which includes NWW（280?），
NNW（345?），NNE（18?），NEE（76?）. While the width of micro-fracture rests under 0.5 mm and filled or half-filled by
calcite and organics. The main fracture properties is shear fractures and other part of fracture properties is tension fracture. The
fractures has two develop stages，one is formed in the late tectonic movement of the nenjiang formation，and another is formed
in the late tectonic movement of MingShui formation.

Study on Site Selection and Evaluation of Underground Gas
Storage in Salt Cavern

Wanyan Qiqi1，2，3*, Ran Lina2，3, Han Bingjie2，3, Cai Maojia4, Li Qi5

2015, 37(1):  57-64.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.05.29.02

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The underground gas storages in salt caverns has the advantages of high injection-production ratio，large accommodation
capacity and low cushion gas content with recycling system. As the development of China′s natural gas industry，
more underground gas storages in salt cavern which play a signigicant role in natural gas reserves and peak shaving will be
built and put into operation. However，China′s underground gas storages construction lags behind，only one underground
gas storages in salt caverns completed and put into operation. The system of evaluation and optimal site selection of underground
gas storages in salt caverns has not formed，which severely restricted the development and construction of underground
gas storages in salt caverns in China. Based on the characteristics of underground gas storage in salt cavern，we studied the
optimization principle of storage site and then comprehensively evaluate the underground gas storage site. The optimization
evaluation index for underground gas storage site has been elaborated systematically and quantitatively in respects of structural
characteristics，development of salt deposit，buried depth of salt layers，thickness of salt beds，property and thickness of cap
rock，tightness，condition of old wells and geographic location，which provides possible ways and theories to evaluate and
optimize the underground gas storage site selection.

The Research of Near-surface Characters and Targeted Exploration
Technology in the Hinterland of Junggar Basin Desert Area

Shang Xinmin

2015, 37(1):  65-75.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2014.09.06.02

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Because of intensely fluctuating dunes and varies thickness in hinterland of Junggar desert area，short refraction
survey is mainly used in the 2D near surface exploration；however，this method causes inaccurate near-surface structure measurement，
leading to poor desert area seismic data quality and low trap reliability. In the new round of exploration launched
recently，we used the result of micro logging survey to study the geophysical parameters，such as desert region top，bottom
interface structure，thickness，velocity，depth-time relation，absorption and attenuation，etc. Research shows that sand dunes
in the hinterland of Junggar Basin desert area are fixed or semi-fixed，and are characteristic of stability and gentle bottom interface，
good consistency of depth-time relation，basically same buried depth velocity in different region and good correspondence
between velocity and quality factor. According to different thickness of sand dunes，we adopted single deep-well shooting with
roll-along designing excitation well depth and multiple and shallow well array shooting. High-quality seismic data has been
obtained by developing comprehensive dune map fitting statics correction and near surface absorption compensation technology.

Stress Field Simulation Based on Log Curves and the Theory of
Elastic Thin Plate

Xi Cheng1, Shi Zejin2*, Wang Changcheng1, Zhang Zhongyi3

2015, 37(1):  76-84.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2014.07.31.02

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The Yanchang Formation of Changqing Oilfield is characteristic of fractured reservoir with low porosity and low
permeability sandstone，so we carried out the research on regional stress field simulation，in order to predict the fracture development
of Yanchang Formation，which can guide the exploration and development in the future. Because there is no seismic
data in the research area，so the conventional research ways of fracture prediction are not suitable in research area. This article，
based on log curves，used the theory of elastic thin plate to simulate the stress field，and made use of the density and P-wave
carried by original log curves. Meanwhile，the authors also did some research such as the field profile measurement and core
observation etc. Comparing the analysis results through a variety of means，we think we have got the better result in this research.
The existing high production wells are all located in the strong stress zones. The stress field simulation results can be
the most important guidance for location of production well next. This technical method can also be extended to other blocks
in Changqing Oilfield.

Lithology Recognition with Well Logs in Complex Lithologic Low
Permeability Reservoirs in Ta′nan Depression

Zhang Xianguo1*, Zhang Tao2, Lin Chengyan1, Yu Jingfeng3

2015, 37(1):  85-90.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.05.08.01

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Lithology recognition is the key geological problem in the exploitation of complex lithology low permeability
reservoir. This study takes Cretaceous in Ta′nan Depression as an example to explore well logging lithology recognition method
of complex lithology reservoir. Normal terrigenous clastic debris and volcanic debris deposited together in Cretaceous in Ta′nan
Depression. Tuffaceous glutenite，tuffaceous sandstone，sedimentary tuff，volcanic tuff，sandstone，conglomerate and mudstone
deposited in Tongbomiao Formation in Cretaceous. It has a very complex lithology and bad petrophysics，typical of low
lithology- electric property contrast. Based on the study of well logging characteristics among strata of different lithologies，
four types of well logs are chosen in comprehensive lithology interpretation. Fisher discriminant analysis is used to diminish
well log differences of the same type of strata and magnify well log differences of different type of strata. Discriminant functions
for the seven lithology types of the study area are built to realize well log lithology recognition of wells without drilling cores.
The lithology recognition validity is as high as 98.1%. The lithology recognition method built in this study resolves the problem
of lithology recognition with well logs in complex lithology low permeability reservoirs and provides technical support for
reservoir development.

An Evaluation Model on Along-Pipe Thermal Parameter of
Multi-Component Heat Fluid Injected in Offshore Reservoirs

Huang Shijun1, Li Qiu2*, Cheng Linsong1, Zhu Guojin3, Zhang Meng4

2015, 37(1):  91-97.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.09.03.01

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Heavy oil covers about 60%of the total reserve in Bohai Bay，which is a significant part in the succeeding petroleum
industry in China. The application of multi-component heat fluid（MCHF）overcomes the problem of limited load of offshore
platforms，serving as a new break through in offshore oil production. Considering the impact of various injection conditions and
sea water flow for the first time，the model takes the amount of fluid injected within a certain period of time as control volume
and concludes the influence of pipeline structures of platform，sea water section and sub-surface section. With Visual Basic
program language，the results of the model show a good agreement with the field test data. Based on the model，the impact of
the composition of multi-component heat fluid and the depth of sea water on the efficiency along the injection line are studied.
Curves and conclusions of this essay would provide some support for the application of this new technology.

Optimization of Injection-production Patterns of Fan Delta
Distributary Channel

Xu Xiaoming*, Li Yanlan, He Hui, Sun Jingmin

2015, 37(1):  98-104.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.08.30.06

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After a long period of water flooding development，The oil and water distribution of high water cut oil field is
becoming complicated. The remaining oil is more scattered and the related geological studies are becoming more specific. The
remaining oil distribution is not only influenced by reservoir physical property ，sand body distribution，structure effect，and
by injection- production well patterns and sand body relation. So，the study of injection-production well patterns and of how
sand body carries on the configuration is the one of the key factors to further enhance oil recovery of the high water cut oil
fields. Taking a fault block in eastern Jidong Gaoshennan as an example，We established the geological model of the fan delta
frontal sand body. After figuring out fan delta subsea distributary channel clearly，the paper studied how distributary channel
and reservoir physical source direction influenced the injection-production well patterns and the well position by Eclipce. So，
the paper put forward injection-production well patterns deployment optimization scheme of fan delta front subsea distributary
channel reservoir.

Reservoir Material Balance Calculation Based on Nonlinear Programming

Liu Yingru1*, Zeng Liang2, Li Huan3, Deng Jun4, Zhang Ping1

2015, 37(1):  105-110.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.11.19.01

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Material balance equation（MBE）is one of the basic tools to explain and forecast the reservoir dynamics. It is
truly an actual problem that reservoir engineers need to be faced. Prevalent commercial software are commonly to be used to
solve the MBE currently，but which cost too much rather than the traditional methods，however，it always need to be linearized
first and usually to apply manually an adopting cut-and-try method，so it′s efficiency is comparatively low. When knowing
a little reservoir pressure and production data，taking reservoir basic parameters as decision variables and describing MBE as
a nonlinear programming and utilizing the function of solving multi-variety′s programming problems provided programming
module could automatically get a accurate basic parameters and average pressure and the water influx behavior of aquifer.
Comparison with the calculation result of formers，it is reliable and have highly operability.

The Experiment Study of Using Gas Tracer on Analysis the Mechanism of
CO2 Flooding

Guo Wenmin1，2*, Li Zhiping1, L¨u Aihua2, Wan Guofu2

2015, 37(1):  111-115.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.12.24.03

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In order to describe the characters of the miscible and immiscible CO2 flooding，the SF6 is chosen as the gas tracer.
According to the principle of tracer response，several parameters like PV，peak value of curve，the width of curve，the recovery
rate of tracer and the forecasting of curve were taken into the description of the character of the miscible and immiscible CO2
flooding. The result in this paper illustrated that the curves of the tracer are different between miscible and immiscible driving.
The tracer curve of miscible driving shows narrower the hump is，the lower recovery of the tracer，the smaller the forecasting
coefficient. On the contrary，in immiscible CO2 flooding，oil and gas will be separated and the recovery rate of oil will decrease
sharply. So，the flooding states can be detected by monitoring the gas tracer during CO2 flooding and the findings will improve
the recovery rate of oil.

A New Approach of 3D Potential Distribution Experiment for
Multi-lateral Wells

Xu Likun1，2, Han Guoqing2*, Zhang Rui2, Zhao Huawei2, Song Yong3

2015, 37(1):  116-122.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.01.09.01

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The effects of wellbore flow resistance and permeability on equi-pressure contour distribution is unclear in reservoir
development，so the modified electrolytic simulation experiment was carried out. Nearwellbore 3-D potential distribution of
multi-lateral wells was measured；the effects of wellbore flow resistance and permeability on equipressure contour distribution
were studied with a film resistors well model and different concentration of the electrolyte respectively. The results show that
the equipotential surface was cambered outward convex，that the surface shape in the nearwellbore space was similar to well
architecture；that equipressure contours were egg-shaped rather than oval when considering the resistance of the wellbore,and
that the control area decreased. Since nearwellbore pressure drop existsed，the equipressure contours passed through the wellbore
location. The drainage area extended and each branch contributed more effectively in low permeability reservoirs. The
results will have a great significance in determining the drainage area of multi-lateral wells.

Study on the Change of Fluid Production of High Water-cut Stage in
Different Producing System

Liu Huanle1, Wu Zexin2*, Zhang Bo3, Wu Xiaoyu4

2015, 37(1):  123-127.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.10.18.01

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In order to further master change law of liquid production when the oilfield enter a period of high water cut production，
we study on the change of liquid production in different production system. Based on actual oil production and water
drive curve of this block in recently years，according to actual production needs of oilfield，the change of oil production of high
water-cut stage in different producing system will be obtained by theoretical derivation when the liquid production is fixed. At
the same time，the change of liquid production is studied when the oil production is fixed or reduced at a certain speed. This
theory can realize quantification about the change of liquid production. Take a certain block in a true oilfield for example，on the
basis of water-flood characteristic curve that is suitable for this block，the change of liquid production of high water-cut stage
in different producing system will be obtained by actual data，and provide strongly theoretical guidance for decision-makers.
At the same time，this method can be used to other blocks，which has wide application prospects.

Effect of Non-Darcy Flow Moving Boundary of High Velocity Nearby
Wellbore on Productivity Prediction

Li Yuansheng1，2*, Li Xiangfang1, Teng Sainan3, Xu Darong1, He Xiangnan4

2015, 37(1):  128-134.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.11.19.02

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To better understand the effect of the non-Darcy flow moving boundary，the effect of non-Darcy flow near wellbore
caused by high velocity on productivity prediction was studied. Based on seepage theory and inertial theory，the non-Darcy
moving boundary equation and a new deliverability equation are derivated. Then we proposed the concepts of critical permeability，
critical productivity and critical pressure，and the non-Darcy boundary skin factor. Only when permeability，gas rate
and pressure are all larger than critical value，non-Darcy flow appears. And a non-Darcy moving boundary skin factor is a
function of permeability，porosity，critical Reynolds number and β expressions，which reflects the effect of the petrophysical
properties. And the larger the skin is，the narrower the moving boundary is and the greater its effect. Finally，a comparison with
conventional deliverability equation revealed that，if the permeability range is 1∼10 mD，significant differences exist in these
IPR curves. This paper proposed the effect of non-Darcy flow moving boundary on production prediction，which improve the
accuracy of the productivity prediction.

Characteristic and Mechanism Research of Water Flooding of
Strong Edge Bottom Aquifer Fractured-vuggy Reservoir

Li Xiaobo1*, Rong Yuanshuai1, Long Xibin1, Wu Feng2, Wang Keke2

2015, 37(1):  135-140.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.12.10.02

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The carbonate fractured-vuggy reservoir in part of the high productivity wells of Tahe Oilfield have the typical
characteristic：when the water cut is zero，oil production remains stable. Once the water cut is not zero，it will rise dramatically，
and oil production will drop fast. Therefore，the water cut of high production wells will influence the oilfield’s production. By
analyzing the production performance of the high production wells with water cut，we found out the signal of water flooding.
And by using the well node analysis method and the fluid mechanics software，we launched a strong edge，bottom water coning
mechanism research and demonstrated the signal before the water flooding. The research comes to the conclusion that the energy
replacement of strong edge or bottom water in fracture cave unit can be divided into three obvious stages：pure elastic drive
transaction of the elastic displacement to water flooding，pure edge bottom water drive. The oil pressure and the production
fluctuation was the important signals of strong edge bottom water flooding and can accurately predict the bottom-water coning
stage. On this basis，we suggested water flood risk warning and control method at the three stages. The analysis of the signals
of high production wells before water flood can be the basis of high production well management and water flood risk warning.

Tong′s Water Drive Curve Improvement and its Application

Xue Ying1, Shi Lihua2*, Xi Tiande2

2015, 37(1):  141-145.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.12.20.02

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A new generalized water drive curve proposed by Tong Xianzhang is of simple shape，and reflects different laws of
water cut and it is easy to obtain its parameters. This water driving curve has played an important role in predicting oil production
and recoverable reserves. On this basis，further studies were made and improved beta-water drive curves were derived according
to the two-phase seepage theory. The improved water drive curves show that seepage characteristic determined the water drive
curves. By using the improved water drive characteristic formula more accurate results can be obtained in geological reserves
calculation. The improve water drive curve provides a new method for more accurate water-flooding reserves calculation in
high water cut stage and has important practical significance to mine production pratice.

Synthesis and Properties of an Acrylamide Copolymer Based on Phosphate

Gou Shaohua1，2*, Yang Cheng2, Ye Zhongbin1，2, Chang Jing3, Ma Yongtao2

2015, 37(1):  146-152.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.11.26.03

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An acrylamide copolymer was synthesized using acrylamide（AM），acrylic acid（AA），（1-dimethylamino-allyl）-
phosphoric acid（DMAAPA）and N-allyl octyl imide（NAOI）as raw materials and NaHSO3-（NH4）2S2O8 as initiator. The
optimum synthetic conditions were determined as follows：the appropriate temperature was 45 ?C，the initiator was found to be
0.3%，the pH was 7，and m（AM）：m（AA）：m（DMAAPA）：m（DMAAPA）=6.0：4.0：0.015：0.030. The molecular structure
of the copolymer was confirmed by IR and 1H NMR，proving that the functional monomers were present in the molecule chain.
The retention rate of the copolymer could reach 28.9%（120 ?C），18.7%（1 000 s−1），and 22.2%（1.2 g/L NaCl）respectively
according to the performance evaluation. Up to 10.54% enhanced oil recovery（EOR）could be obtained by core flood testing
using 2 000 mg/L copolymer at 65 ?C.

The Effect of Hot Water on the Microscopic Pore Throat Structure
of Ultra-low Permeability Reservoir

Sun Lin1*, Wang Bing1, Pu Wanfen1, Si Rong2, Xin Jun3

2015, 37(1):  153-158.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.12.04.01

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Hot water flooding is one of the most important EOR techniques for the ultra-low permeability reservoir. Using
centrifugal method，we measured capillary pressure curves of the same ultra-low permeability core after it has soaked in
40～180 ℃ hot water for 3 days. Then based on the capillary pressure curves，we analyzed the effect of hot water on pore throat
size，distribution and characteristic parameters. The results show that，with the increasing hot water temperature，（1）the capillary
pressure decreases and the minimal wetting phase saturation reduces；（2）the quantity of small pore throats with radius
<0.03  µm greatly decreases，the quantity of moderate pore throats with radius of 0.03～0.81 µm and big pore throat with radius
>3.22  µm increases；（3）the maximal connected pore throat radius increases and the pore throat sorting enhances. Meanwhile，
all those changes are more apparent before the hot water temperature reaches 120 ℃. Using SEM，we scanned the microscopic
pore throat morphology of the same spot of an ultra-low permeability core block after it has soaked in different temperature hot
water for 3 days. The results confirm that the pore throat size changes with the influence of hot water. Simultaneously，the
migration of particles in the core can be observed.

Research and Application of Fast and Efficient Bifurcation
Technology of Dual Casing

Zhang Derong, Kong Chunyan*, Feng Wenrong, Zhong Lin

2015, 37(1):  159-164.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.12.18.01

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Aiming to solve problems like difficulty in low efficiency in opening the window and ill adaptability of conventional
sidetracking tools，we developed a new type of fast and efficient bifurcation and pilot type sidetracking tools，using“hard to
hard”design idea，an implementing new technologies of dual-angle superhard compound bevel guide，double cutting edge and
strong lateral cutting ability of sidetracking bit，and triplex-cylinder linkage pressurized and non-cyclical packer. In the cutting
process，greatly reduced the extent of damage to whipstock，enhanced the adaptability and reliability of intermittent cutting
conditions caused by the asymmetry，non-stability and the form-randomness，effectively improved the bifurcation angle，and
applied it to be successful in the Wen25Ce61 well. At the same time，the window formation mechanism of the dual cased hole
was done，and static and dynamic simulation were made. On this basis，further we elaborated technical methods to achieve
efficient dual casing sidetrack. This research is hoped to have great significance to the future development of the sidetrack
market.

Hierarchical Fault Diagnosis of Rod Pumping System Based on
Fault Distinguishing

Liang Hua*

2015, 37(1):  165-171.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.11.19.04

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There is higher fault probability for rod pumping system under the bad work conditions. Because of the large amount
of sample and the long-time steady status，this paper proposes hierarchical fault diagnosis method. Fault distinguishing and
fault identification are two stages in this method. In the second stage of the fault hierarchical diagnosis of rod pumping system
based on surface dynamometer card，starting from fault mechanism，we propose search tree method in fault identification of
rod pumping system on the basis of fault distinguish. In fault identification，combining statistical rule of normal samples and
search tree based on fault principle and fault distinguish，search tree of rod pumping system is established to identify fault style
including serious fault. Efficiency of this method is verified by identifying single fault and combined fault of rod pumping
system accurately through typical fault dynamometer cards.

The Status and Development in Mechanical Behavior of
Deepwater Well-testing Strings

Wei Xiaodong1，2*, Liu Qingyou3

2015, 37(1):  172-178.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.04.23.01

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The mechanical behavior of deep water testing string has an important influence on the success of the deep water
test. Based on the study of the ground pipe string mechanical，the structure，working condition，load and the research status of
the deep water testing string are analyzed and expounded. According to the result of the analysis，the test technology overseas
is mature and the study of mechanical behavior of the deep water testing string is consummate. However，the test work of deep
water field is mainly carried out by foreign technology service company. Aiming at the application status of deep water test in
China，the mechanical behavior of the deep water testing string is analyzed systematically. The conclusion shows that a dynamics
model of deep water testing string could be built，considering the heaving and drifting of platform，the high pressure fluid of
pay formation，the impact of perforation，the temperature coupling effect and other factors. For the purpose of optimization
design of deep water testing strings，and improvement of safety reliability of construction work of deep water testing string，
the mechanical behavior of the whole string should be analyzed.

Parameter Optimization Research for Water Huff and Puff
Technology in Lungu Well Area of Tarim Oilfield

Feng Qihong1*, Song Yulong2, Yang Yahui1, Hu Dengqiang3, Chen Yuxiang3

2015, 37(1):  179-184.  DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2012.12.10.01

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The ordovician reservoirs in Lungu well area of Tarim Oilfield belong to the fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs，
which are highly non-homogeneous. Single-well oil production declines rapidly because of reservoir energy shortage. Water
huff and puff（cyclic water stimulation）is a novel method for the exploitation of the fracture-cavity carbonate reservoir，which
can substantially improve single-well productivity. Whether the injection-production parameters of water huff and puff technology
are appropriate is essential to the oilfield development. Based on the geological and fluid information of the typical
water huff and puff well，the geological model for water huff and puff technology is built to optimize the corresponding factors
which include injection timing，cyclic water injection rate，injection speed，soaking time and daily fluid production rate. In
this research，the corresponding factors are dimensionless or correspond to fitting formula to eliminate the effects of production
performance differences before water injection and make the optimized parameters more effective.