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    20 April 2010, Volume 32 Issue 2
    地质勘探
    RESERVOIR BITUMEN′S IMPACT ON RESERVOIR PHYSICAL PROPERTY AND RESERVOIR PRODUCTIVITY
    CHEN Shi-jia WANG Ming-fa LU Jun-gang FAN Xiao-jun YANG Guo-ping
    2010, 32(2):  1-6.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.001
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    The bitumen filling in reservoir makes porosity and permeability decrease and more inhomogeneous.Santai-northern Santai of Junggar Basin is taken as example,the reservoir samples with different bitumen content are soaked with organic solvent,the physical property contrast before and after soaking is conducted,the influence of bitumen on the physical property is analyzed.It is recognized that bitumen will greatly decrease reservoir porosity and permeability,especially fine sandstone reservoir and the sandstone reservoir with a lot of fillings.It is pointed out that the bitumen is one of the factors which makes reservoirs low productivity.The research on the reservoirs with bitumen is valuable for enhancing oil productivity.

    THE DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY MINERALS AND RESERVOIR SENSITIVITY IN THE LOWER SECTION OF XINGOUJU FORMATION
    CHEN Gong-yang ZHANG Ling ZHOU Chao-yu
    2010, 32(2):  7-12.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.002
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    The combination and distribution of clay minerals in lower section of Xingouju Formation of Jiangling sag are obviously controlled by the sedimentary environment,kaolinite exists only in delta plain facies,the minerals are characterized by illite,kaolinite,ordered to disordered illite/montmorillonite mixing layer and small amount of chlorite.The clay minerals combination in delta front facies include illite,chlorite and ordered illite/montmorillonite mixing layer.The two main clay minerals in prodelta and lacustrine mudstone are illite and chlorite.The sensitivity test result shows that the reservoir has medium velocity sensitivity,strong-superstrong water sensitivity,strong salt sensitivity and strong acid sensitivity in the study area.

    A HIGH ACCURACY NUMERICAL ALGORITHM FOR WAVEFRONT TIME COMPUTATION IN 3-D COMPLEX MEDIA
    HUANG Yue-qin ZHANG Jian-zhong
    2010, 32(2):  13-18.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-
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    The wavefront marching methods based on level-sets,such as FMM(fast marching method) and GMM(group marching method) are widely used as an effective scheme of computing the wavefront time in complex media.The precision of traveltime at grid points,calculated with finite-difference solutions of Eikonal equation,is rather low when the sizes of discrete grids are large.In order to improve the precision of wavefront time calculation,a higher accuracy algorithm of wavefront time computation in 3-D inhomogeneous media is presented based on GMM method and Fermat Principle,with traveltime on arbitrary positions represented by bilinear interpolation functions of the known wavefront time on the grid nodes in each cuboid cell.Numerical simulation shows that the method can not only improve the computational accuracy greatly,but also be strong in stability and flexibility in complex media.

    LITHOLOGY IDENTIFICATION AND PREDICTION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS BASED ON 3-D LITHOFACIES MODELLING
    CHEN Ke-yong;DUAN Xin-guo;ZHANG Xiao-bing;SONG Rong-cai
    2010, 32(2):  19-24.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.004
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    There is abundant natural gas resources in Changling No.1 Gas Field,most of it is accumulated in igneous rock reservoirs of Yingcheng Formation.The igneous rocks of the Formation are dominated by acidic igneousrocks with the characteristics of complex lithology.Well developed pore-vug-fracture are hard to predict.The key issue constraining the development of the igneous rock reservoirs is if the lithology can be correctly identified and predicted.Aiming at the issue of unclear understanding of the lithology and lithofacies within the area,by means of fully use of the effective data such as core,imaging well logging,cutting and conventional logging,as well as neural network technology,lithofacies interpretation model of single well is established.On the basis of it,the strategy of igneous lithofacies modeling is presented,by integrating the deterministic modeling with stochastic modeling,the 3-D lithofacies distribution model of igneous rocks is set up.The spatial distribution prediction of lithology is carried out,which provides the evidence for the development of the reservoirs.

    SEDIMENTARY FILLING CHARACTERS AND RESERVOIR PATTERN OF THE SHASHI FORMATION IN JIANGHAN EVAPORATE BASIN
    ZHAO Hai-taoa;b;c CHEN Bo;LIU Yanc
    2010, 32(2):  25-30.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.005
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    Different sedimentary filling characters generated by the differences in tectonic evolution and climatic condition between upper and lower member in Shashi Formation,Jianghan Basin.Under weak fault depression tectonic condition and arid subtropical climate during depositional period of the lower member,evaporites were deposited in separated salt-lake and presented a concentrated sedimentary sequence.However,under depression tectonic condition during the depositional period of the upper member,sedimentation of delta-lake facies filled the enlarged basin and presented a desalted sedimentary sequence,which led to different source-reservoir-seal combinations and hydrocarbon accumulation modes.In concentrated sedimentary sequence,evaporate rocks and mudstone within salt-layers provide source condition,the gypsum rocks and mudstone within salt-layers provide reservoir condition,and the evaporate rocks provide seal condition.In desalted sedimentary sequence,mudstone in lacustrine facies and pro-delta micro-facies provide source condition,the different channel sandstone provide reservoir condition,and the evaporite rocks provide seal condition.

    OIL-SOURCE CORRELATION AND OIL CHARGE HISTORY OF SHAHEJIE FORMATION IN WENDONG AREA
    ZHANG Qing-feng PAN Zhong-liang LUO Xiao-ping CHANG Zhen-heng
    2010, 32(2):  31-34. 
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    By analysis of saturated hydrocarbon GC-MS of crude oil,oil sand and shale samples from member 2 and 3 of Xujiahe formation,in Wendong area,it is suggested that in the study area,hydrocarbons are derived from the source rocks of member 3 of Shahejie formation.In order to further determine the oil accumulation phases of member 2 and 3 of Shahejie formation,fluid inclusions in reservoir rock also are studied,combined with information on tectonic evolution,the results show that the main accumulation period of member 2 of Shahejie formation was the late period of Dongying formation deposition and the period of its uplift-erosion,which was about 30Ma~17Ma,and that there are two phases of oil and gas filling for member 3 of Shahejie formation.The first phase,which is the main accumulation period was in the early Dongying formation deposition (33Ma~23Ma ago),the second phase took place after Minghuazhen formation deposition (10Ma~0Ma ago).Finally,based on the analysis of accumulation model,the reservoirs in the area are divided into three types,i.e.,sag-near primary oil type,source and fault-controlled adjusted oil type and shallow second oil type.

    CHARACTERISTICS OF SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS OF MIDDLE-LOWER JURASSIC IN CENTRAL SICHUAN AREA
    LIU Zhan-guo CHEN Ya-na NI Chao LU Wen-zhong XU Zheng-yu
    2010, 32(2):  35-40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-
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    In this paper,a systematic discussion is given on the basic characteristics of Middle-lower Jurassic sandstone reservoirs in central Sichuan area,Sichuan Basin.Lithofacies and lithology of the sandstones,which are controlled by sedimentary source with different directions and difference episodes,have succession and difference temporally and spatially.Sandstone diagenesis is characterized by strong compaction,weak cementation and replacement,and dissolution is mainly developed in Xiashaximiao Formation.Accumunative spaces in Zhenzhuchong Formation and upper member of Lianggaoshan Formation are residual intergranular pores,while in members 1 and 2 of Xiashaximiao Formation in northestern Central Sichuan,accumulative spaces are mainly solution pores of laumontite cements and feldspar grains.Based on physical property and pore structure,the sandstone reservoirs are defined as ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability ones.Vertically,the members 1 and 2 of Xiashaximiao Formation are of highest quality.Horizontally,the lower of the clay content is,the coarser the grain size,the better reservoir quality.Distribution characteristics reflect that reservoir properties are controlled by provenance,despositional facies and diagenesis.

    THE SEQUENCE FILLING FRAMEWORK OF TRIASSIC IN SOUTHWESTERN GUIZHOU AND THE RESPONSE TO INDO-CHINA MOVEMENT
    SHI Guo TIAN Jing-chun;ZHANG Xiang LI Rong YU Mei-yi
    2010, 32(2):  41-47.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-
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    The Triassic sections across southwestern Guizhou of upper Yangtze carbonate platform-Youjiang Basin are selected to correlate the consequences,the study also focuses on the sedimentary characteristics of the platform marginal facies.According to the research above,the Triassic is divided into 8 third-order sedimentary sequences.The Triassic sequence filling framework is established by comparing the Haq biostratigraphic data.Three second-order sequences are divided,SS1,SS2,SS3,which are in accordance with genetic stratigraphic combination of third-order sedimentary sequences.The sequence filling characteristics of studied area also reflect three Indo-China movement episodes.Youjiang Basin came to the stage of undercompensated passive continental marginal development during the Indo-ChinaⅠepisode,Youjiang Basin to the stage of overcompensated foreland development during the Indo-ChinaⅡepisode,the sedimentary center switched to the northwest as a result of the strengthening of southern plate collision,with all-round uplifting of the Yangtze block during the Indo-China Ⅲ episode,the western basin and eastern platform demised.

    THE APPLICATION OF ANT TRACKING TECHNOLOGY IN RENQIU BURIED HILL OIL RESERVOIR
    CHENG Chao YANG Hong-wei ZHOU Da-yong ZHAI Wei-hong
    2010, 32(2):  48-52.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.009
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    At the stage of exploration,the focus should be placed on correct identification of the tectonic structural fault system crossing the basin and the influence on the favorable areas.During the process of evaluation,exploitation and production,as deepening the understanding of reservoirs,the structural fault system in local area should be well understood,the difference is that at this time,what should be cared is the faults and fault system formed by totally different tectonic stress orientation,because they will impact the final recovery.Common fault system interpretation is achieved according to the characteristics of the fault system on seismic profile through artificial observation,identification and 3-D seismic data process.At the present,an advanced optimized algorithm,i.e.,ant tracking technology,can well exhibit the spatial distribution of fault and fracture system.Compared with naked eye by which,only little faults and fractures can be recognized,the automatic interpretation result by ant tracking technology can well reflect fault and fracture system on seismic profile,but also,the result is more clear,visual and precise.The technology based on Petrel Software is applied in fault system analysis for Wumishan Formation of Renqiu buried hill reservoir and good consequence

    achieved.It is pointed out that the technology can be used in the prediction

    of remaining oil distribution and is worthy of popularization.

    A TWO-POINT RAY-TRACING METHOD BASED ON GRID-DIVISION
    MEI Sheng-quan;ZHONG Ben-shan
    2010, 32(2):  53-57.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-
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    The two-point ray-tracing is an effective method to solve complex geological structure reflection wave ray-tracing.In this paper,a new two-point ray-tracing method is proposed,it is based on the first-break wave ray-tracing tomography algorithm,and grid division is used to discrete model,through the forward procession of two-step ray-tracing method,the grid cells minimum travel-time from source point and receive point is calculated respectively,and each cell sum of the twice travel-times is taken as the minimum travel-time,again along the layer interface,the nearest minimum travel-time cell is researched.Then the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to search the minimum travel-time point in this cell,as the reflex point,through the backward procession,the ray path is traced from this point to source point and receive point respectively with the Linear Travel-time Interpolation (LTI) algorithm.Finally the two-point ray-tracing path is obtained.

    STUDY ON THE CORRECTION CHART FOR DIELECTRIC EFFECT OF RESISTIVITY LOGGING WHILE DRILLING
    LIU Hong-qi XIA Hong-quan GUO Pu YAN Ji-cheng WANG Ying
    2010, 32(2):  58-62.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.011
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    The logging-while-drilling ARC675 system by Schlumberger is taken as example in the analysis of the influencing law of dielectric effect on relative bit shift and amplitude fading electric resistivity.The correcting charts and the methods of ARC 675 logging-while-drilling tool under thecondition of 2MHz and 400KHz are given out,the automatic dielectric effect computer program is developed and the dielectric effect correcting for in-situ logging-while-drilling data is carried out,the result verifies the analysis of the influencing factors on dielectric effect,more precise formation resistivity value is obtained.Case study indicates the matching equation is correct.

    WELL LOGGING BLIND DECONVOLUTION AND THE APPLICATION IN RESERVOIR TEXTURAL INTERFACE
    ZHANG Xian-guo LIN Cheng-yan ZHANG Tao
    2010, 32(2):  63-68.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-
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    The early well logging curve resolution is quite low in the old oil fields,the identification to sedimentary thin bed surface is poor,which can not meet the requirement of researching reservoir textural composition,aiming at the issue,the signal deconvolution principle is applied in well logging curve processing.By means of turning deconvolution over to the extreme value of the error between expected output and actual output,the formulas are constructed,by means of well logging curve autocorrelation,the autocorrelation matrix of convolution factor is obtained,then,the formulas are solved and the deconvolution factor obtained,the blind deconvolution processing of well logging curve is fulfilled.The processing eliminates the influence of adjacent rocks and enhance high frequency energy in well logging signal frequency,a “zoomed” effect is generated in low amplitude in logging curve,which improves the identification of well logging curve to sedimentary faces.Through core data analysis,it is verified that high frequency data in deconvolution processing are of the meaning of sedimentology,the method is used in non-coring well study in field D,Peru,in Bed V,well D6,5 five-class interfaces,3 four-class interfaces and 23 three-class interfaces are recognized.

    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PORE STRUCTURE OF LOW PERMEABILITY CORE WITH NMR SPECTRA
    WANG Xue-wu YANG Zheng-ming LI Hai-bo GUO He-kun
    2010, 32(2):  69-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.013
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    Both NMR T2 distribution of core and capillary pressure can be used to characterize pore throat structures of rock to a certain extent.Theoretical analysis reveals a correlation between these two sets of data.NMR T2 distribution and capillary pressure of 10 low permeability cores from peripheral low permeability oilfield of Daqing are analyzed.Considering both nonlinear and mercury intrusion saturation is less than 100% to match,a new method that is used for constructing pore structure from NMR T2 distribution is put forward,and experiential expression is derived. The difference between two methods is analyzed.The result shows an improved precision and indicates that this method can provide reliable principle and methodology support for applying T2 distribution for the pore structure evaluation.

    SUBTLE RESERVOIR EXPLORATION PRACTICE IN NON MARINE COMPRESSED SHALLOW BASIN
    SHEN Wu-xian; FAN Tai-liang; GONG Xue NIU Xin-sheng MAO Zhi-guo
    2010, 32(2):  75-78.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.014
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    In middle and lower Jurassic of Turpan sag,high-precision sequence stratigraphic framework is built up and five third-order sequences and ten fourth-order sequences are divided by applying sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology principles and methods.In the framework,the factors of subtle reservoirs and their combination are analysised.Subtle reservoirs′ development characteristics and distribution law are explored further in the non marine compressed shallow basin.Based on reservoir lateral changes and controlling factors,the subtle traps are divided into three categories including lithologic traps,stratigraphic traps and combination traps and eight sub-categories.By completely analyzing the trap types,reservoir characteristics and their development position,reservoir distribution characteristics are concluded as follows: vertically,lithologic traps are controlled by sequence interface,stratigraphic traps by systems tracts while combination traps by tectonic activity periods and lithology lateral sealing.On the plane,reservoir distribution is striped.At last,subtle reservoir favorable areas are predicted and evaluated then exploration practice are parsed there.

    EXPERIMENT OF ARTIFICIAL BARRIER CREATED BY BUOYANT DIVERTER FOR CONTROLLING FRACTURE HEIGHT
    HU Yong-quan ZHAO Jin-zhou LIN Tao XIE Zhao-yangZHANG Ye
    2010, 32(2):  79-86.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.015
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    It is necessary for low-permeability formation with weak barriers to control fracture height hydraulically by creating artificial barriers.In this paper,influential factors on resistance role of artificial barriers are analysized.Then,the core flow test device is modified by affixing an intermediate container in order to keep the buoyant dispersing during experiment.The particle size distribution is tested with Malvern laser counter.The crack is made about 2/3 length in artificial core for simulating artificial barrier process by core flow test which is accomplished based on recommended practice of petroleum industry.Lastly,successive regression method is applied and a statistical relationship of the barrier strength with carrying fluid viscosity,buoyant diverter concentration and core permeability obtained.The results provide a design foundation for controlling the fracture height growth.

    A TRIPLE-CONTINUUM NUMERICAL WELL TESTING MODEL FOR A NATURALLY FRACTURED VUGGY RESERVOIR
    ZHANG Dong-li LI Jiang-long WU Yu-shu
    2010, 32(2):  82-88.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.016
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    Triple media numerical well testing model for fracture-vug type reservoir is set up based on the conceptual and mathematical models of multiple media flowing through porous media.The model is the extended one from common triple media model,it can well reflect the heterogeneous characteristic of fracture-vug type reservoirs and can be used to deal with the influence of faults and the boundary in reservoirs and allows inconstant change of deliverability.Finite difference method based on integral is used to solve,well testing response curve of triple media reservoir is obtained,the law flowing through porous media is analyzed,the different permeable property of triple media makes two plats on semi-logarithm curve and two concave on derivative curve.The well testing response of laminated heterogeneous geological model,linear fault model,inconstant deliverability model and composite model is calculated respectively.The certain fractures and vugs of fracture-vug type reservoirs can be taken into consideration in the numerical well testing model,so as to be extended to dual-phase flow well testing for fracture-vug type reservoirs.

    PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF WATER DISPLACING OIL MECHANISM FOR VUGGY FRACTURED CARBONATE ROCK RESERVOIR
    ZHENG Xiao-min SUN Lei WANG Lei YI Min
    2010, 32(2):  89-92.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.017
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    In order to better recognize the special flow mechanism of vuggy fractured carbonate rock reservoir,in this paper,a holo-diameter core model is designed and made based on the actual conditions of a certain vuggy fractured carbonate rock reservoir.The laboratory samples from this reservoir,actual oil sample and similar formation water are used in the simulation experiments of water displacing oil mechanism.These experiments include horizon,30o and 60o angles water displacing oil simulation experiments.The result shows that recovery ratio,water content and breakthrough oil stage of vuggy fractured carbonate are in close connection with vuggy fractured structure.Afterwards,the experimental data are analyzed carefully and used in matching J.Cruz-Hernandez′s vuggy fractured carbonate water/oil two-phase flow mathematical model based on convective diffuse filtration theory.And then,such affecting factors of this model are discussed as the fraction of the porous space,the coefficient of transfer of fluids and flow velocity.At last,the authors propose that the factors of gravity,flow velocity and coordinate number of vugs should be take into consideration in the development of the model.

    WATEFLOODING STRATEGY FOR HIGH POUR-POINT OIL RESERVOIR
    GAO Ming SONG Kao-ping WU Jia-wen LIU Mei-jia
    2010, 32(2):  93-96.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.018
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    This paper analyzes the sensitivity of high pour-point oil reservoir,fluid property and the law of water flooding with different temperature.The results show that temperature and reservoir sensitivity affect water flooding result of high pour-point oil reservoir.Because of the high wax content and the high solidifying point of oil in high pour point oil reservoir,the influence of temperature change on its rheological characteristics is large.The experimental result shows that the oleic permeability reduces along with the temperature dropping,and then temperature increases after the temperature decreasing,the permeability is recoverable,but irreversible.Temperature of high pour-point oil reservoir has a greater impact on the efficiency of water flooding.When temperature is lower than wax precipitation temperature,the wax precipitation affects the efficiency of water flooding.If the wax precipitation temperature is close to formation temperature,it will cause cold injury.So the measure should be put in practice to make the formation temperature higher than the wax precipitation temperature.Water injection well temperature test of Shen 84-An 12 block shows that strata exists cold injury at present.If the reservoir temperature drops too fast,consideration should be taken to improve the injected water temperature,make the formation temperature higher than the wax precipitation temperature and improve oil field development results.

    石油与天然气工程
    A METHOD TO PREDICT THE PRODUCTION INDEX OF THERMAL RECOVERY
    CHEN Chang-chun DOU Hong-en YU Jun
    2010, 32(2):  97-100.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.019
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    Through studying the producing data of thermal recovery heavy oil reservoir by puff and huff,a new dual logarithm relationship of injection and production rate is presented in this paper,that is,between the logarithm of accumulation of oil/liquid production rate and the logarithm of accumulation of steam injection rate,there is good linear relationship.Compared with other two existing kinds of relationship,this model has higher goodness of fit and is easier to use.Moreover,in this paper,an S-shaped curve to predict the cumulative steam injection is used.By combining the S-shaped cumulative steam curve with the above mentioned injection production performance,a new method is put forward to forecast the producing performance,such as oil and water production,water cut and gas-oil ratio.By this method,some production parameters,such as annual oil/liquid production rate,two blocks in Liaohe Oilfield are forecasted.The result shows that the new method is applicable and accurate to forecast performance parameter of oilfield developed with puff and huff and other steam injection methods.

    OPTIMIZATION OF THE INJECTION AND PRODUCTION SCHEMES DURING CO2 FLOODING FOR TIGHT RESERVOIR
    LI Bao-zhen;LI Xiang-fang Kamy Sepehrnoori YAO Yue-dong
    2010, 32(2):  101-107.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.020
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    Due to the tight nature of low-permeability reservoir,recoveries from depletion,water flooding and normal EOR methods are greatly limited.However,gases like CO2 with lower viscosity have higher injectivity which can co-optimize oil recovery and CO2 sequestration.In this study,reservoir engineering analysis and simulations are performed to investigate the best injection and production schemes in tight reservoirs among continuous gas injection,water alternative gas injection and producer control according to GOR and average reservoir pressure,periodical injection and production,improved well control production method,etc.The three objective functions are oil recovery,amount of CO2 sequestered and net present value.Result shows that continuous CO2 injection by using directional injectors coupled producers′ well control method according to oil well static pressure and gas oil ratio is the best scheme during CO2 flooding in tight reservoirs,which can give higher oil recovery and the most CO2 sequestration with higher injectivity,shorter developing period

    and feasibility.

    EXPERIMENT OF INJECTING NON-CONDENSABLE GAS DURING SAGD PROCESS TO IMPROVE DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCE
    JI You-jun CHENG Lin-song LIU Zhi-bo LIU Qi-cheng
    2010, 32(2):  108-112.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.021
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    Because there is severe heat loss during the process of steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) in the pilot test area of Liaohe Oilfield,a practical SAGD well group in the area is simulated into physical model according to similarity criterion of SAGD physical simulation,scaled SAGD physical simulation experiment is conducted,during the process of SAGD experiment,the mixed gas of steam and N2 is injected and the change law of production index is acquired.Research result indicates that when N2 is added in SAGD,the lateral expansion of steam chamber is faster and vertical expansion lower.Adding N2 in injected steam in SAGD can reduce the steam-injected amount and enhance heat efficiency and oil/steam ratio,improve the development effectiveness by SAGD.Better economic efficiency can be acquired

    through injecting N2 as soon as SAGD is put into operation.

    THE TECHNICAL RESEARCH ON ADDING NONE CONDENSATE GAS IN SAGD
    ZHANG Xiao-bo;ZHENG Xue-nan TAI De-jun MENG Ming-hui
    2010, 32(2):  113-117.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.022
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    SAGD technology is studied by using numerical simulation and physical simulation methods,the enhancing recovery mechanism of none-condensate gas in SAGD,the application and effectiveness of SAGD in UTF project abroad are traced and analyzed,it is recognized that adding none-condensate gas to steam is an operable method technically.None-condensate gas moves in front of steam,and there is higher oil drainage efficiency,effective expansion of SAGD steam chamber can be maintained,better recovery rate and oil-gas ratio can be obtained,the mount of used steam is saved.UTF in-situ test data and obtained conclusions are helpful for following up SAGD development,the technique is verified to be valuable for wide application and popularization.

    A NEW DELIVERABILITY PREDICTION METHOD OF HORIZONTAL WELL IN GAS RESERVOIR
    WANG Shu-ping;YUAN Xiang-chun LIU Chuan-xi YAN Jin ZHENG Rong-chen
    2010, 32(2):  118-122.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.023
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    According to the characteristics of flowing through porous media,the flowing region of horizontal well is divided into a rectangular and two semi-cylindrical areas,the new model for predicting horizontal well deliverability in gas reservoir is established by considering the coupling of gas reservoir and horizontal wellbore and the pressure drop in the wellbore,as well as the law of conservation of energy and Darcy′s law.The change of pressure and flow amount in wellbore is analyzed,the comparison with Joshi model which considers pressure drop in wellbore is carried out,the error between computering result with the model and practically measured result is least.The result indicates the model is reliable to the situation of high permeability,long wellbore and slim wellbore.

    THE HIGH EFFICIENT DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR STRONG BOTTOM WATER DRIVING BLOCK-SHAPED RESERVOIR IN 1/2/4 OILFIELDS,SUDAN
    LI Xiang-ling;GUO Rui YANG Xue-dong ZHANG Xin-zheng
    2010, 32(2):  123-127.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.024
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    After 8 yearl,high speed and high efficiency exploitation in Block 1/2/4 Sudan,it has entered high water cut development,and there will be more complex problems to be faced,such as the obvious decline of oil field production and more difficulty in stabilizing production.According to this situation,comprehensive research on reservoir geology,dynamic analysis on development performance and fine reservoir numerical simulation is conducted to determine that remaining oil mainly distributes vertically on the top of the reservoir,and horizontally in sparse pattern areas,high positions of local structures and near faults.Comprehensive adjustment strategies and measures,such as well pattern infilling,horizontal well,lifting with electric submersible pump,water plugging,reperforating and sidetrack low effect well etc.are implemented on this basis,and oilfield application acquires preferable effectiveness.A whole set of high efficiency development technology for strong bottom water driving block-shaped reservoirs is formed.

    A NEW PROBE OF SAND PRODUCTION PREDICTION BASED ON CATASTROPHIC THEORY
    SHI Jun-feng LIU Yu-zhang WU Xiao-dong ZHANG Jian-jun MENG Xian-wei
    2010, 32(2):  128-132.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.025
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    Taking the effect of fluid flow into account,the authors of this paper present the potential energy function of the surrounding rock system of wellbore on the basis of the elastoplastic theory.Based on the potential energy function,the catastrophic theory is applied here to analyze the mechanism of sand production of oil & gas wells and to establish the predictive model of sand production and the critical flow rate of no sand production is obtained.According to the new predictive model,the effect of some sensitive parameters is analyzed.The catastrophic theory is introduced for the first time to predict sand production and to develop a new predictive model of the critical flow rate without sand production.Case study shows that the predictive result in the model agrees with field data very well.From sensitivity analysis of some parameters,it is indicated that the damage of plastic block results in sand production chiefly.More factors are taken into account to the model and the predictive result is more accurate contrasted with the previous models.The catastrophic theory provides a new solving method for sand production prediction of oil & gas wells.

    A NEW METHOD FOR PROCESSING OF LONG-TERMP RESSURE DATA AND ITS APPLICATION
    ZHANG Jian-juna JIA Yong-lub ZHANG Lie-huib
    2010, 32(2):  133-137.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-
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    Based on the traditional well test and wavelet theory,it is found the that types of wavelet families are particularly useful in the processing of long-term pressure data by iterative attempt.The iterative thresholding method to detect outliers from the data based on wavelet analysis is developed.This method is applied to actual field data and the method is successful in identifying outliers.Based on the linear regression method from Chee Kin (2001),a new method to remove noise from the data is developed.The denoising process from simulated and field examples is successful in suppressing the noise while the data features are still preserved.The pressure set is discretized into individual transient successfully by using the wavelet modulus maxima.The size of original data is reduced considerably by using the maximum-pressure-maximum-time criterion while the most representative points are kept.Based on the data processing,the moving data window approach,together with the orthogonal experimental method is used to interpret long-term pressure set.It is found that the interpreting result is consistent with traditional well testing interpretation.

    油气化学工程与化工
    RESEARCH ON EFFECTS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF OILFIELD CHEMICALS IN OIL PROCESSING (Ⅰ)
    TANG Xiao-dong;ZOU Wen-wen YANG Wen-qian XIA Rong-an YU Li-jie
    2010, 32(2):  138-144.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-
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    The application of oilfield chemicals is important to improve reservoir,enhance recovery,produce remaining oil and transport crude.In secondary recovery,tertiary recovery,fracturing and acidizing,as well as oil gathering and transportation,a lot of oilfield chemicals are used.The chemicals partially get into crude directly,and the rest interacts with reservoir,the reacted products enter crude,so there is considerable influence on following up crude oil processing.After reviewing and researching the types and components of the oilfield chemicals used in production and transportation in such western part oilfields as Karamay,Tarim,Tuha,Changqing and Qinghai,the interaction between recovery chemicals and reservoirs is studied,the existence form of the interaction products in crude oil among residual oilfield chemicals and oil production chemicals- reservoirs is identified.

    STUDY ON THE UPGRADING AND VISCOSITY-REDUCING MECHANISM OF ULTRA-HEAVY OIL
    WU Chuan;CHEN Yan-Ling WANG Yuan-Qing YANG Chao
    2010, 32(2):  145-148.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-
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    Upgrading and viscosity reduction mechanism are studied to the Shengli and Henan ultra-heavy oil in this paper.It′s shown that the physical and chemical properties of water are suitable for aquathermolysis at high temperature.The function of catalyst not only breaks C-S bond,but also breaks C-O and C-N bonds and accelerates the reaction of quathermolysis.The synergism between catalyst and hydrogen donor for the viscosity reduction of ultra-heavy oil,there is H produced in the process of aquathermolysis,and thus the down-hole hydrogenation of heavy oil and upgrading of ultra-heavy oil may take place.The amount of saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon increases,the decrease resin and asphaltene may reduce the viscosity of heavy oil.The percentage of resin,asphalt and S,O,N decrease,and H/C increases after the upgrading process.

    A STUDY ON THE BIODETERIORATION OF CRUDE OIL AND OILFUEL
    ZHU Xiao-juan;LI Jiang-hua LING Ding-xun QIU Ying-yan
    2010, 32(2):  149-153. 
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    Biodeterioration of crude oil and oilfuel is a serious environmental and economic problem,the path of the contamination from microbes,the main species of microbes causing the biodeterioration,and the way to monitor and prevent the biodeterioration to crude oil and oilfuels are presented.Both aerobic and anaerobic microbes tend to colonize oil pipelines and oil or fuel storage installations,their activities inevitably spoil crude oil and oilfuels.Nowadays various biological technologies,such as immunological technology,testing kits,molecular biology technology and fluorescence methods,are utilized for microbial monitoring in crude oil and oilfuel.To suppress microbial growth in oil and fuel,both physico-mechanical and chemical methods are applied.

    RESEARCH ON THE CORROSION BEHAVIORS OF CARBON STEEL IN HIGH MINERALIZED OILFIELD BRINE
    LIU Chang-kun LI Chun-fu ZHAO Hai-jie GUO Ming-lin
    2010, 32(2):  154-158.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.030
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    There is abundant high mineralized oilfield brine in China,in order to provide security to the process of exploitation of oilfied and utilization of the brine,the methods of weight loss,SEM,EDS and EIS are applied to investigate the corrosion behaviors of carbon steel in the high mineralized oilfield brine.The results show the corrosion rate of carbon steel increases with the elevated temperature firstly,then decreases,the peak value occurs when the temperature is 70℃.The increasing mineralization accelerates the corrosion.Na+ has a tendency to deposit on the surface of steel as crystal of NaCl.However,Ca2+ participates in the formation of corrosion film,and the concentration of Mg2+ in the film is very low.The microcosmic defects give birth to the pitting.The pit steadily grows up if its dimension is over the critical value.The different electrochemical performances are observed at the stages of pitting initiation and development during the tested time.The equivalent circuits of the different corrosion stages are built.

    石油机械工程及其他
    NONLINEAR STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR HELICAL BUCKLING OF DRILL STRING IN WELLBORE
    ZHU Cai-chao SONG Chao-sheng WANG Qing-feng;
    2010, 32(2):  159-163.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.031
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    Aiming at the instability phenomena of drill string in the process of drilling operation,the nonlinear drill string helical bucking model is set up.Also,the finite element analysis is presented with numerical method.The theory and the rule of drill string bucking influenced by dead load,rotating speed,weight on the bit and the well deviation are explained.It is shown that under the same conditions,the helical buckling load increases nonlinearly with the increase of the well deviation and decreases nonlinearly with the increase of torsion and the reduction decreases with the increase of deviation angle.From the analysis,the displacement and stress are objectively reflected when drill string buckling occurs in the well.The critical buckling load of drill string under various conditions is forecasted.For the study on nonlinear buckling of drill string,the optimization of BHA design and the reduction of drilling cost,there are both the theoretical and project practical significance.

    NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW FIELD WITHIN HYDRAULIC END OF OIL PUMP DRIVEN BY LINEAR MOTOR
    QU Hai;LIANG Zheng
    2010, 32(2):  164-168.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-
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    The linear motor combined with the oil pump is deployed in downhole for lifting.This new method can increase the system efficiency and save energy greatly compared with beam pumping technology.Numerical stimulation for the flow field is carried out according to the structure of linear motor pump system.The dynamic mesh technology and UDF mode of the Fluent is introduced to simulate the motion of valve and piston.The distributions of velocity are obtained at different work times.The evolution progress,flow field configuration and hydrodynamic characteristics of the complex unsteady flow can be reflected in the barrel during the piston motion.As a result,the study with the method of the computational fluid dynamics and the technology of dynamic mesh during researching new oil pump can be regarded as reference and evidence.

    MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF HARDFACING COATING ON TOOTH CONE BIT BY USING YQ4
    YANG Mei LIU Qing-cai GAO Ying XUE Qi HUANG Ben-sheng
    2010, 32(2):  169-172. 
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    By adding self-developed Ni-Cr-B-Si-Cu alloy powder,the YQ4 surfacing welding electrode is prepared,and the samples are made with Oxyacetylene welding process.The shear strength of surface layer and the wear resistance of impact abrasive wearing is tested,the microstructure of the fracture is investigated with scanning electronic microscope (SEM).The results show that the microstructure of transition layer of YQ4 cemented carbide surfacing layer is fine,the tough low melting point alloy with microporous structure is uniformly dispersed on the brittle carbide phase,and the cemented carbide distributes compact and homogeneous as well multilayer stacking.The substrate and transition layer combines effectively with the cemented carbide.The 600MPa shear strength is higher than the requirements of the cone bit,the impact abrasive wearing resistance is improved almost 2 times,and the microstructure and properties meet the requirements of the steel tooth cone bit.

    STUDY ON RISK ASSESSMENT FOR LONG DISTANCE PIPELINE WITH STOCHASTIC METHOD
    GUO Yong-mei;WEI Qin-wen;XU MiaoZHANG Peng LI Da-quan
    2010, 32(2):  173-177.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.034
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    .2,173-177,2010(ISSN 1674-5086,in Chinese)
    Abstract:At present,the mainly applyed method of pipeline risk assessment
    is according to the advice of experts to score the risk factors of long distance pipeline,also this method is used to identify and assess theuncertainties factors and random incidents.Because of the differences of evaluator′s subjective judgment,different results are often produced.So,all the results are low in credibility.According to field statistics,a number of safety incidents are caused by the uncertain random factors and the failure of structural component.On this account,when the structure failure of crossing over pipeline is analyzed,the stochastic method is applied.The random variables include the factors of process,environment,temperature,wind load,random load etc.,in accordance with the random process,after these factors are normal treated and sampled,according to reliability theory,the impact of the different random events on the structure failure probability is determined.The simulation results of the analysis show that the method can effectively improve the accuracy of risk assessment results.

    博导论评
    RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF FOAM PLUG REMOVAL TECHNOLOGY
    LI Zhao-min WANG Guan-hua CAO Xiao-peng
    2010, 32(2):  178-181.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.035
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    The foam plug removal technology is studied aimed at the chocking problem of near wellbore formations in the process of production.Numerical simulation analysis is used to study the impact of foam on near wellbore area in the process of foam plug removal and the mechanism.It is found that during injection,foamy fluid will to a certain degree influence water saturation in near wellbore formation,so it impacts intensity of rocks.During blowout,that foam impacts porous rocks and its continuous washing make the permeability adjacent wellbore area be improved.It is recognized that foam plug removal works mainly by means of the washing along perforation channel radial direction and horizontal extension at the end as well as the area adjacent wellbore.The technology is applied in Shengli Oilfield,and satisfactory consequence is achieved.

    探讨与争鸣
    WHICH ROCK COMPRESSIBILITY SHOULD BE USED IN RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
    LI Chuan-liang YAO Shu-ying LI Dong-mei
    2010, 32(2):  182-184.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.02.036
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    There are three volumes and three stresses used to describe rock,nine compressibilities are determined accordingly,of which only four are independent.The rock compressibility used in reservoir engineering is actually the one of pore volume of rock.Rock compressibility plus the compressibility of reservoir liquids is called the total compressibility,which can be converted to the effective compressibility by oil saturation.The comprehensive compressibility used conventionally is obscure conceptually,which is not suggested to be used any more.Formation compressibility is easily confused,which can neither be measured nor be used in engineering,so is not suggested to be lectured in school for students any more,and had better be immediately eliminated from textbooks.