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    20 June 2010, Volume 32 Issue 3
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    地质勘探
    HYDROCARBON DETECTION METHODS BASED ON DUAL PHASE MEDIA THEORY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
    LI Yonga;b CHEN Hong-dec XU Duo LI Qionga;b LEI Wana;b
    2010, 32(3):  1-5.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.001
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    BISQ model is composed of fluid-solid action mechanics between Biot flow and jet flow.Based on BISQ model，wavefield features，propagation rule，strong attenuation and high frequency dispersion of seismic wave caused by jet flow in dual phase media are analyzed.Based on the particular seismic wavefield properties of dual phase media，when seismic wave penetrates the reservoir，the energy of top，bottom and lateral orientation of the reservoir will be different.So，the fast P wave′s Q-1 & αcan be calculated to detect hydrocarbon.This method is applied to detect hydrocarbons in clastic rock reservoir，oil/gas special distribution in the study area were detected accurately and effectively.Moreover，the detection results are verified by the actual drilling results.This method has provided a new technical support for oil/gas detection and has wide application prospects.
    STUDY ON THE METHOD PREDICTING PERMEABILITY IN THE HETEROGENEOUS GLUTENITE RESERVOIR
    FAN Yi-ren GE Xin-min WANG Hai-long DENG Shao-gui
    2010, 32(3):  6-10.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.002
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    In view of permeability prediction in well logging reservoir evaluation，based on the idea of facies-controlled modeling，the flow unit analysis is carried out to group the unit，in the study area，four apparently characterized flow units are identified.The fuzzy cluster analysis is conducted by using AC，DEN，CNL，GR and flow zone index which can best characterized accumulation property of reservoir，modeling is implemented by selecting the optimal samples with maximum membership degree being greater than 70%，identifying model of flow unit is obtained.The permeability model of complex glutinite reservoir is set up，prediction accuracy of reservoir fluid permeability is improved.The recognition provides reference for understanding heterogeneous reservoir physical property.
    THE CALCULATION AND APPLICATION OF FAULT CONNECTIVE PROBABILITY
    ZHOU Lu WANG Li-jun LUO Xiao-rong LEI De-wen YAN Heng
    2010, 32(3):  11-18.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.003
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    Fault connective probability is a method of evaluating quantitatively the fault opening degree through the calculation of relevant parameters and the combination of the actual geological conditions with the show of gas and oil near the fault.There are many factors affecting the fault opening and sealing capacity.In this paper，the calculation method of factors involved in fault connective probability is described.The fault connective probability model is established through the choice and calculation of actual parameters by using the associated data of Lower Jurassic Sangonghe Formation in Mosuowan area of Junggar Basin，which is tested by the actual data and proved to fit for the area.The fault opening and sealing capacity of Pen 4 well fault is evaluated quantitatively with this model from horizontal to vertical and then the oil-gas reservoir is interrogated.It is explained that in Pen 4 well there is weak show of oil and gas in Sangonghe Formation due to poor connectivity in deep depth，which is not in favor of the migration of oil and gas upward.However，in Pen 6 well，there is better show of oil and gas in Sangonghe Formation due to well connectivity in deep depth，which is favorable for the migration of oil and gas，and poor connectivity in shallow depth that is helpful for the preservation of oil and gas.The application of Fault connective probability in the analysis of the fault opening and sealing capacity in Mosuowan area of Junggar Basin has achieved very good result.
    LIANGGAOSHAN FORMATION RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS OF NANCHONG STRUCTURE，CENTRAL SICHUAN BASIN
    MU Shu-guang ZHAO Yun-xiang LI Ning
    2010, 32(3):  19-24.  DOI: 0.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.004
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    The baisc features such as the types of accumulative spaces，the distribution in vertical direction，and the main controlling factors and diagenesis are probed in detail and the favorable reservoir distribution is predicted based on core analysis data，conventional physical property data and well log information of Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation，central Sichuan Basin.Research indicates the reservoirs are mainly distriduted in Lianggaoshan I and Ⅱsections of upper Lianggaoshan Formation.The thickness of sandbodies is uneven and goes thinner laterally from east to west.The sandbodies are the ones of sand bars and sand beach when lacustrine facies deposited.The prosity and permeability of the reservoirs are generally low with well developed fractures，the reservoirs are ultra-low prosity and tight ones.The sand reservoirs of Lianggaoshan formation are dominated by pore-fracture types with locally existing fracture-pore type.
    LIANGGAOSHAN FORMATION RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS OF NANCHONG STRUCTURE，CENTRAL SICHUAN BASIN
    MU Shu-guang ZHAO Yun-xiang LI Ning
    2010, 32(3):  25-29.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.005
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    The baisc features such as the types of accumulative spaces，the distribution in vertical direction，and the main controlling factors and diagenesis are probed in detail and the favorable reservoir distribution is predicted based on core analysis data，conventional physical property data and well log information of Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation，central Sichuan Basin.Research indicates the reservoirs are mainly distriduted in Lianggaoshan I and Ⅱsections of upper Lianggaoshan Formation.The thickness of sandbodies is uneven and goes thinner laterally from east to west.The sandbodies are the ones of sand bars and sand beach when lacustrine facies deposited.The prosity and permeability of the reservoirs are generally low with well developed fractures，the reservoirs are ultra-low prosity and tight ones.The sand reservoirs of Lianggaoshan formation are dominated by pore-fracture types with locally existing fracture-pore type.
    GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBON IN CRUDE OIL FROM THE WEST AREA OF BIYANG SAG
    HU Shou-zhi LI Shui-fu HE Sheng LIU Guo-quan HOU Yu-guang
    2010, 32(3):  30-34.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.006
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    It is difficult to identify the characteristics of the different level biodegraded oil in Gucheng and Jinglou of the west of Biyang Sag oil by most of the saturated hydrocarbon biomarker parameters，such as the organic matter input，depositional environment and maturity of organic matter etc，and also the classification of the biodegraded oil can not be established well for this area.The aromatic compounds of 11 oil samples from the area are tested by using GC-MS analytical technique.The geochemical characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbon fraction in biodegraded oil are analyzed in detail.The results show that the biodegraded oils from the west area of Biyang Sag can be divided into two types by the component of aromatic hydrocarbon of the oil and the relation of triaromatic sterane （C20+C21） /∑（C20~C28） and triaromatic sterane C20/（C20+C28R） of crude oils.It is the same with the result by the relation of triaromatic sterane （C20+C21）/∑（C20~C28） and C24 tetracyclic terpane/C26 tricyclic terpane of crude oil.The relative level of thermal maturity of these two types of biodegraded oil is assessed by the triaromatic sterane parameters.The triaromatic sterane parameters may have significance in several aspects such as oil genesis and maturity evalution etc.

    SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF COMMON IMAGE GATHERS BASED ON PRESERVED AMPLITUDE CONTINUATION OPERATOR
    CHEN Huia;b HE Yu-shan LI Lu-mingb LUO Sheng-xianbZHAO An-jun
    2010, 32(3):  35-40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.007
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    Wave equation prestack depth migration is an effective way to deal with imaging in complex geological structure.Final imaging result is obtained by prestack depth migration，but the migration velocity analysis and AVA / AVO analysis are completed by common imaging point gathers.Common imaging gathers are sensitive to migration velocity which has an effect on the feasibility and the number of iterative convergence of migration velocity analysis.Based on this，the method of extraction of common imaging point gathers during wave field extrapolation by using double square root preserved-amplitude migration operator is presented in the paper.It ensures the energy characteristics of amplitude and is better for AVA/AVO analysis.The sensitivity of common imaging point gathers in offset domain and ray parameter domain to migration velocity can meet the needs and enhance the accuracy of migration velocity analysis.
    CHARACTER AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SEISMITES IN THE QINGSHANKOU FORMATION OF CRETACEOUS IN SONGLIAO BASIN
    YANG Yu-fang;ZHONG Jian-hua;WANG Hai-qiao CHEN Zhi-peng CHEN Xin
    2010, 32(3):  41-50.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.008
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    By observation of a large number of cores，combined with the study on tectonic setting in Songliao Basin，Cretaceous Qingshankou seismite is identified.On the basis of previous studies，seismite deformation structures are divided into two categories，consolidation stratigraphic seismite deformation structure and non-consolidation stratigraphic seismite deformation structure.Consolidation stratigraphic seismite deformation structures in the study area are mainly cracks，micro-faults，crack-type formation fracture zone，and intraclastic parabreccia，non-consolidation stratigraphic seismites deformation structures are mainly liquified sandstone veins，boudin structure，syn-sedimentary plastic deformation，loop bedding，pillow seismites and associated structures and so on.The sedimentary characteristics of seismites are summarized and petroleum geological significance are discussed：the collapse fluxoturbidite rocks sandbody triggered by earthquake activity from the delta front，shore-shallow lake dam from high-energy wave zone triggered by earthquake activity are both good reservoir；dissolution porosity and micro-cracks is developed in the vicinity of cracks.Development degree of micro-cracks and dissolution porosity will no doubt improve the performance of the reservoir constructively；fault system in consolidation earthquake stratum provides access for oil and gas migration.Strong earthquake activity in the dense consolidation cause the breakdown of mudstone caprock，a large number of cracks lead to rapid loss of oil and gas.
    Key words：Songliao Basin；Cretaceous；Seismites；Seismites deformation structure；petroleum geological significance
    THE QUANTITATIVE PREDICTION OF TECTONIC FRACTURE MULTI-PARAMETER AND ITS APPLICATION IN MINQIAO OILFIELD
    WANG Jun DAI Jun-sheng JI Zong-zhen
    2010, 32(3):  51-55.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.009
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    On the basis of strain energy and surface energy theory，by using Griffith rock-craking principle，the aperture，density，porosity and permeability of Fu-2 member reservoir fractures in Minqiao Oilfield are predicted by core fracture statistics and tectonic stress field finite element numerical simulation.The result shows lots of tectonic fractures were generated due to the paleo-stress field in Late Funing period，which mainly exist near the faults with trend of NEE and NWW.The present stress field is of modified effect on these fractures，allowing the high value of fracture parameters to appear in the high part.The value of Min 35 fault block is the highest while the density is 1.5/m，the aperture is 0.84mm，the porosity is 0.26% and the permeability in WE is 94.00mD.Effected by the direction of fractures，permeability of fracture in NS is only 5.00mD.
    DETERMINATION OF FAVORABLE TARGET AREAS OF COAL BED METHANE EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION IN LIUPANSHUI，GUIZHOU
    CHEN Ben-jin;WEN Chun-qi CAO Sheng-yuan REN Wen-jing ZHOU Xiong
    2010, 32(3):  56-60.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.010
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    Aiming at the rich-in coal bed methane accumulation belt in Liupanshui，Guizhou province，from the aspects of syncline structure，sealing condition，coal bed interpenetration and the evolution and gas content of the coal beds，the causes for rich and highly productive coal bed methane in this area are discussed.It is recognized that large-scaled syncline structure is the basis of coal bed methane being rich and highly productive.In view of the deposition and resources of the methane in syncline structure，considering the favorable accumulative conditions and economic geographic conditions of the methane，four most favorable areas and four favorable areas are pointed out.The target areas in Gemudi syncline and Panguan syncline are specially discussed.
    PETROLEUM GEOLOGIC PROPERTY AND EXPLORATION POTENTIAL OF AMAZON BASIN IN BRAZIL
    HE Hui FAN Tai-liang LIN Lin PANG Zheng-lian WANG Jin-cai
    2010, 32(3):  61-66.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.011
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    The Amazon Basin is located in the interior part of northeast Brazil.It is an NEE trending elongate intracratonic basin，the basement is composed of Precambrian crystalline rocks，above the basement，paleozoic to cenozoic formations develop.The main play is developed in the Paleozoic.It is identified that the main source rocks are marine black shales which were deposited in the Devonian and the Silurian，which have excellent hydrocarbon generation potential.Carboniferous and Devonian sandstones provide the main reservoirs，and the seals are provided by the intraformational shales of the Paleozoic formations.Then，the upheaval of the basin and the fault zone provide the effective channel and the accumulation zone of the petroleum.Meanwhile，the main reasonable hydrocarbon direction in the basin is studied，and a more favorable exploration area and more scientific exploration strategy in Amazon Basin are determined.
    NATURAL GAS RESERVOIR-FORMING SYSTEM AND EXPLORATION DIRECTION OF NORTHERN CENTRAL HEBEI DEPRESSION
    TIAN Jian-zhang;ZHANG Rui-feng LI Xian-ping CAO Jian-hua ZHAO Wei-sen
    2010, 32(3):  67-74.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.012
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    The research on the natural gas reservoir-forming geologic factor of northern Hebei depression indicates that in the area，there are two sets of well developed hydrocarbon source rocks which are Lower Tertiary lacustrine mudstone and carboniferous-permian coal beds，including five sets of favorable reservoirs such as Wumishan marine carbonate rocks，Cambrian-Ordivician marine carbonate rocks，Permian Sandstone，Lower Tertiary Conglomarate and Lower Tertiary Sandstone.There are four sets of aeral cap rocks developed in from Upper paleazoic-cenozoic，such five types of natural gas genesis are grouped into biogas，biological thermal-catalytic gas，pyrolysis gas，biologic-reforming gas and coal bed methane according to the maturity，geochemical indicators and structural features of explored gas.The conditions of reservoir formation are favorable.By means of the analysis of the reservoir-forming association and tectonic settings of differenty types of gas，the three sets of gas reservoir-forming systems in northern central Hebei depression are identified，they are in deep and shallow formations of Langgu Sag and deep formation of Baxian Sag.Eight types of gas reservoir-forming models are put forward.It is indicated that two reservoir-forming systems in Langgu Sag and Baxian Sag are prospective ones.There are three favorable targets in Niudong deep buried hills，Daxin conglomerate body and Suqiao-Wen′an buried hills.
    石油与天然气工程
    A QUADRATIC MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION OF CALCULATION OF INITIAL GAS IN PLACE FOR ABNORMAL GEO-PRESSURED GAS RESERVOIRS
    BIAN Xiao-qiang DU Zhi-min CHEN Jing
    2010, 32(3):  75-79.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.013
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    Aiming at the issue that it is difficult to predict geological reserves in the process of developing abnormally high pressure gas reservoir，by making use of the similarity of abnormally high pressure gas reservoir PD-GPD curve and dimentionaless IPR curve，the new model of quadratic material balance equation is presented to predict abnormally high pressure gas reservoir reserves.Taking Louisiana North Ossun “NS2B”，Louisiana Offshore Cajun，Gulf Coast Anderson “L” and South Louisiana Miocene abnormally high pressure gas reservoirs in the States as examples，the relative errors of geological reserves calculated with the new model are -2.88%，0.26%，1.57% and -2.81% respectively.By comparing with literature，it is found that the predicting precision is higher than any other ways，and the water influx can be more precisely predicted.The effectiveness，accuracy and reliability of the method are demonstrated，which provides a useful way for abnormally high pressure gas reservoir performance analysis.
    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON AND FIELD APPLIANCE OF PROPPANT CONDUCTIVITY IN ALTERNATING FORMATIONS OF SANDSTONE AND SHALE
    XIN Jun GUO Jian-chun ZHAO Jin-zhou CUI Rong-jun WANG Jian
    2010, 32(3):  80-84.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.014
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    In the fracturing operation of alternating formations of sandstone and shale，the flow conductivity capacity of proppant fracture gets worse due to multiple fractured layers and thin layers，narrow width of generated fractures and a large amount of proppants being embedded.The factors affecting the fracture conductivity are researched in order to match the parameters of fracture and formation，such as different size of proppants，sanding concentration，proppant embedment and so on.On the basis of that，the study on different combination of proppant is carried out.It is indicated that although there is a greater difference between the flow conductivity capacity of 20/40 mesh and 16/30 mesh combination size and that of 16/30 mesh proppant when closure pressure is lower，as the closure pressure rises，the fracture flow conductivity capacity of combination proppants （20/40∶16/30=3∶1） is close to the flow conductivity capacity of single proppant （16/30 mesh）.By optimizing the ratio of combination proppant in well Y34-38，considerable result is achieved after fracturing.
    UNSTEADY PERCOLATION ANALYSIS FOR VERTICAL FRACTURED WELL WITH MULTIPLE FRACTURES
    HE Ying-fu;LI Mei-fang
    2010, 32(3):  85-88.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.015
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    Multiple radial fractures are generated in near bore zone by high energy gas fracturing and pulse fracturing，so the model of vertical fractured well with multiple fractures in homogeneous reservoir and double porosity reservoir is set up in this paper.Based on the pressure distribution formula of single fracture，by using superposition principle，the calculation method of unsteady percolation pressure response for vertical fractured well with multiple fractures is obtained.The typical curves are plotted and analyzed by considering the effect of reservoir parameter，fracture numbers and fracture distribution.The results show the flow characteristic of fluid in multiple fracture system is related to fracture numbers and fracture distribution.When the fracture number is less and angle is larger，the curve of pressure behavior can be divided into three flowing stages，i.e.，linear flow，elliptic flow and pseudo-radial flow.When the fracture number is more and angle is less，transitional section between linear flow and elliptic flow becomes longer，and the linear flow may be missing.At the same time，the more fracture number is，the more the fluid supply capacity，and the less bottom hold pressure will decrease.
    STUDY OF DECONVOLUTION ALGORITHM WITHOUT INITIAL RESERVOIR PRESSURE FOR WELL TEST
    HU Xiao-hu ZHENG Shi-yi;GAO Yuan
    2010, 32(3):  89-92.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.016
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    Based on the fact that Schroeter deconvolution needs the initial reservoir pressure as a known condition，and that the reservoir response functions are much sensitive to the exactness of this value，a new method is proposed，based on Levitan method，to deconvolve without the knowledge of true initial reservoir pressure，which is obtained by convolution of rate and unit-rate pressure response from equilibrium time to reference time during deconvolution.Detailed comparisons between the results from this method and those from Levitan method involving true initial reservoir pressure show that it gives correct deconvolution results without initial reservoir pressure，and that the selection of reference time has no impacts on the final results.Moreover，it can deconvolve not only all test data，but also part of individual ones.
    ADAPTABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE EQUIVALENT CONTINUUM MEDIA MODEL ON FRACTURED LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR
    FU Yu DAI Xue-mei LI Jian-song HUO Dong-ying
    2010, 32(3):  93-96.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.017
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    The fractured reservoirs with fracture network can be described with Kazemi model，Warren-Root model and De Swaan model，but the three models are not suitable for the reservoirs with locally developed fractures and without fracture network.Aiming at the feature that there exist local fractures in low permeable reservoir，by means of parallel-plane theory，tensor principle and equivalent flow resistance principle，the equivalent continuum media model of fracture-developed area is set up，on the basis of the model，3-D numerical simulation model for low permeability reservoir is established，and the black oil modeling program is used to conduct case study.Consequence shows that the equivalent media model can be applied to numerical simulation and dynamic prediction for the low permeability reservoir with local fractures.
    THE EXPERIMENT OF GAS CONDENSATE DEPLETION IN LOW-PERMEABILITY POROUS MEDIUM
    SUI Shu-ling GUO Ping DU Jian-fen XIAO Li-xian
    2010, 32(3):  97-100.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.018
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    The depletion test for the condensate gas in gas condensate reservoir is usually done in PVT cell without considering the influence of porous media，but in real reservoir，the change of fluid phase behavior occurs in porous media.By means of long core test，the depletion performance of condensate gas system in porous media is studied，and the comparison with the depletion in PVT cell is carried out.Study indicates that the condensate gas rich in oil condensate depletion performance is different with PVT test result，average oil-gas ratio is different under different pressure in different depletion speed，the higher the speed is，the lower the recovery of oil condensate is，and the greater the average oil-gas ratio.The oil condensate recovery in long core is higher than that in PVT cell，but there is only a little difference for natural gas recovery.It is strongly suggested that core depletion test is used to study retrograde condensation performance feature in gas condensate reservoir depletion production.
    THE STUDY ON INTER-BEDDED STRATUM MODEL CONTROL IN BOTTOM WATER RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT AND REMAINING OIL DISTRIBUTION
    XUE Yong-chao CHENG Lin-song ZHANG Ji-long
    2010, 32(3):  101-106.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.019
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    The sandstone-bottom water reservoirs can be widely found in China，a critical problem for developing the reservoir is bottom water coning.Inter-bedded stratum can constraint this phenomenon with a satisfactory effect.However，due to the complexity of the origin of inter-bedded stratum，there′s no uniform research model of it.Aiming at this issue，it is pointed out that according to the some parameters of inter-bedded stratum such as area，thickness，permeability and shale content，various inter-bedded strata can be approximated as non-inter-bedded model，permeable model，small area impermeable model and impermeable model.The field exploration effect is not good in both non-inter-bedded models in which the bottom water coning speed is high and large area impermeable model in which bottom water coning is totally constrained.On contrast，field exploration effect is good in permeable model in which bottom water is transformed into secondary edge water and secondary bottom water and small area impermeable model in which bottom water is transformed into secondary edge water.In the non-inter-bedded model，the area far from wellbore contains enormous remaining oil which can be recovered by improving the well pattern.Permeable model enjoys a good effect of exploration in which little remaining oil can be found.Under the small area impermeable stratum，“roof”oil will form which can be a research direction in late-stage development.Much remaining oil can be formed between the up layer and down layer in the large area impermeable interbeds which is the highlight of late-stage exploration.
    STUDY ON GENETIC MODEL OF REMAINING OIL DISTRIBUTION AFTER POLYMER FLOODING
    DU Qing-jun HOU Jian;XU Yao-dong SHU Qing-lin ZHANG Ben-hua
    2010, 32(3):  107-111.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.020
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    In view of the fact that remaining oil distribution becomes more dispersed after polymer flooding，study on its formation mechanism and morphologic distribution is the key to enhance oil recovery.Based on the cause of remaining oil distribution after polymer flooding，five models，such as the region of lithologic change，the region of interlayer interference，local high point，the top of the thick oil layer and the retained region caused by pressure balance，are established through reservoir simulation technology.Meanwhile，quantitative calculation method of different models are put forward.It is indicated that the main models of remaining oil distribution after polymer flooding are the top of the thick oil layer and the retained region caused by pressure balance.Moreover，the main mechanism of polymer flooding is profile adjustment during polymer injection period，and increasing sweep area is the primary mechanism during water-cut restoring period and subsequent water flooding period.Compared with suppositional water flooding，the main response stage of polymer flooding to enhance oil recovery is the water-cut restoring period.
    RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF WATER FLOODING DEVELOPMENT ON CRUDE OIL PROPERTIES
    SHI Chang-lin JI You-liang LI Qing-shan TAN Zhen-hua
    2010, 32(3):  112-116.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.021
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    In water flooding sandstone reservoir，injected water has large impact on crude oil properties.The density，viscosity，wax content and freezing point of crude oil gradually increase along with the time of water flooding development.The change of crude oil viscosity shows the feature in stages that the viscosity increases sharply before the stage of 20% water cut，and increases smoothly in the stage of 20% to 85% water cut，then increases rapidly after the stage of 90% water cut.The change of crude oil properties is different in different areas or layers.The relationship among crude oil properties also changes before or after water breakthrough.After water breakthrough，the viscosity of oil with the same density is larger than before，and the freezing point of oil with the same density or viscosity becomes higher than before.This study on the change mechanism of crude oil properties shows that the change of reservoir temperature，separation of light component from crude oil，degassing and injected water quality are the primary causes of the change of crude oil properties.
    STUDY ON ANNULAR FLOW PERFORMANCE OF PINNATE HORIZONTAL WELL BY UNDER-BALANCED DRILLING
    ZHANG Yi XIAN Bao-an ZHOU Wei-dong SUN Fen-jin REN Yuan-feng
    2010, 32(3):  117-121.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.022
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    Under-balanced drilling technology for pinnate horizontal well is a new technology that has been widely used for enhancing the coal bed methane recovery of low permeability reservoirs and reducing the coal seam damage both home and abroad.In this paper，based on the characteristics of this new technology，the physical model is established，the mathematical models are optimized，and the solution to the models is also proposed.With the established models and the field case，by calculating and analyzing the bottom hole annular flow performance and annular gas-injection parameters，the authors conclude that the bottom hole pressure increases as the mud discharge rate increases.The larger the annular gas injection rate is，the lower the bottom hole pressure at the same mud discharge rate.The air voids and the fluid velocity in vertical well bole annulus increase slowly from the bottom to wellhead at first，but fall rapidly when the annular pressure drops to a certain extent，which is contrary to the distribution of the density of annular miscible liquid.The annular pressure decreases linearly from the bottom to wellhead.
    THEORY AND EXPERIMENT RESEARCH ON THE LIQUID CONTINUOUS REMOVAL OF HORIZONTAL GAS WELL
    XIAO Gao-mian LI Ying-chuan YU Xin
    2010, 32(3):  122-126.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.023
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    In horizontal gas well，the gravity of liquid will change with the change of inclination angle of wellbore，which causes the change of gas-liquid two-phase flow pattern.The liquid occurs mainly with the form of droplet and film in gas wellbores，so there are two theories that can explain the liquid loading：the liquid droplet model and the liquid film model.Based on this two liquid continuous removal theories，and with the inclination effects taken into account，a computing formula that computes the critical flow rate of liquid continuous removal in horizontal gas well is proposed based on the force analysis of liquid droplet and film.The experiment facilities are also made to study the liquid continuous removal in horizontal gas well.The situation of gas-water two-phase moving and the change of flow pattern are observed.Experiment results show that the liquid removal is mainly with the form of liquid film in horizontal well section.In vertical well section，more droplets will be yielded in well head，so the liquid droplet model is also applicable in predicting the liquid continuous removal critical flow rate of horizontal gas well.
    RESEARCH ON CORRECTION METHODS FOR HORIZONTAL WELL PRODUCTIVITY FORMULA IN ANISOTROPIC RESERVOIRS
    WANG Da-wei LI Xiao-ping
    2010, 32(3):  127-131.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.024
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    For the sake of calculating horizontal well productivity in anisotropic reservoirs accurately，five kinds of anisotropic correction methods for horizontal well productivity formula are analyzed and some problems of existing correction methods discussed.By expressing permeability as the forms of arithmetic mean，geometric mean and harmonic mean，the productivity of horizontal wells decreases in turn，i.e.，geometric mean and harmonic mean correction can show the influence of permeability heterogeneity on the productivity of horizontal wells better than arithmetic mean correction.Based on the correction method of Chen′s formula，a new Joshi′s anisotropic correction formula is derived，and the result is in accordance with the one from Chen′s.Case study indicates that the anisotropy has a great influence on productivity of horizontal wells.

    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MODIFIED FIBER-RESIN COATED SAND CONTROL IN THE THERMAL RECOVERY HEAVY OIL WELLS
    BO Qi-wei QI Ning ZHOU Fu-jian CHEN Xin-min GU Hai-hong
    2010, 32(3):  132-136.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.025
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    Single sand control technique has its limitations when applied to the thermal recovery heavy oil wells.Property of resin coated sand in fiber-complex sand control technique system is improved in order to apply fiber-complex sand control technique to the thermal recovery wells to prevent fine-silty sand production.Compressive strength and permeability are taken as indicators，effect of concentration of water soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin，ER resin powder，coupling agent and strengthening agent on strength of resin coated sand are researched，and function mechanism of components among the systems is analyzed.Mass ratio among coupling agent，modifier，strengthening agent，ER resin powder，water soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin SR-1 and quartz sand of typical fiber-complex formulation in the thermal recovery heavy oil wells is （0.15~0.20）∶3.1∶1.5∶（2~4）∶10∶100.The result of experiment indicates that strength of fiber-complex at 350℃ still remains about 3MPa，which is 30% higher than strength of resin coated sand without fiber，and permeability of resin coated sand is improved about 10% after fiber added.
    油气化学工程与化工
    RESEARCH ON PREDICTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE CORROSION IN HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION PROCESS
    MA De-sheng;WANG Bo-jun WU Shu-hong
    2010, 32(3):  137-140.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.026
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    The internal corrosion of well tubing in oilfield production is always serious and the accidents of tubing perforation and rupture occur frequently，which directly affects the normal production and performance monitoring.In order to find out the cause of well corrosion，based on extensive literature review on CO2 corrosion，external environmental factors which influence corrosive rate such as environmental temperature，CO2 partial pressure，pH value and flow rate are analyzed.Integrating lab experiment and field application，a new corrosion prediction model developed upon NORSOK model is established which is more applicable considering field reality.This model broadens the application extent of NORSOK corrosion model and the sensitivity analysis is undertaken on the factors affecting corrosion rate.The result of this analysis coincides with that of the laboratory findings which shows that the corrosion prediction model can be applied to the complex corrosion circumstance of oil and gas fields and better results in the analysis and judgment can be obtained.This study offers reference for pipe anti-corrosion prediction in CO2 injection or production.
    RESEARCH PROGRESS OF FIBROUS SUBSTANCE USED IN FRACTURING FLUID
    WANG Xu YANG Yong-zhao JIANG Er-liang YANG Yue ZHAO Hai-jie
    2010, 32(3):  141-144.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.027
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    Fibrous substances mainly include derivative of cellulose and fiber material，which are used in fracturing fluid.The former，mostly used as thickener，is used in gelled water fluid or water-based gel fracturing fluid，while the later，used as reinforcing material for the proppant，becomes research focus，on which in-depth study has been carried out and the result applied in the oil and gas fields abroad，a small number of pilot tests were made at home as well.Research and application at home and abroad show that fracturing fluid，to which the fiber material was added，suspended and carried proppant in physical method，and it has a better sand-carrying performance at low viscosity.When the fluid flows back，fibers form spatial network structure scattered in the proppant，which has a better property of sand prevention.After construction，the fluid can flow back in a great quantity without shutting，and the efficiency of fluid flowing back significantly higher than that of conventional fracturing fluid.What′s more，fibers help to optimize size of cracks to form a more effective artificial diversion channel，and it has a remarkable effect in increasing production.The fiberous materials can be applied to sand production and low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs.
    STUDY ON APPLICATION OF IONIC LIQUIDS AS CATALYST IN DESULFURIZATION OF FCC GASOLINE
    KE Ming TANG Yi-ting CAO Wen-zhi SONG Zhao-zheng JIANG Qing-zhe
    2010, 32(3):  145-149.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.028
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    Reducing sulfur content in FCC gasoline by using the complex of Brnsted acidic ionic liquid [BMIM]HSO4 and sulfuric acid as alkylation catalyst is introduced.The main factors for desulfurization rate of FCC gasoline such as reaction temperature，reaction time，acidity of complex catalyst，catalyst content and the amount of isoprene are studied.The results show that the desulfurization rate can be increased as the acidity of complex catalyst increases，and it may be increased obviously by adding a small amount of isoprene.Under the catalysis of 5% complex catalyst，the sulfur content of Shijiazhuang FCC gasoline can be reduced from 608mg/L to less than 105mg/L，and the content of Dagang FCC gasoline can be reduced from 122mg/L to 32mg/L by adding some isoprene at 30℃ when the reaction time is 120min，and the octan number of FCC gasoline is little changed.
    THE INFLUENCE OF OILFIELD CHEMICALS ON OIL PROCESSING AND COUNTERMEASURES（Ⅱ）
    TANG Xiao-dong;YANG Wen-qian ZOU Wen-wen YU Li-jie XIA Rong-an
    2010, 32(3):  150-154.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.029
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    The residual oilfield chemicals and products from their interaction with oil reservoirs，will badly impact the follow-up processing.In this paper，the crude oil of five western Oilfields--Karamay，Tarim，Turpan-Hami，Changqing and Qinghai，which is processed by Lanzhou Petrochemical Company，is taken as an example to study the influence of oilfield chemicals on oil processing and countermeasures.The research and analysis show that the products are three kinds，i.e.，oil-soluble，water-soluble and insoluble in oil and atmospheric and vacuum residual oil，which mainly impact the unit operations of electric desalting and dehydration of crude oil，atmospheric and vacuum distillation，FCC and delayed coking etc.Systematically research about the residue impacts on the plants，operations and product qualities of each unit operation and performance of FCC catalyst is carried out，on the basis of which，the technology，standards，information，management and countermeasures of basic research are put forward.
    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EVALUATION OF SCALE INHIBITORS IN NAO′ER OILFIELD
    ZHENG Yun-ping LIANG Fa-shu LI Hong-jian LI Lei LI Hong-wei
    2010, 32(3):  155-158.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.030
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    The scaling phenomenon in Nao′er Oilfield influences its normal production badly，and based on the practical and severe scaling situation in this oilfield，an anti-scaling experimental research is carried out.The research mainly investigates the scale inhibition efficiencies of the following frequently-used scale inhibitors：scale inhibitor A，scale inhibitor HYZ，Nanjing-1，Nanjing-2，Nanjing-3 and JL661.The built-up of scale inhibitor A and scale inhibitor HYZ is also tested，and the result shows that the efficiency is the best when the two scale inhibitor is 1∶1 complex.Study on the scale inhibition efficiency to some output of oil/water well in Nao′er Oilfield reveals that when the dosage of the compound scale inhibitor is appropriate，the scale inhibition rate of calcium-magnesium scale can reach more than 96.00%，and that of barium-strontium scale more than 90.00%.
    RESEARCH ON HYDROPHOBIC-LIPOPHOBIC PROPPANT
    WANG Jian-zhong WANG Rui LI Yan-pu
    2010, 32(3):  159-161.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.031
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    Hydrophobic-lipophobic proppant can be obtained by immersing all kinds of proppant among hydrophobic-lipophobic treatment fluid such as ceramsite and quartz sands.Mechanism of hydrophobic-lipophobic treatment fluid on molecular constitution is analyzed，and the agent treatment process and chemical stability，hydrophobicity，lipophobicity，proppant carrying capacity and flow conductivity of hydrophobic-lipophobic proppant are introduced.The result shows that hydrophobic- lipophobic proppant can diminish the possibility of block.Therefore，the fracture can maintain higher flow conductivity and prolong validity of fracturing at the same time.
    THE RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE FACTOR OF THE PREPARATION OF POLYMER SOLUTION WITH PRODUCED WATER
    LV Xin
    2010, 32(3):  162-166.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.032
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    The consultation index and limitation of produced water quality is provided to oilfield by researching on the influence of Na+，K+，Ca2+，Mg2+，Fe2+，Fe3+ cations and the initial viscosity.And the factor analysis of the influence of polymer solution stability is carried out including dissolution oxygen，cation，clay mineral and bacterium.The cation content is major factor influencing initial viscosity，the order being Fe2+＞Fe3+＞Mg2+＞Ca2+＞Na+＞K+.When polymer solution is prepared，the basic requirement of produced water is none Fe2+ and Fe3+，and Ca2+ content is under 200mg/L with the optimal value of 50mg/L，Mg2+ content under 100mg/L with the optimal value of 30mg/L，Na+，K+ content under 2000mg/L with the optimal value of 500 mg/L.Dissolution oxygen and high valence cations are major factors influencing polymer solution stability，the order being Fe2+>Mg2+（Ca2+）>Fe3+>Na+（K+）.One band valence bond cation and suspension influence polymer solution stability to a certain degree.The influence of bacterium is relative small.Oxidation-reduction reaction is maximum influence on polymer solution stability.
    石油机械工程
    COMPUTER EMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF BEAM PUMPING UNIT SYSTEM
    HUANG An-yi LI Hai-liang
    2010, 32(3):  167-171.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.033
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    Because of its advantage on simple structure，durability，easy operation，low maintaining cost etc.，beam pumping unit has been playing a leading role on rod oil pumping unit.However，its disadvantage on high energy cost has been constraining the development of the oil industry.In order to optimize the beam pumping unit structure，design the energy-saving device，the emulation and analysis of the beam pumping unit working system has been successfully carried out.Based on dynamic emulation tool MATLAB/SIMULINK，such parts as motor，reducer and main body of the beam pumping unit model are established respectively and then the computer emulation model of beam pumping unit is formed.Comparison between the emulation result of an example and the practical testing data verifies the model correctness and rationality，which provides a theoretical basis and experimental research model for the pumping energy saving system.
    石油机械工程及其他
    MODELING STUDY ON FINITE ELEMENT FOR THREE-DIMENSION CASING DEFORMATION
    SHE Yue-ming GONG De-yin
    2010, 32(3):  172-175.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.034
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    After 3-D well bore tract deformation，the finite element method should be used to analyze and simulate the reshaping process before reshaping，but geometric modeling is quite difficult.In order to solve the problem，the multi-arm caliper measuring plane and normal vector was defined.On the measuring plane，the local coordinate system for multi-arm caliper is set up，the cosine matrix of local coordinate orientation is determined，and the calculation equation for the while coordinate between casing contact point and caliper on measuring plane is derived.Program is developed and the calculation consequence is input into ANSYS software based on the equation mentioned above，the finite element model after casing deformation is obtained through curve matching，skinning surface，extrusion and griding.The geometric modeling after casing deformation is carried out by using the measured data with multi-arm caliper，and the result indicates the developed geometric modeling method for 3-D casing deformation is feasible and of practical value.
    CANNON ARRANGEMENT FOR TUBING CONVEYED PERFORATION BASED ON BACKTRACKING ALGORITHM
    CHEN Wen-bin ZHANG Shu LIU Xiao-ling
    2010, 32(3):  176-179.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.035
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    According to the characteristics of tubing conveyed perforation，in order to shorten total joint length among perforators in perforation intervals of wells，the optimal perforating gun tandem program is analyzed.Mathematical model is built by using multi-branch tree method，and backtracking algorithm is used to reduce multi-tree traversal times in searching the optimal solution.The algorithm is optimized based on backtracking algorithm，and a cannon arrangement software is designed finally.The testing result shows that when oil zone data are simple，the efficiency of backtracking method and traversal method is the same，and if the data are complex，traversal method is more efficient.
    地质勘探
    IGNEOUS LITHOFACIES TYPE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCES OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY IN BEIER SAG
    LIN Cheng-yan DING Sheng LI Jian REN Li-hua
    2010, 32(3):  180-184.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2010.03.036
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    Based on the research on tectonic evolution and volcanism，according to the core，thin slice，well logging，seismic survey，gravity and magnetic data，studies on the igneous-related lithology and distribution of Budate group are carried out.The results show that the lithofacies and distribution are closely related to the volcanism，the volcanic rocks，pyroclastic rocks and clastic rocks are distributed in girdle pattern controlled by the eruption of central type.Then the rocks of Budate group can be classified into three sub-lithofacies and six micro-lithofacies.Finally，the igneous-related lithofacies and distribution mode of Budate group is established.In addition，the domination of igneous-related lithofacies on the types of reservoir space and degree of fracture growth are also studied.The discovery of volcanic sedimentary zones being advantageous reservoir zone is significant to predict distribution and new exploration realms of other secondary faulted buried-hill advantageous reservoir.