Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science & Technology Edition)

CHARACTERISTICS OF PORE STRUCTURE AND ITS IM-PACT ON RESERVOIR DAMAGE MECHANISMS OF COAL BEDS

LI Qian-gui KANG Yi-li XU Xing-hua et al.

2002, 24(3): 1-4. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.001

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There are great differences in damage mechanism between coal-beds and conventional reservoirs owing to the unique char-acteristics of pore structure, gas storage and production process-es in coal-beds. Coal-beds at the national test site for coal-bed methane development in Liupanshui are selected. Mercury in-jection and SEM are applied to analyze pore types, size and dis-
tribution of pore throats of coal-beds. The parameters of pore structure of coal-bed are computed. On this basis of anthropo-logical features, pore structure, sensitivity and damage evalua-tion test from working fluids, damage mechanisms of coal seams have been analyzed. Results indicate that microprobes occurred in plant tissues, pores resulted from gas generation, and frac-tures are well developed in coal seams, so the reservoirs belong
to dual-porous medium. Therefore coal-beds can easily be invad-ed and damaged by working fluids. The study shows that solid invasion, stress sensitivity, aqueous trapping and adsorption of high molecular polymers are major damage factors.

A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING THE QUANTITATIVE PORE THROT VOLUME

HE Yan YANG Chun-mei YIN Jun et al.

2002, 24(3): 5-7. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.002

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The predicted pore throat volume by the capillary pressure data is a key parameter and can be used to evaluate the shutoff of trap and the favorable area of hydrocarbon accumulation. But it is not easy to acquire the capillary pressure data, and it is easy to acquire the porosity and permeability data by common core analysis. So if we can inverse the distribution of pore throat or
the capillary pressure curve by the pore and permeability data of the core? Based on the fractal geometry, the capillary pressure curve of inversion is acquired by the porosity and permeability data, and the model for estimating the distribution of pore throat is set up. It opens up a new way for the study of pore structure in non-cored formation. The practical data verifies the
validity of this method.

THE ANYLYSIS OF THE BASIN’S EXTENSION IN THE LISHUI-JIAOJIANG SAG

YANG Wei-li WANG Yi.

2002, 24(3): 8-10. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.003

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The Lishui-Jiaojiang Sag was a faulted basin developing on the continental margin from the late cretaceous epoch. The ex-tensional quantities, coefficient and ratio of the basin in differ-ent areas during the different faulting time of extension have been obtained by means of the technique of balanced geological cross-sections in this paper. The basin’s extension differs in dif-
ferent period and different regions. The extensional ratio re-duces from the south to the north. The main extensional period is from the late Cretaceous Epoch to the Paleocene Epoch and maximum extensional period is different in different regions.The maximum extension period is the late Cretaceous in the
south Lishui Sag, the early Paleocene in the north Lishui Sag and the Jiaojiang Sag. The basin’s extension results from the normal faults’drawing away in horizon and the faulted blocks’tilting extension.

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF PRE-SALT SEDIMENTS IN THE PRE-CASPIAN BASIN

LIU Luo-fu ZHU Yi-xiu HU Ai-mei et al.　

2002, 24(3): 11-15. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.004

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An integrated study on lithology, sedimentology and petroleum geology of Pre-Salt Sediments in the Pre-Caspian Basin are carried out in this paper. The key point of oil and gas reservoir formation and distribution in the Pre-Salt Sediments is recognized. By analysis of characters and distribution patterns of
the found hydrocarbon pools, it is suggested that the Pre-Salt Sediments in Kraton-Tengiz Uplift and North Caspian-Azigiar Uplift are the favorable areas for petroleum exploration, fol-lowed by Yenbek-Zharkames and Zhanazhol areas (eastern part of the basin), and the southwestern and western slopes of the Astrakhan-Oktyabrsk Uplift zone (the western and southwest-ern parts of the basin), as well as Uzensk area (the northwest-ern basin) are of certain potential for petroleum exploration as well.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SEGMENTED GROWTH FEATURE OF THE SYNGENETIC FAULT AND THE HYDROCARBON

LIU Dong-zhou LIU Hai-bo WANG Chang-chun et al.　

2002, 24(3): 16-19. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.005

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The concept of syngenetic fault is known as growth fault or synsedimentary fault. Through the studying on the syngenetic fault in offshore area of the Dagang Oilfield, it is found the in-ternal syngenetic faults had segmented growth feature clearly,they grew segmentedly, and connected to one fault finally. The segmented growth feature of the syngenetic fault in the depres-
sion had the different control on the stratigrphic sedimentation,hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. Which makes that in the same hydrocarbon-bearing system, also in the samefault and horizon, just in the different location, the hydrocarbon migra-tion and accumulation pattern different. Segmented study on the syngenetic fault in the depression is of important practical meanings to guide the field exploration and production.

CONTROLLING FACTORS OF FORMATION OF MA-2 FAULT BLOCK OIL RESERVOIR AND SUGGESTIONS FOR EXPLORATION

SHEN Zhao-guo ZHU Shi-jun ZHANG Hong-mao.

2002, 24(3): 20-23. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.006

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Based on analyzing the sedimentary faces, structures and
oil reservoir types and referencing to the characters of reservoir
rocks, dynamic feature of development and the result of numeri-
cal simulation of Ma-2 fault block oil reservoir, the controlling factors of oil reservoir forming have been studied in this paper and the point of view is definitely brought forward, which is that reservoir sands, fault fracture system development and characters of fault age are the min controlling factors of oil
reservoir forming. In conclusion, the next suggestions for ex-ploration of Ma-2 fault block oil reservoir is pointed out by com-bining the controlling factors of oil reservoir forming with the distribution of remaining oil of Ma-2 fault block oil reservoir.

STRUCTURAL TYPES AND ITS RELATION WITH OIL AND GAS OF BAYANHOT BASIN

LIU Shao-ping LIU Xue-feng.　

2002, 24(3): 24-27. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.007

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The structural evolution of Bayanhot Basin underwent a structural transform from compressional deformation to exten-sional deformation. So, a lot of structural types were developed in the basin. Normal fault and strike-slip fault all can be found in the studied area. According to the stress environment, the
structural assemblage types of Bayanhot Basin may be divided into two major types, six basic types, i.e. Compressional struc-tural assemblage, including imbricate thrust assemblage, trap-door structure, pop-up structure, assemblage of listric thrust and dragged anticline and dragged syncline; extensional struc-tural assemblage, including assemblage of listric normal fault,fault and roll over anticline and horst-graden assemblage. Trap-
door structure, pop-up structure, and assemblage of listric thrust, dragged anticline and dragged syncline are most favor-able to the accumulation of oil and gas.

APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK ON THE OIL-GAS-WATER RECOGANITION IN THE WELL LOGGING

ZHONG Da-kang ZHANG Guo-xi .　

2002, 24(3): 28-30. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.008

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There are many kinds of oil-gas-water recognition methods such as the core and cuttings testing, cross charting, linear function recognition. This paper mainly introduces the artificial neural network methods, which include the basic principal,composition of the system, recognition parameters, result and
effectiveness of the methods. It has been applied to a few oil fields in Jungar basin. The result indicates that the recognition precision is over 90%, apparently superior to the traditional methods, and the methods have a broad application prospect in this area.

STUDY ON BORON NEUTRON LIFETIME LOG AND ITS APPLICATION

LIU Deng-ming ZHOU Jia-ju LIUZhi-hua.　

2002, 24(3): 31-33. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.009

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Boron neutron lifetime log developed from neutron lifetime is a new technology of dynamic monitoring suitable for low salinity formations. It is generally used in cased hole for deter-mining remaining oil salutation of formation with salinity by in-jecting borohidrade with high capture section into formations.
The technology can acquire the information of remaining oil in formation using“log-injection-log”technique by changing the properties of formation water near wellbore temporarily. It can guide potential tapping of measures in single wells effectively. Obvious effectiveness of oil increment is achieved in well Tong
61-Geng40 and well He68-24 by implemented measures on the basis of boron neutron lifetime log data.

A NEW APPROACH TO COMPOSITIONL SIMULATION FORMULATIONED BY FULLY DIFFERENTIAL METHOD

LIU Chang-gui LI Shi-lun SUN Lei;et al.　

2002, 24(3): 34-38. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.010

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The paper describes a new approach to reservoir simula-tion, the formulations in multi-component reservoir simulation model are firstly expressed as fully differential form on unknown variables, then are dispersed as numerical difference equations on these variables. The basic viewpoint is that all unknown variables’differences are regarded as new variables of singular
differences cells, and then all variables’differences can be expressed as the algebra sum of the cells.The differential variables of the variables are the differentially changing variables of the variables, which is derived from common solution of the variables. The iteration procedure of solving these difference equations will be improved on all unknown variables through using value of the cells step by step.

APPLICATION OF MICROBIAL METHOD FOR IMPROV-ING OIL PRODUCTION TO QINGHAI OIL FIELD

REN Ming-zhong; ZHANG Ting-shan LAN Guang-zhi et al.　

2002, 24(3): 39-42. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.011

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Based on lots of laboratory work, three groups of bacteria that can live in reservoir condition were picked to be applied to five wells in Qinghai Oilfield to improve oil production. These bacteria can change the oil’s properties and enhance the oil re-covery in Lab flooding experiment. All the five wells, which
produced sand and a mass of paraffin precipitated, produced more oil after microbial treatment with average increment by 8.35% through 35.72%. In the same time, the interval of hot oil cycling go beyond 2.3 times, The ratio of cost to return reached 1∶4.5, which indicate the prosperous future of applica-
tion of microbial method for improving oil production to Qinghai Oilfield.

COLD PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICA TION TO STEAM SOAKING WELL

WANG Han CHEN Xiao-xi YANG Jian-hui et al.

2002, 24(3): 43-45. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.012

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The cold production technology of heavy oil is based on both earthworm-shapedchannels which occur after a great lot of sand is produced and steady foamy oil, by which the oil produc-tion can be remarkably enhanced. This technology has found satisfactory application in Henan Oilfield and also successfully used in middle-depth, very thin heavy oil reservoirs. The oil
rate of first pilot well was8 times that of the common wells, 4 times that of the steam soaking wells, whilethe production cost was 47% less that of the steam soaking wells. This technology was also successfully applied to low cycle steam soaking wells in heavy oil reservoir, which improved the oil rate by 1-3 times.

IMPROVE STEAM SOAKING PERFORMANCE BY IN-JECTING NITROGEN

WANG Jia-huai LI Yun.　

2002, 24(3): 46-49. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.013

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At the late stage of steam soaking, the reservoir pressure is low, so is the oil saturation within the wellbore area, while the water cut is high and the ratio of oil to gas low, which means the reservoir production get worse. Nitrogen injection is an ef-fective way to improve oil recovery at late stage of steam soak-ing, which increases the steam soaking volume and provides dis-
placement energy to reduce residual oil saturation and enhance recovery. The results from reservoir simulation indicated that it is reasonable to inject nitrogen first and then steam at late steam soaking, and there exists an optimum nitrogen volume in a in-jection cycle.

PROFILE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR STEAM SOAK-ING WELL GROUP

DU Da-ming ZHOU Lin LIANG Jun et al.　

2002, 24(3): 50-53. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.014

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Steam soaking now is the primary method to produce heavy oil. However, there exist two unfavour factors, which are uneven steam injection profile and channeling, to affect the performance of steam soaking. The longer the production histo-ry extends, the more severe the channeling becomes. In such
situation, it is difficult to enlarge the steam acting range to im-prove heavy oil recovery. In this paper, based on study on the steam soaking situation of Block 9 heavy oil reservoir, Kalamayi Oilfield, a newly developed high temperature GFD-98 gel com-binationhas been applied to several wells to control steam pro-file, which has made a hit.

TECHNICAL STRATEGY DISCUSSION FOR GAS-CAP RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT

WANG Yu ZHONG Yi-hua.

2002, 24(3): 54-57. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.015

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There are a variety of development schemes that can be used to exploit gas-cap reservoir, and there are many factors to influence its production performance. According to the basic de-velopment rules of gas-cap reservoir, based on the realfield data, we studied the reasonable development scheme, injection-pro-duction ratio, recovery rate, oil rate of well adjacent to GOC
and the optimum time to produce gas-cap gas. For the first time, the oil loss was calculated and discussed. As a result, a couple of development policy for gas-cap reservoir were present-ed:①The injection-production system should be improved and the gas and oil should produced evenly;②The oil in oil ring
must be first produced, then the gas in gas-cap can be produced 4 years later;③The oil well adjacent to GOC should be put in- to production at a low rate;④The gas and oil should be pro-duced simultaneously if the gas reserve in gas-cap is relatively larger than that of oil.

OVERVIEW ON TECHNOLOGY FOR PROFILE CONTROL/WATER SHUTOFF OF HIGH WATER CUT WELL

WU Lin

2002, 24(3): 58-60. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.016

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Since Block Lun 16 of Baise Oilfield has stepped into high water cut production phase, an effective profile control/water shutoff technology was applied to improve oil recovery. On the basis of numerous Lab experiments, a new clay HPAM agent and its concentration adapted to Block Lun 16 reservoir charac-
teristic were selected to block the distant larger reservoir chan-nels in order to adjust profile control. After the practical appli-cation of the new agent to a couple of well groups in Block Lun 16 of Baise Oilfield, the oil rate increased remarkably while the water cut declined, which will be a successful experience for the whole oilfield to solve the profile control/water shutoff problem.

SYNTHESIS OF HYDROPHOBIC ASSOCIATED WATER SOLUBLE POLYMER WITH URETHANE STRUCTURE

LI Ai-xia ZUO Xiao-ling YANG Xue-yun.　

2002, 24(3): 61-63. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.017

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A hydrophobic associated water-soluble polymer with two phenyl groups and long chain alkyl in side chain has been syn- thesized in aqueous solution by radical micellar polymerization.Thickening effect of the copolymers aqueous solution with dif-ferent hydrophobic group length existing in different surfactants has been studied. Results obtained show that the copolymers
behavior excellent property of viscosity increasing when the numbers of carbon atom in hydrophobic group are 8 and dodecy-benzene sulfonic sodium exists. In addition, conditions of the synthesized reaction are optimized through orthogonal design method and the optimal reaction conditions are as follow: the concentration of acrylamide is 10%-15%, the feed of initia-
tor, hydrophobic monomer and surfactant are 0.2%, 0.5%(mol), 0.75% relative to the AM feed, respectively.

RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF NITROGEN FOAM FRACTURING LIQUID

XU Wei LI Yong-ming GUO Jian-Chun et al.　

2002, 24(3): 64-67. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.018

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Nitrogen foam fracturing, a new fracturing technique be-ginning in 1970s, is especially suitable for the fracturing opera-tion of low-pressure, low permeable andwater sensitive forma-tion. The basic formulation and rheological properties of nitro-gen foam fracturing liquid have been studied in laboratory. The influence of some factors such as foam quality, concentration and type of surfactants, shearing rate, temperature and pressure on rheological properties of foam fracturing liquid has been stud-ied. Based on the laboratory tests, the foam fracturing liquid formulation suitable for Liaohe Oilfield has been put forward.Eight wells have been successfully fractured with the fracturingliquid, and the accumulative increasing oil is 1.24×104t, the successful ratio of treatment is 100%.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF10#CONSTRUCTION AS-PHALT

PU Nian-qing WANG Hong LI Yong-sheng.　

2002, 24(3): 68-70. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.019

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The feedstock of 10#construction asphalt has been devel-oped from low pouring-point vacuum residue to high pouring-point vacuum residue and slurry. The 10#construction asphalt was developed by oxidation reaction using Dagang vacuum-residue of mixed high pouring-point oil, FCC slurry and low
pouring-point vacuum residue as the feedstock under experimen-tal conditions such as different proportion, air flow rate and oxi-dation temperature. On the basis of GB/494-85, whether the indexes of softening point, needle penetration and ductility ac-cord with the standard has been investigated. Results show that: (1) qualified 10#construction asphalt can be derived from
the oxidation of high pouring-point vacuum residue, (2) quali-fied 10#construction asphalt can be produced by low pouring-point vacuum residue mixing with a certain proportion of FCC slurry, (3) 10#construction asphalt can be produced by high pouring-point vacuum residue mixing with FCC slurry.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF NEW-TYPE DEVICE HY-DRAULIC INCREASING PRESSURE BY ITSELF

WANG Xi-yong XIONG Ji-you SUN Wen-tao et al.　

2002, 24(3): 71-73. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.020

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The paper presented a new type downhole device of hy-draulic increasing pressure by itself, the hydraulic energy of downhole can be utilized effectively with this device. The itself increasing flow experiment and the transient jet dynamic pres-sure experiment by downhole annular fluids were described in
the paper, respectively, and the design program of the optimal itself increasing flow was drawn out. The results of the experi-ment were shown that the transient jet impulse from the holes-tapping conditions is more than 2 times of that of the none-holes.

STUDY OF THE SURFACE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY OF DRILLING PUMP GLIDING BLOCK-SLIDING SLEEVE

PU Hong-chun HUANG Zhi-qiang LI Qin et al.

2002, 24(3): 74-77. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.021

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The failure factors of the crosshead and sliding sleeve on 3NB-500 drill pump were discussed in details in this paper. It was proposed strengthening the surfaces of the crosshead and slide sleeve to reduce wear and improve their service life. Oxy-gen-acetylene flame spray welding technique was selected to use for the strengthening treatment. PHNi60A+WC15% was tak-en as the strengthening material. The wielding technology was determined to obtain a spray welding thickness of 0.5 mm and the surface hardness is greater than 60HRC. In addition, the structures of the crosshead and sliding sleeve and the seal at the pull rod end were modified. The field application has indicated
that the strengthened and modified crosshead and performance was very good. And the wear between the crosshead and sliding sleeve was reduced greatly and the service life of the crosshead and the pull rod end seal are improved remarkably.

IMPLEMENT THE COMMUNICATION LAYER OF CORBA WITH REACTOR AND ACCEPTOR PATTERNS

LIU Yi LI Zhi-shu CHEN Liang-yin.　

2002, 24(3): 78-81. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.022

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CORBA is an object-oriented distributed computing envi-ronment. The core of CORBA is the communication of object.To construct a reusable and extensible communication layer of CORBA, Reactor and Acceptor patterns were introduced. The Reactor design pattern can handle synchronous events in a pro-cess, while the Acceptor design pattern decouples service initial-
ization from service processing. At first, the structures of the patterns including handle, synchronous event demultiplexer,initiation dispatcher, concrete event handle, Acceptor and ser-vice handler are elaborated. Then the dynamics of these pat-terns, how to link and how to process service, was explained.
Then the implementation of initiation dispatcher,concrete event handler, Acceptor and service handler was described in this pa-per. And one of the features of the patterns: concurrency is presented. Finally, the benefits and liabilities of the patterns are discussed.

ANAYSIS OF EXPLORATION COST CHANGE IN OIFIELDS

CHEN Wu ZHANG Ming-quan ZHANG Nai-xin.　

2002, 24(3): 82-84. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.03.023

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The main items constituted of integrated cost are figured out by means of the analysis of internal structure of exploration cost in oilfields, and the present situation of integrated cost is reflected from the viewpoint of static; and the integrated cost summation and the change of unit cost can be identified by cal-
culating the total cost of report time and basic time, ratio, unit cost and the rate of increasing and decreasing. Combining dy-namics with static, the present situation and the change of the integrated cost can be fully analyzed. On the basis of studying on the static structure and dynamic increasing and decreasing rate o the integrated cost, the influence of cost changes of items
on the changed of integrated unit cost is also analyzed to deter-mine the main factors affecting the changes of integrated unit cost, which is he key in controlling the cost.

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