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    20 November 2000, Volume 22 Issue 4
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    地质勘探
    CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTICAL HYDROCARBON MIGRATION IN THE JURASSIC IN SOUTHERN PART OF WEST SICHUAN BASIN
    CAI Kai-ping WANG Ying-rong LIU Xue-mei et al.
    2000, 22(4):  1-4.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.001
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    In the southern part of west Sichuan Basin, the Jurassic is composed of red clastic sediments with a huge thickness, having no petroleum generating potential. However, a large number of Jurassic gas reservoirs with small to medium reserves have been found. Based on the groundwork laid by previous researches on the source of these gases, a study was made on the migration
    traces through analyzing the natural gas composition, hydrocarbon concentrations in the rocks, light hydrocarbons (C4-C7) in the condensate, and chromatographic features of saturated hydrocarbons from the reservoir extracts. It is concluded that the hydrocarbons were generated in the Xu5source rock of the Upper Triassic, and migrated vertically, via Ziliujing Formation of the Lower Jurassic and then Shaximiao Formation of the
    Middle Jurassic, into Penglaizhen Formation of the Upper Jurassic. It is also suggested that the faults enhanced development of fractures and improved connectivity both within and between the sand bodies and promoted vertical hydrocarbon migration. Results of the present work reveal a prosperous domain of exploration for shallow gas reservoirs in the area under study.
    INVERSE MODEL OF CAPILLARY PRESSURE CURVE FOR SANDSTONE RESERVOIR ROCKS
    LIAO Ming-guang FU Xiao-wen
    2000, 22(4):  5-8.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.002
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    The pore throat size distribution of reservoir rock is an important parameter used in reservoir evaluation. The porosity and permeability of reservoir are synthetically macroscopic reflection of microscopic reservoir pore structure characteristics. Through analyses of mercury injection data and poroperm data of 393 sandstone samples collected from Tuha, Liaohe, Shengli and Sichuan oil and gas fields in China, it is found that for sandstone reservoir rocks there exists a close relationship between porosity and permeability (especially permeability) and pore volume distribution by characteristic throat sizes. Based on this realization, inverse models of capillary pressure curve, i.e. the
    predictive model of reservoir pore throat distribution, are established. These models can solve the problem encountered in the study of reservoir pore structure where that is a shortage of mercury injection data or core samples for some layers or some wells of an area. Also, these models can help correctly evaluate heterogeneity of reservoir pore structure.
    CHARACTER AND ORIGIN OF OVERPRESSURE IN KELA 2 GAS FIELD
    ZHU Yu-xin SHAO Xin-jun YANG Si-yu et al.
    2000, 22(4):  9-13.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.003
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    The overpressured Kela 2 gas field is characterized by:overpressured reservoir intervals overlain by very thick salt and gypsum-argillaceous beds of the Paleogene which are of good sealing capability; wide extent of gasbearing area and very large reserve; key roles played by faults in pool-forming and gas accumulation. Tectonic uplift and lateral compression are major factors responsible for the abnormal pressure. Late Himalayan movement caused formation uplift and denudation, whereas the pore pressure was maintained by vertical and lateral sealing boundaries, resulting in development of overpressure.Later, this overpressure was further enhanced by the lateral
    compression stress.

    A STUDY OF THE SEDIMENTARY FACIES OF SHANXI FORMATION IN JIAXIANZIZHOU AREA
    YANG Man-ping WANG Xing-zhi LI Ling et al.
    2000, 22(4):  14-17.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.004
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    The deposition of Shanxi Formation in Jiaxian- Zizhou area, Ordos basin belongs to a lacustrine deltaic depositional system which evolved from the transitional facies of Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation. The deltaic deposition can be divided into delta plain and delta front subfacies. Microfacies of the delta plain consist of channel, levee, coal-bearing swamp and depression between channels, and crevasse splay. Microfacies of the delta front include subaqueous distributary channel, channel mouth bar, distal bar, subaqueous levee, frontal sheet sand, and interdistributary bay. By studying these microfacies, the evolutional process of the depositional environment and the approximate extension of the sand bodies are envisaged. The results of this work can be used for better exploration targeting and estimation of hydrocarbon reserves in the area.
    OPTIMIZED LOG INTERPRETATION FOR CARBONATE RESERVOIRS IN TARIM BASIN
    WANG Yong-jun XIA Hong-quan CHEN Ke-gui et al.
    2000, 22(4):  18-21.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.005
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    In Tarim basin, the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs are low in matrix porosity and complex and highly variable in terms of occurrence and distribution of fractures and vugs, which often renders great difficulties to routine log interpretation. In this paper, an optimization method of log interpretation is proposed to cope with such difficulties. In the method, an objective functions is built on the basis of log response equations and error theory, and multidimensional changing- scale method is combined with single - dimensional parabola - interposing method, with the algorithms properly modified. About 40 wells were processed point by point by using the method, and the results have been satisfactory, showing promising applicability of
    the method in carbonate reservoir log interpretation.

    石油工程
    CHANGES OF RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS DURING LTRA-HIGH WATER CUT PERIOD: SHUANGHE OILFIELD
    YANG Xiao-pei FENG Yi LU Xiao-ou et al.
    2000, 22(4):  22-25.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.006
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    Taking a typical glutenite reservoir—Shuanghe oilfield as an example, the authors of this paper made an investigation into the regularities of changes in poroperm parameters, pore structures and fluid flow characteristics of glutenite oil reservoirs during ultra-high water cut period. Sealed cores from oil wells were examined, and waterflood experiments with long cores from the oilfield were performed. Results show that reservoir poroperm parameters, pore structures and fluid flow characteristics change drastically with increased levels of waterflooding. It is pointed out that development strategy should be adjusted accordingly in late development phase of such reservoirs.
    A NOVEL METHOD OF CALCULATING WATER-FLOODED GAS IN PLACE AND WATER INFLUX OF WATER RIVE GAS RESERVOIRS
    WANG Nu-tao HUANG Bing-guang ZHANG Cong-jun et al.
    2000, 22(4):  26-27.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.007
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    In water drive gas reservoirs, especially large water influx gas reservoirs, the water influx helps to maintain the reservoir pressure, and thus maintain gas productivity at initial productivity, at least until water breakthrough. As a result, the process directly affects the recovery. Therefor, it is of great importance to obtain accurate data of dynamic gas in place and water influx
    of the gas reservoir so as to make correct performance forecast.
    In this paper, a novel method is proposed. In the method the measured formation pressure and production data are used to build an objective function, and least square best-fitting is performed to obtain automatic matching, and thus the dynamic gas in place and water influx of the gas reservoir can be calculated directly. Comparative analyses of the results from this and other methods indicate that the proposed method is simpler and easier to use as well as accurate and reliable.
    METHODS OF ANALYZING WATER DRIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF IGNEOUS RESERVOIRS
    SONG She-min
    2000, 22(4):  28-29.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.008
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    Igneous reservoirs are complex and exhibit a wide variety.And accordingly, water flood responses of the individual lithofaies zones are different, which renders difficulties for harnessing in later-phase development. It is proposed in this paper that water-cut curves of oil wells can be used to analyze the waterflood character so as to increase water drive efficiency. The method has been applied to the Abei andesite oil reservoir, with four types of water encroachment recognized. Based on such analyses, adjustments were made to the waterflood performance and markedly increased water drive efficiency was obtained.
    THE EFFECT OF NON-DARCY FLOW ON DEVELOPMENT OF WEN BA GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIR
    WANG Guang-lan LI Yun
    2000, 22(4):  30-32.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.009
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    Non-Darcy flow is often called turbulent flow, and it may occur in high gas flow areas near the wellbore. Gas condensate reservoir differs from oil reservoir or gas reservoir in that a series of phase behavior will occur in a condensate reservoir as pressure decreases during development. With pressure dropping down quickly around the well, condensation of oil takes place, leading to the plugging of pores. To better evaluate the influence of non Darcy flow in the Wen Ba reservoir, degrees of turbulent effect on the development performance were analyzed, and development plans based on simulative calculations using different turbulent factors were compared. The results show that the effect of non-darcy flow to development is remarkable in Wen
    Ba.
    APPRAISAL OF TARIM OILFIELD PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY AND RESEARCH OF SINGLE-WELL ECONOMIC LIMITS
    LIAN Zhang-gui JIANG Tong-wen XIAO Jun et al.
    2000, 22(4):  33-36.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.010
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    Appraisal of oilfield production efficiency demonstrates the critical change of oilfield development from production-oriented to benefit-oriented style, and provides valuable parameters in determining investment, lowering cost and improving oilfield economic benefits. With the en single-well’s try of Tarim oilfield’s produce to medium to high water cuts, according to single-well’s different technical and economical conditions, this paper establishes model and chart for the present economic minimum flow rate, maximum water cut, and well-stimulation economic minimum oil increment in single-well. These results gave a convenient tool for appraisal of well production and stimulation.
    WELL TEST MODEL OF LOW-VELOCITY NON-DARCY LOW IN SPECIAL EXPLOITATION SITUATIONS
    JIA Yong-lu LI Yun WU Xiao-qing et al.
    2000, 22(4):  37-40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.011
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    For many reasons, there is gate pressure gradient problem in the low permeability reservoirs, i.e. only the reservoir pressure gradient is larger than the gate pressure gradient, can the fluid flow in the porous media. Because of the existence of gate pressure gradient, the flow rate will decrease at the same production pressure drop. Generally speaking, in order to increasing deliverability of low permeability reservoirs, larger scale acid or hydraulic fracture activities is needed to increase permeability near the wellbore and to overcome the influence of gate pressure gradient. Based on this realization, a new, composite flow model is developed in the present work. The model is composite in that the flow near the wellbore is treated as Darcy flow in
    double porosity media while the flow farther away from the wellbore is considered as low-velocity non-Darcy flow with gate pressure gradient problem. The solution of this composite model is derived, the transient pressure behavior is analyzed,and the type curves of well test are presented.
    APPLICATION OF AUTOMATED MATCHING BASED ON HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHM TO FINITE-CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURED WELL
    DUAN Yong-gang CHEN Wei HUANG Chen SU Neng-yi YAN Bin et al
    2000, 22(4):  41-43.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.012
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    Fracturing is the primary stimulation measure for low permeability reservoir and well test is an important way for postfractured evaluation. In this paper, the complete reservoir and wellbore couple model was set up through the combination of line source model, which derived from source function of finite
    -conductivity fractured well, with the skin damage factor Sf of fracture face. We have solved the model by employing boundary element and obtained good results through the application of automated matching typical curve of well test based on hybrid genetic optimization method.
    STUDY ABOUT THE CROSS-FLOW SPEED CALCULATION FOR TRICONE BIT IN BOTTOM
    XIONG Ji-you;YUAN Qi-ji DENG Ming-chuang et al.
    2000, 22(4):  44-47.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.013
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    The cross flow speed in bottom is the main factor to dispose of rock fragment and clean well-bore bottom. This paper established the well - bore bottom plane source - source superposition physical model for cross-flow field of triclinic combination jet flow of tricone bit. Based on hydromechanical basic
    principles, point - source scattering physical model in well bore bottom plane with vertical single nozzle jet, and source convergence superposition physical model in well - bore bottom plane incline single nozzle jet, mathematical model was drawn .It includes almost all design about tricone bit having truck with
    cross flow field in well bore bottom plane. The calculated results of the cross flow speed and distribution in well - bore bottom plane coincide with field and experiment results, the paper also provides a theoretical support for design of the tricone bit and the hydraulic parameters.
    RESEARCH ON RESERVOIR SUITABILITY OF ASP IN DA QING OILFIELD
    LI Hua-bin WU Wen-xiang
    2000, 22(4):  48-51.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.014
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    The influence of both Dysktra- Parkson coefficient and formation rhythm on alkaline / surfactant / polymer (ASP) system has been investigated at length through the combination of numerical simulation with core flooding in the light of Da Qing specific reservoir conditions. The results showed that as long as the Dysktra-Parkson coefficient is less than 0.85, the recovery can go up by increasing the viscosity of ASP system to improve the oil-water mobility and swept volume. However, regarding serious heterogeneous formation, high viscous ASP system is required to control the oil-water mobility, which will
    consume a great deal of polymer, therefore the cost would go up greatly. Furthermore, due to gravity segregation, the ASP swept recovery is better than that of waterflooding within regular rhythm formation, while within negative rhythm formation,the ASP swept recovery is worse than that of waterflooding. In a word, Dysktra-Parkson coefficient and formation rhythm are two important factors which affect the application of ASP technology and we should pay much attention to them in oilfield test practice.

    RATION DISTRIBUTION OF OIL AND GAS IN THE PROCESS OF SINGLE WELL GAS-INJECTION
    ZHANG Lie-hui FENG Pei-zhen LIU Yue-ping LIU Chuan-xi CHEN Jun
    2000, 22(4):  52-55.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.015
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    In this paper, both relative permeability model and capillary pressure hysteresis model were established, and the existing black oil model was also improved, which can reflect more accurately the effect of real reservoir capillary force and relative permeability on numerical simulation. Single well Huff-Puff process includes gas injection, shut- in and producing periods.
    Based on the improved black oil model, we studied the oil and gas distribution characteristics of each period in the process.The results obtained have important practical meaning for guiding single well Huff-Puff of real horizontal formation.
    THE OPTIMAL SELECTION OF SAND CONTROL METHODS FOR LOW PRESSURE HEAVY OIL FIELD WITH AND PRODUCING PROBLEM
    LIU Liang-yue XIONG You-ming LIN Shoa-ling et al.
    2000, 22(4):  56-60.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.016
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    Sui Zhong 36-1 oil field is a low-pressure heavy oil field with high porosity and high permeability and unconsolidated payzones. According to the sand control criteria of on-site observation, experience, and mechanics calculation et al, the sand production will be the main problem of oil exploitation, and the
    sand control will be thekeypoints of oil development and formation damage control, As the Sui Zhong 36-1 oil field have multiple payzones with interbedded shale and water, the well completion method of inside casing gravel packing was selected finally. Our theoretical research and the experience at home and abroad shown that frac-pack can remove not only the skin factor of perforating crushed-zone damage but also all or most all
    drilling damage, at the same time, have the role of stimulation.So, the productivity of frac-pack completion is almost near to that of original one without damage. Thus it can be seen that frac- pack completion is the better sand control completion method for low-pressure heavy oil field with sand producing problem.
    油气化学工程
    RESEARCH ON A NEW ANTI-HIGH TEMPERATURE LUID LOSS ADDITIVE OF OIL-BASE DRILLING FLUID
    GAO Hai-yang HUANG Jin-jun CUI Mao-rong et al.
    2000, 22(4):  61-64.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.017
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    To solve the problem of high fluid loss of invert emulsion drilling fluid (water in oil ) under an elevated temperature (220℃)and high density(2.38g/cm3),a new fluid loss additive (FLA) XNTROL220 of oil base drilling fluid has been developed.XNTROL220 was prepared by pyrolyzing a lipophlic humic acid derivative (in inert gas) which was obtained by reacting a hydrophilic humic acid with amine. This FLA has good dispersion capacity and can reduce the fluid loss significantly in the invert emulsion drilling fluid. It can also be used as second emulsifier and thinner in oil base fluid systems.
    LABORATORY STUDY ON HEAT CAPACITY OF CENMENT SLURRY AND DRILLING FLUIDS
    HE Shi-ming XU Bi-hua HE Ping et al.
    2000, 22(4):  65-69.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.018
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    The circulating temperature is one of key factors that determine whether cementing is successful. In order to calculate the circulating temperature accurately, thermal physical property data of the cement slurry and drilling fluids have to be given exactly besides setting up mathematical model corresponding with reality in the wellbore. Firstly, a measuring device of heat
    capacity was developed according to electric current calorimeter method that is used to measure heat capacity of a liquid. Secondly, heat capacity at seventemperature scope was measured for fifteen kinds of cement slurry and two kinds of drilling fluids with five densities. Finally the influences of composition, density and temperature of the cement slurry and drilling fluids on the heat capacity were analyzed. Results indicate that the heat capacity is different at the same density and temperature when the composition of the slurry and mud is not identical; the heat capacity increases at any temperature when the density of the slurry and mud in the same composition reduces. For any cement slurry and drilling fluids, the heat capacity increases with temperature. In general, the heat capacity of drilling fluids is higher than that of cement slurry.
    COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION BY FUZZY MATTER-ELEMENT METHOD
    JING Jia-qiang LI Liang-jun XIONG Ren-hong et al
    2000, 22(4):  70-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.019
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    There are a lot of pollutant sources in oil and natural gas industry. They should be tackled in a comprehensive way in no time. The comprehensive evaluation of polluted extent, polluted range and damaged extent can provide scientific foundation for pollutants control. However, an evaluated method of fuzzy matter-element is presented because the concepts of polluted extent, polluted range and damaged extent themselves are fuzzy.
    The basic thinking of this method is to combine fuzzy analysis with matterelement analysis, build up several kinds of composite matter element according to the three main factors-polluted extent, polluted range and damaged extent and corresponding secondary ones and their weights, and then take mean and maximum and minimum of the value of fuzzy parameter corresponding to the weights of the main factors of environment pollution as evaluation indexes at the same time and make evaluated composite fuzzy matter-element. Take an accident of environment pollution occurred in the suburbia canal in certain county as an example, results have shown effectiveness of the method.
    基础理论研究
    EVOLUTIONARY MODELING BASED ON GENETIC MECHANISM
    CHEN Wei LI Yun DUAN Yong-gang et al.
    2000, 22(4):  73-75.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.020
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    Model building with observed data has two steps, which first determines model structure and is most hard, and then estimate parameters. Evolutionary modeling based on genetic algorithms can obtain a set of optimized models by simulating natural selection and evolutionary of organism. It will create a set
    of model expressions at random, and adjust their structures with eproduction, crossover and mutation operation, and estimate parameters simultaneity by nonlinear regression. The explicit simple models can be derived from evolutionary modeling and have superiority interpolation and extrapolation to artificial neural network.

    SOLUTION OF COMPOSITE RESERVOIR PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION MODEL
    LI Shun-chu LIU Ping-li ZHAO Li-qiang
    2000, 22(4):  76-79.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.021
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    To meet the need of composite reservoir performance analysis, a formation pressure distribution model is developed,which takes into consideration the effect of wellbore storage,skin factor and three kinds of outer boundary conditions—constant pressure outer boundary, closed outer boundary, infinite
    boundary. The exact solution of the model in Laplace space is obtained by using Laplace transformation and Bessel function,and the application of the solution is discussed in detail. The method of well testing directly in the Laplace space is particularly described, and the specific procedures of its application are presented.
    NEW ALGORITHM OF INTERIOR POINT TO SOLVE MOLP PROBLEMS
    ZHONG Yi-hua WANG Yu JIANG Mao-ze
    2000, 22(4):  80-83.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.022
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    According to the efficient anchoring point for generating search directions in interior multiobjective linear programming (MOLP), the paper presented the new affine-scaling interior MOLP algorithm. First the contribution rate of each objective function to optimal solution was found as the initial value, then
    a single - objective linear programming problem was solved and got an efficient anchor point with which to start the iterative process. During the iterative process, in light of the projected individual cost vectors (the coefficient of objective function) ,we can get the projected gradients and real contribution rates of them to optimal solution for the anchor point. Using these contribution rates, we generate a combined step direction along
    which the next step is taken. Before proceeding the next iteration, use the scale - weight transformation method in AHP to confirm whether anchor point is always efficient. Scale weight transformation method in AHP and affinescaling interior points algorithm reduced the number of efficient anchor
    points to one. The computing examples proved that this method is feasible.
    COMPREHENSIVE APPLICATION PLAN OF THE NATURAL GAS IN THE WEST
    ZHANG Bin LI shi-lun DAI Lei
    2000, 22(4):  84-87.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.023
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    The strategic plan of developing the west is being implemented, under the condition of protecting environment, acceleration of economy in the west will depend on enhancement of natural resource application and the convert of resource superiority to economic one. There is a huge natural gas resource, and the situation of natural gas industry is promised well. The natural resource takes up76% oftotal one on shore , one of strategic key points is to accelerate development and comprehensive application of natural gas and develop superior industries. The key to accelerate the development of natural gas is comprehensive application and expand markets , implementation of the gas in the west transporting to the east, and exploration of chemical engineering products and plan.
    MARKET VISION AND STRATEGY OF NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY
    LI Hong-xun SHUN Qi-rui
    2000, 22(4):  88-91.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.024
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    In order to promote the development of natural gas industry stably and quickly,and further penetrate the markets ,based upon description of the current situation of natural gas market,the potential markets are analyzed and predicted by elastic perimeter methodology, very bright market prospective of natural gas industry is foreseen. Meanwhile, the issue existing in the industry Shown by comsumption structure and final price, is indicated. In enhancing exploration and development and market incubation, cooperation with foreign countries to mutually develop natural gas industry and to accelerate the development of the industry will make the industry market-oriented and globalized.
    经济管理及其它
    RESEARCH ON COST OF PETROLEUN COMPANIES
    LI Lei-ming
    2000, 22(4):  92-95.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.025
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    The petroleum companies have popularized cost managementsince 1999,it has become necessary to research the theory about cost management. The first part of this paper introduces the formation of the responsibility and forms. The second part explains how the cost is operated. The third part discusses four principles that the petroleum companies must follow when they set up a cost management. The four principles are that the responsibility of the cost management must be definite, the pay must consider the performance, the cost center’s authority must be equal to its responsibility and only examine the cost center’s controllable cost. The forth part puts forward six indicators of a successful cost center of a petroleum companies. The cost center must have a reasonable structure and it must give the cost strategic, all-sided, general and principal control and its basic work of cost management must be all-around.
    THE ARCHITECTURE FORM CONSTITUTE IN A SPECIAL ENVIRONMENT
    CHEN Jian-ping
    2000, 22(4):  96-98.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.04.026
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    The architecture form constitute in the open field without any limitation often makes the designers not know what course to take . But the form constitute in the special environment makes the designers feel difficult to hold it because oftoo many restrictions .In this paper .We determine the viewpoint of environment coordination with logic. Beginning with the analysis on the special environment and a section of an area, We studied in detail on the inherent functions and chracteristics of the constructions. Taking the new teaching building of South Wet Petroleum Institute as an example, We put forward to the architecture form constitute method with certain restrictions in order to reach the goal of entire environment unified, But not lacking of personality. So a new sequence and a new equilibrium during the dynamic developments are established.