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    20 April 2000, Volume 22 Issue 2
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    石油工程
    STRUCTURE REVERSAL HISTORY OF ERLIAN BASIN IN INNER MONGOLIA
    MA Xin-hua XIAO An-cheng
    2000, 22(2):  1-4.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.01
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    Erlian basin underwent a complex development history in Mesozoic and is a multi-folded basin system. It was once a little-scale rift-subsidence basin in early-mid Jurassic, a structural reversal basin in late Jurassic (accompanying strong volcanism), a lager-scale rift subsidence basin in early cretaceous and a structural reversal basin in late of early cretaceous. The region has been in a wholly lifting state since late cretaceous.

    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STATIC ALKALI CONSUMPTION OF S27 SANDS FROM THE MIDDLE PART OF THE SECOND DISTRICT IN KELAMAYI OIL FIELD
    CHEN Zhong XIONG Xiao-yun ZHAO Jing-song TANG Xiao-yong SUN Li-de ZHAO Ai-guo
    2000, 22(2):  5-7.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.02
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    Sand beds from the t2k1in middle part of the second district in kelamayi oil filed was selected. Static alkali consumption tests were completed at different temperatures (30c, 50c) and solid/liquid ratios 1/2(g/ml), 1/5(g/ml (1/10(g/ml) for 8hours, 120 hours and 360 hours respectively. Absolute alkali onsumption was calculated for each test. Results show absolute alkali consumption increases while temperature goes up and solid/ liquid ratio decreases. Absolute alkali consumption for sands in NaOH solution is much lager than that in Na2CO3. But the relationship between absolute alkali consumption and alkali, temperature and reaction time will be affected by solid/liquid ratios.

    THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PREDICTION MODEL ABOUT RESERVOIR PORE AND THROAT VOLUME DISTRIBUTION IN SHENGBEI, TUHA OILFIELD
    LIAO Ming-guang CAI Zheng-qi
    2000, 22(2):  8-10.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.03
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    Distribution of the pore and throat of reservoir is important content in reservoir study. Through capillary pressure curve study of sand stone reservoir in beisheng area, tuha oilfield, a new approach to establish reservoir pore and throat volume distribution is put forward. The model will be helpful to solve the problem resulted from lacking of mercury injection samples or core data in reservoir pore structure, and correctly evaluate the heterogeneity of reservoir pore structure in the area.

    THE EFFECT OF STEAM FLOODINGON PORESTRUCTURE AND RESERVOIR MINERALS
    TANG Hong-ming ZHAO Jing-song CHEN Zhong SHEN Ming-dao CAI Li-wen TANG Qing-shan
    2000, 22(2):  11-14.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.04
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    This paper shows the effect of steam flooding on pore structure and reservoir minerals in Lian-hua reservoir of Liaohe Gaosheng oil field based on lab simulation and core analysis.The pore structure of reservoir media are studied to compare with heat simulation experiments. Steam flooding will lead to the increase of porosity and pore diameter, and the decrease of pore throat and permeability. Thus, the heterogeneity of pore structure becomes more serious .Steam has strong effect on the microstructure of the clay minerals . The experimental tests prove that new minerals, such as smectite and zeolite, will be formed at 250℃. However, the heavy oil can easily carry fine particles(<4μm) ,and finally the content of smectite in reservoir will decline .The main factors of formation damage during the steam flooding are particle migration and swell of smectite.

    PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF Y8-Y10RESERVOIR IN YAN-AN FORMATION, CHENG-HUA AREA
    SONG Guang-shou YANG Ji ZHANG Zhi-guo WEI Hong-mei
    2000, 22(2):  15-17.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.05
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    Cheng-hua slope oil field is located in the south of the shan gan ning basin, the braided and meandering river deposition of yan-an formation is overlying on the old erosion surface of yan-chang formation, the area is characterized by apparent mark layers and recycle, main pay zones areY8-Y10members. The relation between the distribution of prosity and permeability and sedimentary micro-facies, classifications of reservoir and relations between pore structure characteristic and physical property are mainly discussed in the paper.

    RESERVOIR GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE SOURCE ROCKS IN LOW PALEOZOIC IN DAGANG REGION
    JIANG Ping YU Xue-min
    2000, 22(2):  18-20.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.06
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    Well Kong 3 is located in Kong buried ancient mountain structure in dagang exploration region, research shows that oil in the well is from source rocks of Ordovician, geochemical analysis indicates that the average organic carbon of Ordovician limestone is 0.14%, chloric bitumen A is 0.11%, total hydro carbon is 57.6 ppm, which means bottom limits of organic rich ness of source rock have been reached, and data from some rocks have been ranked in good to relatively good range. The kerogen is mainly typeⅡ1,Ⅰ1andⅡ2, most of organic samples belongs to matured to highly matured evolution. This shows an important significance for exploration of primitive reservoir in dagong region.

    APPLICATION OF FRACTAL THEORY IN THE STUDY OF MICRO-STRUCTURE
    HE Yan PENG Wen WU Nian-sheng
    2000, 22(2):  21-23.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.07
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    Prediction of depth between wells is a key issue in micros-structure study. The seismic data can not predict the depth of formation with a thickness of 15 meters or less, but the fractal theory can be successfully applies. The process to fulfill predicting parameter between wells include: trend surface analysis of the depth; calculation the fractional dimension H ; calculation of the residual error of every point and prediction of the value by trend value combining residual error. The result of predicting the thickness of DJL reservoir has verified the validity of the method. Drilling data indicates that’s microstructure map plotted with the method can effectively predict the distribution of residual oil.

    THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ORDOVICIAN RESERVOIR IN EAST UPWARDING AND VICINITY IN LIAOHE BASIN
    LI Ling FANG Shao-xian WANG Xing-zhi HOU Fang-hao HUANG Shu-fang
    2000, 22(2):  24-26.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.08
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    On the foundation of thin- section identification, cast analysis, special seismic treatment and experience data, this paper studies the characteristics of Ordovician reservoir in east upwarding and vicinity in liaohe basin, the contents include the lithologic characteristics, reservoir space types, porethroat structure and physical property. The authors conduct the further probe on the major factors, which control reservoir formation. The favorable factors include dolomizatopn and segmentation. In the end, authors point out Ordovician crust of weathering will be the important target in the further exploration.

    HIGH IRRITABLE WATERS SATURATION AND LOW RESISTIVELY RESERVOIR LOGGING INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUE
    ZUO Yin-qing HAO Yi-ling AN Xia ZHOU Mingshun　
    2000, 22(2):  27-31.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.09
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    According to NMR and capillary pressure data, combining jizhong geologic and well test data, well logging interpretation technique is put forward for low resistively reservoir under the condition of complicated geology and reservoir irritable water saturation test method based on NMR logging. By two years application in northern china oil field, the technique can easily and quantitatively evaluate low resistively reservoir resulted from high irritable water saturation, a satisfactory result is achieved.

    DIFFERENCE BETWEEN APPROXIMATE AND PRECISE MIRRORREFLECTIONS IN TRANSIENT WELL TEST
    WANG Nu-tao MA Xiao-ming HUANG Bing-guang LI Shun-chu ZHANG Tong
    2000, 22(2):  32-33.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.10
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    We must find out the accurate distances to faults at first to determine where we can drill nearby reservoir faults. But among all the modern well test interpretation models, the distances to faults are obtained based on approximate mirror reflection theory which usually brings bigger error. However, we can solve this problem by precise mirror reflection model presented in this paper. The field case study proved that the curve matching based on precise mirror reflection model is much better, the distances to faults more accurate which are very useful to oil field development. The results must be revised if approximate mirror reflection model are applied.

    APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHM IN PROUCTION FORECAST OF OILFIELD
    WANG Guang-lan JIA Yong-lu KE Yi-hua HU Xue-mei
    2000, 22(2):  33-35.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.11
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    In the development plan making of oilfield, production forecast ties up to the success of reservoir development. It determines the developing scale and investment, and plays an important role in improving the developing efficiency and operation performance. There are many kinds of methods to forecast the production of oilfield, such as decline curve method, neural network method, and Poisson distribution method, etc. The key point to use all these methods is parameter estimation. The widely used methods are trial solution and the least square method. They need huge calculations and their results are less reliable. A new kind of intelligent genetic algorithm was employed to get the optimal parameter. Using it in the model has proved its reliability for production forecast of oilfield.

    A MODEL TO CALCULATE PRESSURE DROPS OHORIZONTAL WELLBORE VARIABLE MASS FLOW COUPLED WITH FLOW IN A RESERVOIR
    LIU Xiang-ping ZHANG Zhao-shun LIU Xiang-e GUO Shang-ping　
    2000, 22(2):  36-39.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.12
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    Pressure drops in horizontal wellbore influence production performance greatly. This paper analysis the property of horizontal wellbore single-phase variable mass flow coupled with flow in reservoir when a horizontal well is producing. The basic equation are derived to calculate the pressure drops of the flow within an open-hole and a perforated completion horizontals well bore based on the principle of conservation of mass and momentum. And the equation of flow in the reservoir is also derived using potential superposition principles. Based on this, a new model to calculate pressure drops in horizontal wellbore is developed. The results of the practical calculations are shown.

    STUDY ON THE DETERMINATION OF PRODUCTIVI TY INDEX AND FORMATION PRESSURE OF OIL WELLS
    LI Chuan-liang KONG Xiang-yan
    2000, 22(2):  40-42.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.13
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    In order to use well test information correctly, a theoretical study was conducted on the determination of productivity index(PI) and formation pressure from IPR curves. For pressure maintaining reservoir, because the external boundary pressure (Pe) keeps constant and the average pressure is a variable over the drainage area of the well, only Peand the productivity index Jo(Pe) of an oil well defined by Pecan be obtained from IPR curve. For depleting reservoir, because Peis a variable and the average pressure over the drainage are a keeps constant, only and the productivity index Jo(P) of an oil well defined by can be obtained from IPR curve.

    TWO DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FRACTURING FLUID LEAKOFF
    LI Yong-ming JI Lu-jun GUO Jian-chun ZHAO Jin-zhou
    2000, 22(2):  43-45.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.14
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    Combining reservoir engineering method and numerical simulation technology, accounting for the non-Newtonian behavior of fracturing fluid and the 2 dimensional flow of filtrate during fracturing operation, a 2D dynamic leak off model of non-Newtonian fracturing fluid was established. Numerical method was employed to solve this model and the simulation results were compared to that of 1D model. It shows that, the leak off rate calculated at the consideration of that fracturing fluid leak off flows in the direction that perpendicular to the fracture face is smaller than that of 2D flow, and their difference increases with formation permeability. The 2D model is more reasonable. Because the non-Newtonian behavior of fracturing fluid and the 2D flow were accounted, this model is more applicable and its simulation results are closer to field. It can reduce the fracturing operation venture and increase the reliability of fracturing design.

    FINITE ELEMENT MODELS CREATED AND MESHED IN PERFORATED COMPLETION
    LIAN Zhang-hua MENG Ying-feng TONG Min
    2000, 22(2):  46-49.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.15
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    The basic methods of 2D, 3D finite- element thermal models created and meshed have been introduced in the paper. Simulating fluid-flow field with thermal field, the materials of well hole and perforated tunnel are simulated by the same conductivity material, the thermal conductivity is infinitely great with respect to the conductivity of formation, it can simulate the fluid-flow field of the whole perforated completion. The 2D and 3D models can be used to study the velocity in the perforated tunnel, the fluid - flow velocity of out boundary of crushed zone, fluid-flow pressure field, the flow rate of whole size well and the production rate, with or without drilling dam age and crushed zone. A general program of the meshed models has been written with APDL computer language. it provides practical FEM meshed models for the optimal design and production rate prediction of perforated completion, and also provides a brief method for the research area.

    APPLICATION OF THE CEMENTING QUALITY EVALUATION BY USE OF THE MULTIPLE COMPREHENSIVE JUDGEMENT METHOD
    LI Hong-qian LI Jian-guo HE Yu-rong WANG Shao-xian
    2000, 22(2):  50-53.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.16
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    The cementing perfection rate is an important measurement to evaluate the cementing quality. Many factors affect ce menting perfection rate, mainly including three groups: well figure, mud property and cementing operation parameters. We uses one of the fuzzy methods - the multiple comprehensive judgement to evaluate the factors. Finally, the factor which play a decisive role is presented, it provides a theoretical support for cementing operation and how to adjust and control the drilling as well as how to determine cementing parameters.

    STUDY ON ANTI-EROSION CAPABILITY OF BLAST FURNACE SLAG USED IN MUD CHANGING TO CEMENT TECHNOLOGY
    GE Hong-jiang LIU Chong-jian XIE Ying-quan
    2000, 22(2):  54-56.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.17
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    With the development of mud changing to cement (MTC) technology, more attention is given to erosion of MTC slag block. In this paper, several probably erosion situation and mechanism of slag block are discussed. Laboratory testing results have showed that the slag block can resist erosion from NaCl、Na2CO3、Na2SO4 and MgSO4, but it is more likely corroded in acid medium such as NaHCO3solution. Many experiments are done in order to improve the resisting acid erosion capability of slag block. An effective way has been found that the resistant erosion capability in acid can be greatly enhanced by adding latex (10-15 percent of volume of mud) to slag slurry.

    油气化学工程与化工
    STUDY ON CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM IN SANDSTONE MATRIX ACIDIZING
    WANG Bao-feng ZHAO Zhong-yang XUE Fang-yu
    2000, 22(2):  57-61.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.19
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    It is identified that hydrochloric acid can increase the secondary reaction of H2SiF6 with alumino-silicates by testing Kaolinite powder and oilfield sandstone core displacement test.There is a chemical equilibrium among H2SiF6-AlFx(3-x)+ -HCl which can be used to control the stoichiometric of primary and secondary reaction of HF with alumino-silicates during sandstone matrix acidizing. Results have revealed that HCl can not only dissolve carbonate minerals in the reservoir but also control the equilibrium between aluminum and silicon fluoride in mud acid treatments. The higher the concentration of HCl, the lower F/Al ratio, and the less the secondary damage by acidizing.

    EFFECT OF CREEPING REVERSION OF POLYMER SOLUTION IN POROUS MEDIUM ON THE DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY
    PU Wan-fen PENG Cai-zhen YANG Qing-yan WU Xiao-ling HUANG Ai-bin
    2000, 22(2):  62-66.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.19
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    The creeping reversion experiments of 3 kinds of polymer solutions with different molecular weight were conducted in porous media. The porous media are 3 kinds of micro-model with different structures. They are capillary model, grid model and natural model. The relaxation time was obtained by matching the experimental data. Viscoelastic behaviors of polymer solutions with different molecular weight were evaluated by combining the relaxation time and flow rate variation ratio. The effect of creeping reversion on the oil displacement efficiency was laboratory investigated in artificial cores. Experimental results show that the relaxation time increase with molecular weight, and the flow rate variation ratio affected by the molecular weight. The creeping reversion property can be used to improve oil displacement efficiency.

    DESIGN OF ACIDIZING FLUID FORMULA ON RE-TARDING ACIDIZING TREATMENT IN SANDSTONE
    HUANG Zhi-yu HE Yan JI Shu-mei
    2000, 22(2):  67-69.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.21
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    A retarded acid system has been presented which can be used in sandstone formation. It consists of an organic acid and its ammonium salt, a phosphoric acid and an ammonium fluoride. Results have showed that this acidizing fluid has low reaction rate when reacting with quartz sand, carbonates and clay minerals compared with mud acid. It has good retarding effects especially in sandstone formation where high clay content exists. In addition, the framework of sandstone has not been destroyed after treatment and some metallic ion such as Fe3+ and Al3+ can be tied up so that the secondary precipitation will not occur.

    A NON-FLUORESCENT SHALE/FILTRATION CONTROLLER
    YANG Xu WANG Ping-quan LI Guang-yu
    2000, 22(2):  70-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.22
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    A non-fluorescent shale/ filtration controller, YW-22,has been synthesized which is a copolymer of a water-soluble cationic monomer and an oil-soluble monomer. The performance evaluation conducting in laboratory and oilfield has indicated that YW-22 is a multifunctional additive. It has excellent performance in fluid loss control and shale inhibition, and can be used in high temperature drilling system. MeanwhileYW-22 can decrease the friction factor (Kf) significantly in drilling fluids. Its non-fluorescent property has been testified in laboratory and is of importance for well logging.

    油气地面工程
    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DOWNHOLE MECHANICAL-PULSE GENERATOR
    CHEN Xiao-yu LIAN Zhang-hua JIANG Hong
    2000, 22(2):  73-76.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.22
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    The paper presents a mechanical-pulse generator, which is connected to the coupling. By the pressure drop of the cementing, the generator converts the liquid kinetic energy into the pressure pulsation, flow field disturbance, sound wave field, and so on. It results in changing the downhole flow field and flow status when the energy field passes through the liquid and attenuates, and it improves the displacement efficiency. Making use of the signal software, we did the waveform and spectral analysis for the results of the pulse experiment of the mechanical -pulse generator in laboratory, and tested the dynamic pressure of its axis center by the pressure transducer and data collecting system. It was proved that the pulse efficiency of the mechanical-pulse generator is remarkable.

    ELASTIC DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THICK WALL CYLINDER UNDER IMPACT LOAD
    TAO Chun-da ZHAN Ren-rui
    2000, 22(2):  77-79.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.23
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    Based on the elastic dynamic analysis of thick – wall cylinder under impact load with dynamic linear and non-linear finite element method(FEM), the change rules of stress, displacement, velocity of thick-wall cylinder were presented under impact load, the result of FEM is coincident with the analytical result. So we can conclude that the setup of the mechanic model is feasible, the calculating result is believable, and the result can be used for the elastic design of thick-wall cylinder under impact load, it also lays the foundation of elasto-plastical analysis of thick-wall cylinder under impact load.

    PRINCIPLE OF THE DECREASING WALL THICKNESS OF BOILER TUBE OF VAPOR GENERATOR
    LU Rui-dian WEI Lin-sheng LI Ru-zhong
    2000, 22(2):  80-83.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.24
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    On the base of the corrosive theory and the effected factors, this paper presented the phenomena shown in the article” The Failure Analyses of the Boiler Tube of vapor Generator”. The decreasing wall thickness of boiler tube of vapor generator mainly resulted in the inner wall corrosion of the tube, and then the radius cross section of the boiler tube produced fracture and sub-fracture, and the corrosive surface of the tube produced some erosion and cavitation. The paper introduced the principle of the decreasing wall thickness of boiler tube of vapor generator. Under the high temperature and high pressure, the metal in contact with the vapor-water formed the vapor-water corrosion, the tube wall is corroded and mainly produced iron oxide. The liquid heated in the tube produces a lot of bubbles when flowing, the oxidic film and metal base will be damaged when the bubbles break, .At the same time, stress and active anion will destroy the oxidic film. Corrosion is more serious duo to the solid particles and oxygen in the liquid. By the discussion in this paper, the corrosion and the decreasing wall thickness of boiler tube are understood clearly, and it provides a guide for the vapor generator application.

    FHERMAL CALCULATION OF HEATED CRUDE OIL PIPELINE AT SHUTDOW
    LI Chang-jun JI Guo-fu WANG Yu-chun
    2000, 22(2):  84-88.  DOI: 25
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    During the period of shut - down of a heated crude oil pipeline, the temperature drop of oil will make its viscosity rise and even result in the frozen pipeline, it will cause difficulty for restart of pipeline. The accurate temperature computation and solidifying simulation of oil in the pipeline are therefore essential both for estimating maximum allowable solidifying time of shut down and making restarting strategy of pipeline. In the light of the interaction of oil, pipeline and ambient media and their unstable heat transmission, considering temperature dependent on physical properties and phase change of oil, a mathematical model for thermal calculation is presented. By conformal transformation and cassette integration, this model can be used to do a series of numerical calculations, and analyze the cooling and solidifying law of the oil upon shutdown. As examples, the oil temperature change and solidifying process were calculated by this method, and satisfactory results have been obtained. Comparing this method with the others introduced in references and the measured results indicate that the model and algorithm derived here are more reliable.

    THE CLASSIFICATION MECHANISM OF MOURNED ECONOMIC PREDICTION METHOD
    WU Kai-song ZHANG Ming-quan
    2000, 22(2):  89-91.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.02.26
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    The main characteristics of mourned economic prediction, such as quantitativity facing data flow, grey, non-linear, dynamic and emulation etc, are analyzed. The tranditional classification method is briefly reviewed, and it is recognized the method can meet the requirement of modern economic prediction well. Then, according to predicting characteristic of modern economy, combining the development of modern mathematics, computer technology and IT etc. a new classification method of economic prediction is put forward, and the applying scope of the method in modern economic prediction descriped. Because of complicated and changeable modern economy, multiple prediction methods or dynamic emulation method is applied in prediction, so that the operation law can be reflected precisely, realistically and quickly.