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    20 February 2000, Volume 22 Issue 1
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    油气理论研究
    STUDY OF OSCILLATING PULSED JET INDUCED BY EXTERNAL EXCITATION SHEAR FLOW
    TANG Chuan-lin ZHANG Feng-hua YANG Lin et al
    2000, 22(1):  1-4.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.001
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    The oscillating mechanism of the jet induced by external excitation shear flow was described and the excitation condition was analyzed in this paper. Spectrum analysis was applied to investigate the pressure oscillations in the center of the jet which are measured in laboratory. It is shown experimentally that its oscillating amplitude is very large and the jet has broad frequen-
    cy, Its erosive effect is superior to that of the ordinary jet.

    RESEARCH ON THE FORMULATION OF FINITE DIFFERENCE METHODS FOR NON NEWTONIAN FLUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA
    ZHABG Maolin WU Qingsong LI Chuanliang et al
    2000, 22(1):  5-8.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.002
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    It is very difficult to solve the flow equations of non-Newtonian fluids by using analytic methods. The finite difference method is usually used to solve them numerically in engineering. In order to bringing some errors with the scalar component finite difference method of potential gradients to calculate the flow problem of non-Newtonian fluids in porous media. The paper presents the modular finite difference method of potential gradients. The defect of scalar component finite-difference method of potential gradients is also analyzed theoretically. That is the finite difference equations are not consistent
    with the differential equations of non- Newtonian fluids in porous media. Finally, a calculation example of Bingham oil was shown the numerical difference of the two methods.

    MECHANISM AND MODELING TECHNIQUE OF ASPHTENE PRECIPITATION
    LI Min SHUN Lei LI Shilun HE weipin
    2000, 22(1):  9-11(1.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.003
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    During IOR by gas injection, asphtene precipitation will commonly block the effect of IOR. In order to make the factor be taken into full consideration and to prevent from being loss when designing production and gas injection schemes, it is necessary to study the method for prediction of asphtene precipitation as to minimize or avoid the harm by the precipitation. On
    the bases of knowledge to asphtene precipitation, the paper presents technique for predicting asphtene precipitation through equation of state. Three phase flash equation and three phase flash algorithm which takes asphtene precipitation into account are used, which can not only simulate asphtene precipitation quantitatively, but calculate three phase equilibrium.

    A NEW MODEL SIMULATING HORIZONTAL FRACTURE EXTENSION WITH LEAKOFF EFFECTS
    JI Lujun HU Yongquan ZHAO Jinzhou TIAN Jidong
    2000, 22(1):  12-15.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.004
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    With the development of shallow reservoirs, horizontal fracture has emerged, and the research on horizontal fracture has become one of the most important aspects of hydraulic fracturing research. Many fruitful studies have been done on simulating horizontal fracture extension. But all the models neglect the effects of leakoff on the distribution of flowing rate and
    pressure in fracture, which significantly deviate from the practical simulation treatment. Combining the relative knowledge of hydrodynamics, elasticity mechanics and principle of material equilibrium, and based on cell mechanical analysis, this paper presents a new model simulating horizontal fracture propagation which takes the effects of leakoff on the distribution of flowing
    rate and pressure in fracture into account, and the numerical solution of the model by newton iteration is developed too. The calculating results show that the model and its solution are stable and reliable. Compared to the results calculated by those models neglecting the effects of leakoff, the model predicts a shorter and narrower horizontal fracture.

    油气藏与钻采
    STOCHASTIC SIMULATION AND COMPARISON OF SEDIMENTARY MICRO FACIES
    HU Xuetao LI Yun　
    2000, 22(1):  16-19.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.005
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    In order to discuss the adaptability, advantage and disadvantage of various stochastic simulation for sedimentary microfaces of reservoir are analyzed, and truncated gaussian simulation and sequential indicator simulation, which are generally used in quantitative description of reservoir, will be adopted to
    simulate the framework of faces of a low permeable reservoir for the comparative study of different simulation technologies. The results of stochastic simulation indicate: (1) the reliability of simulating result is quite different by different simulation methods;(2)sequential indicator simulation is a much more preferable way for the simulation of complicated heterogeneous reservoirs than truncated gaussian simulation, (3)the result of the former is more reliable matching with the true cases, while the latter shows a lower accuracy.

    EARLY RESERVE PREDICTION OF FRACTURE SYSTEM IN COMPLEX FRACTURE RESERVOIR
    HUANG Quanhua CAO Wenjiang LI Shilun
    2000, 22(1):  20-23.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.006
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    Da-An-Zai reservoir is a typical oil reservoir with low porosity, low permeability and serious heterogeneity, it has unique characteristic of geology and exploitation. So the conventional method of reservoir engineering can not be used or satisfactory results gained. But the calculation of reserve in fracture
    system is an urgent task all alone. This paper presents a method of reservoir influence function, a model of general RIF is developed, linear programming approach used to solve it numerically.The elastic volume capacity and reserve of fracture system etc.Using the IRF method are calculated. This approach can provide decisive and technological basis for progressive exploration and development, and give new way for the deepening research of reservoir engineering for fracture system.

    THE INFLUENCE OF MICRO STRUCTURES ON RESIDUAL OIL DISTRIBUTION
    HE Yan YU Hong WU Niansheng
    2000, 22(1):  24-26(3.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.007
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    Searching for residual oil is important for old oil field. By studying micro structure of oil reservoir, fault and the sealing,the paper points out the character of micro structures is very important factor to control distribution of residual oil. Based on the study, two potential areas were defined, (1) the positive micro structures, including the positive micro structures in low posi-
    tion;(2) the micro structures by fault, including sealing, hold and barrier of fault. By penetration of reservoir, it was indicated that determining the rich area of distribution of residual oil by micro structure is a valuable method; fault and micro structure of oil reservoir is very important factor to control residual oil. The positive micro structures of oil reservoir and fault are
    the area where residual oil is concentrated.
    TREATMENT STRATEGY OF DISEQUILIBRIUM AT ZERO-BALANCE CHECK OF RESERVOIR SIMULATOR
    ZHOU Hongbo LI Yun HU Yong YAUN Yahe
    2000, 22(1):  27-29.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.008
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    There is sever disequilibrium at zero-balance check in the commercial reservoir simulators introduced in recent years(including the ones from IMEX software by CMG, SIMBESTII and VIP- ENCORE by SSI). So far, there are no literatures
    that are published to deal with this problem. Two main reasons causing the above problem are discussed and analyzed, and the corresponding measures are also presented in the paper. The application shows that these measures can greatly reduce the degree of disequilibrium at zero-balance check, and ensure powerful reliability of the simulation model.

    OPTIMAL SIDE-TRACKED HORIZONTAL WELL COMPLETION METHODS IN HEAVY OIL AND HIGH POUR POINT RESERVOIR
    XIONG Youming TONG Min
    2000, 22(1):  30-35.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.009
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    The optimal side - tracked horizontal well completion method in heavy oil and high pour point oil reservoir has been researched, sand control and borehole stability criteria have been obtained, and the flow chart for the optimal side-tracked horizontal well completion methods have been derived. The perme-
    ability of packed sands outside the slotted liner has been measured by experiment, 16 kinds of mathematical models for calculating productivity of side-tracked horizontal well have been developed. The performance analysis method of production of horizontal well and the economic evaluation model are studied,and the computer software for the side-tracked horizontal well
    completion method have been established ,the software is commercialized.

    STUDY AND APPLICATION OF COMPLEX SLUGS WATERSHUTOFF TECHNIQUE
    YE Zhengrong HAN Xianqing PENG Kezong　
    2000, 22(1):  36-39.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.010
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    Based on the low cost and low agents of deep-water shutoff technique, we developed a complex slug deep-water shutoff technology. It is composed of two parts, one is movable weak gel (MWG), the other is a high strength gel (PFG) . The complex slug water shutoff methane is the combination of the
    MWG and PFG, through the core and core flooding experiments, the conclusion that the technique is excellent performance and suitable for deep water shutoff was drawn. And the technique was successfully put into operation In Kelamayi OilField. The tests in laboratory and in oilfield have shown that
    the complex-slug water-shutoff technology has a good future.


    SAND PRODUCTION AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY INTAINAN-SEBEI GAS FIELD, QINGHAI
    LI Binyuan WANG Chengwu
    2000, 22(1):  40-43.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.011
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    Tainan-sebei gas field is characterized by young formation, shallow bury, light compaction and loose structure, which is a main reason of sand production in this gas field. It has multi-gas layers with different depth, complex relation between gas and water. So, sand control becomes a significant problem. By
    data analysis, theory calculating and experiment, gas field sand
    production is very different on mechanism and direction. Mechanism of the gas field sand control is studied and a complete sand control technology is developed, and a satisfactory practical result is achieved.

    APPLICATION OF SIMULATED ANNEALING TO DESIGN STEAM RECYCLING AND PRODUCTION PARAMETERS
    WANG Jingrong LI Yun　
    2000, 22(1):  44-46.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.012
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    In the paper, a optimization, stimulated annealing is introduced to the optimal design of injection and production parameters in steam recycling, the method is simple in programming and independent on the selection of the initial point, and the dimensions of the problem are not restricted. 6 injection cyclics of
    a well are designed optimally, the optimal recycling parameters are defined and compared with the data in oilfield. The results indicate that the optimal design to injection-production parameters using simulated annealing is more apparent.

    TRANSIENT PRESSURE ANALYSIS OF FINITE-CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURED WELL FOR COALBED METHANE
    CHEN Wei DUAN Yong-gang XIE jun
    2000, 22(1):  47-50.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.013
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    Based on the characteristics of the pressure declining, desorption, diffusion and fluid flow in the process of coalbed methane from matrix of coal seam. Applying the non-equilibrium desorption methods in the paper, we studied the singlephase flow of coalbed methane in coal matrix and cleat, and es-
    tablished a new evaluation model for finite conductivity fractured well of coalbed methane. The paper described the effect of the factors of fracture face damage skin, adsorption, fracture storage, and interporosity flow on transient pressure performance. Finally, the characteristics of typical curves for coalbed methane and parameter estimation were discussed. It gets the
    reliable supports for coalbed methane reservoir development.

    LABORATORY STUDIES AND FIELD APPLICATIONS OF
    LI Zongtian HOU tianjiang SUN angcheng CHEN fei ZHAO Puchun et al
    2000, 22(1):  51-54.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.014
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    On the basis of analyzing the necessity of profile of control measurements in the development of Zhongyuan oilfield and present situation of industry”three wastes”(buck residue,waste pulp, saw wood ash),the feasibility of the profile control using these wastes has been studied. The tests for pore changes include core permeabilities,casting image, Hg pilo-pipe pressure
    cure, scanning electron microscopy. And tests inthe well site have been carried out. Results have shown that these”wastes”can be used in the profile control of Zhongyuan oilfield .Some improvement and suggestion have beenput forward.

    油气化学工程
    A NEW APPROACH TO CALCULATE CLAY BOUND WATER VOLUME AND CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY
    XIA Hongquan ZHANG Xianhui LIU Xiangjun
    2000, 22(1):  55-58.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.015
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    It is rather difficult to calculate clay bound water volume and cation exchange capacity from well log data. Based on modern nuclear magnetic resonance log (nmrl), porosity interpretation model is improved and ten a new approach to calculate the volume and capacity is pointed out by using cur data and con-
    ventional log data together. And some programs are developed and some well’s log curves from real formation are processed and interpreted point by point. Its result is satisfactory and showed this method excels conventional log interpretation

    DETERMINATION OF THE TYPES AND BOUNDARY LINE OF BOUND WATER ON CLAY SURFACE BY ION EXCHANGE
    WANG Pinquan
    2000, 22(1):  59-61.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.016
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    In accordance with wellbore instability induced by bound water on clay surface, the types and boundary line of bound water on clay surface is quantitatively determined by ion exchange.The results show that the bound water on clay surface includes strong bound water, loose bound water(osmotic bound water)and free water. The relative vapor pressure p/ps=0.9 or 0.98 is the special moisture, the fomer is the boundary line between
    the strong bound water and the loose bound water(osmotic bound water)on clay surface, the latter is the boundary line between the loose bound water and free water on clay surface.

    EFFECT OF ADSORPTION OF AMPHOTERIC PHENOLRESIN ON ζ POTENTIAL OF CLAY FACE
    JIANG Wei LI Jian LUO Pingya
    2000, 22(1):  62-65.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.017
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    The adsorption isotherm of amphoteric phenolresin (APR) on clay and the ζ potential of clay/water interface are determined. Effects of the concentration of APR, adsorption amount, net negative charge numbers in the APR molecular
    chain and the typeand concentration of inorganic salts on the ζ potential are studied. At the beginning the ζ potential increases with increasing the concentration of APR. When adsorption of APR reaches saturated state, the ζ potential reaches the maximum value. And if the concentration of APR increases continuously , the ζ potential decreases slowly. The more the saturated adsorption amount and the net negative charge numbers in the
    macromolecular chain, the higher the absolute value of ζ potential. |ζ| decreases linearly with increasing the logarithmic value of NaCl concentration. The influences of CaCl2 on ζ potential more obvious than NaCl, which conforms to the SchulzeHardy rule. The adsorption of APR on clay surfaces can allevi-
    ate the effect of inorganic salts on the ζ potential greatly.
    STUDY ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF POLYACRYLAMIDE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND ITS SELECTION
    KONG Bailing
    2000, 22(1):  66-69.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.018
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    The hydrolysis of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) at elevated temperatureis regarded as the primary mechanism of its chemical degradation and the essential factor when selecting it. The starch-cadmium iodide method is used to determine the hydrolysis degree of HPAM in fresh water and
    oilfield produced water during aging time at 75℃.The equations between hydrolysis degree of HPAM and aging time are established, which can be used to predict the values of hydrolysis degree at any aging time. In fresh water (PH=8.0),the hydrolysis rate is a constant, the mechanism of hydrolysis is between the autoaccelerated and autoretarded kinetics. In oilfield pro-
    duced water (PH=9.1), hydrolysis rate is decreased with aging time, the mechanism of hydrolysis obeys an autoretarded kinetics. The hydrolysis of HPAM is more rapid in oilfield provduced water than in fresh water. The hydrolysis rate and mechanism depends mainly on the PH of HPAM solutions and the temperature of reservoir. The aging of low hydrolysis degree
    HPAM solutions is a process of increasing viscosity and that of high hydrolysis degree HPAM solutions is a process of decreasing viscosity. The long-term thermal stability of HPAM solution would be improved by selecting the low hydrolysis degree HPAM.

    SELENIUM CATALYZED CARBONYLATION TO CARBONIC ACID DERIVATIVES
    ZHENG Yan JIA Zhaoxia ZHANG Shanyan
    2000, 22(1):  70-73.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.019
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    Carbonic acid derivatives (such as ureas,carbamates and carbonates)have been conveniently synthesized by selenium catalyzed carbonlylation of nitrocompounds,amines, alcohols and phenols under mild conditions. The yields was satisfied and products was easy to be separated. The possible mechanisms were suggested. It was experimentally illustrated that it is help-
    ful to the carbonylation reaction in the presence of a little water and the activator such as amines.

    SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF3 -(2'-CARBOXYETHYL )BENZO[B]-THIOPHENE
    LIANG Fashu LI Jianbo JIA Zhaoxia
    2000, 22(1):  74-76.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.020
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    A new synthetic method of 3-(2’-carboxyethyl)benzo [b]thiophene is developed, which can reduce side effects and achieved higher yields. The synthetic reaction of 3-chloromethyl benzo[b]thiopene took place under room tempera-ture. Homogeneous decarboxylation was carriedout under heat-
    ing by using sodium methoxide instead of sodium hydride and
    N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent. Meanwhile,the structure of 3-(2’-carboxyethyl)benzo[b]thiophene was confirmed by testing melt point, NMR, Mass Spectrometry and elementary analysis .

    油气地面工程
    THERMAL CALCULATION OF BURIED OIL PIPELINE IN PERMAFROST ZONE
    LI Changjun JIANG Maoze JI Guofu
    2000, 22(1):  77-79.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.021
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    The warm oil will produce thawing of ice rich soil adjacent to the pipeline when it crosses through permafrost zone, resulting in thaw settlement of the pipeline and variation of soil properties. Therefore, it is necessary for us to calculate on thawbulb growth below a warm buried pipeline for pipeline design,construction and management. According to the effect of hot
    pipeline on the soil and the heat transmission of semi - infinitesoil, the paper presented a mathematical model that analyzed the thaw bulb. The characteristic equation of calculating thethaw bulb was drawn by mathematical simplification, and a satisfied solution was obtained by difference method. The method in this paper is proved feasible by a practical example.

    OIL AND GAS PIPELINE SPAN CALCULATION ABOUT HIGH PRESSURE AND LARGE DIAMETER
    DENG Daoming XU Li
    2000, 22(1):  80-83(8.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.022
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    Based on geometrical non-linearity, considering the influence of equivalent axial force (S0 ) on the deflection of pipeline,the paper presented the equations with or without anchor blocks at both ends for calculating static and dynamic strengths of aerial crossing pipelines. The equations for the pipelines with anchor blocks are explicit. As for the pipelines without fixed anchors at both ends, it is regarded that the lateral and longitudinal resistance of soil to buried pipelines is proportional to the lateral and longitudinal displacements of pipelines, respectively.Calculations of internal forces and deformations are reduced to the solution of two nonlinear equations, and natural frequencies
    of pipelines are determined from the characteristic equations.The explicit criterion S0 either compressive or tensional was presented. The paper described the verified examples of the static and dynamic strengths.
    DEVELOPMENT OF UNITS MIXING FOREIGN SUBSTANCES IN FLOOD WATER
    DENG Maoyun WU Kaisong XONG Hanqiao
    2000, 22(1):  84-86.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.023
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    Based on how to make the additional substances in flood water keep uniform distribution during long-time experimental process, we developed the units of mixing additional substances in flood water. This paper briefly introduced the flow chart of the experiment in which different additional substances in flood
    water are how to jam core and its rules, and presented the structure composition, the operation principle, and the design of main elements of high-pressure vessel with stirrer in the experiment. By testing and checking the sample vessel with stirrer, its functions and results indicated that the unit runs reliably, makes the additional substances suspend uniformly in flood
    water, and keeps the flood-water pressure steady. Finally it improved the permeability of flooding water.
    基础理论
    ON THE BEST APPROXIMATION BY SPECIAL TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES
    XIAO Wei
    2000, 22(1):  87-89.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.024
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    This paper investigated the best approximation for odd function f(x)∈C2πby trigonometrical series, the conclusion was drawn: if Fourier Coefficients on f(x) is O regularly varying quasimonotone , then.

    经济管理
    THE CURRENT SITUATION AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF CHINA NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY
    LI Hongxun SHUN Qiriu SHONG Xiaodong
    2000, 22(1):  90-94.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2000.01.025
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    The paper introduces the basic situation of china’s resource, production, usage, pipeline system and price of the natural gas industry, and compares the development with the world gas industry, analyzes the existing problems in china natural industry development. At last, strategy, policy, target and measurement of china natural gas industry development are put forward.