Based on grounded theory, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 39 adolescents using the interview method to reveal the structure of adolescents′ proactive health behaviors and their influencing factors. The results indicate that health-promoting behaviors consist of four categories: healthy lifestyle, health maintenance and prevention behaviors, stress management and psychological adjustment, and positive interpersonal interactions. Health-harming behaviors comprise three categories: unhealthy lifestyle, psychological health problems, and risky behaviors. The promoting factors for proactive health behaviors among adolescents mainly include four categories: family factors, school factors, interpersonal factors, and individual factors. The hindering factors mainly consist of four categories: school factors, interpersonal factors, individual factors, and objective environmental factors. The findings of this study provide important insights for further enhancing adolescents′ proactive health behaviors.