Table of Content

01 June 2013, Volume 35 Issue 3

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Sedimentary Facies Analysis in Tongbomiao Formation of
Tarbell Depression

Shan Jingfu1，2, Chen Xinxin2, Le Jianghua3, Ge Daiwei2, Feng Guangye4

2013, 35(3):  1-8.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 001

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Based on the study of core observation，electrofacies，granularity of sediments，spatial distribution of sand body
and modern type of river deposition，we conclude that the study area belongs to shallow water basin which was full of sand
body，and the sand-carrying ability of the water was strong. Sediment supply rate was much higher than the growth rate of
accommodation space，so the target strata accumulation style was characterized by the anti-cycle. In addition，by utilizing core
facies，heavy mineral and ratio data of sandbody and so on，sedimentary facies are predicted again. The results show that fan
delta and lake facies are the two major sedimentary facies in the Lower Cretaceous Tongbomiao Formation starta，and a new
round of drilling has been confirmed. The study of sedimentary facies in Tarbell Depression has laid a foundation for future
exploration.

Palaeogeomorphology and the Rule of Oil & Gas Distribution of Toutunhe
Formation of Jurassic in Chepaizi Area

Wei Hong1, Chen Qiang2, Liao Wei2, Li Rui2, Ni Hualing1，3

2013, 35(3):  9-21.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 002

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By contrasting the 3-D seismic data of the well-tie area of Toutunhe Formation，we analyzed the stratigraphic
thickness changes and the distribution of stratigraphic pinch-out line，and researched about palaeogeomorphology characteristics
and structure unit with the method of stratigrapic thickness and seismic layer leveled. In addition，with tectonic evolution of
the cross-section and plan analysis we explored palaeogeomorphology evolution and features after transformation. Then the
analysis of the controlling role of palaeogeomorphology on deposition and lithology were made by taking into consideration
seismic attribute，sedimentary facies and downhole lithology，for the purpose of finding out the sedimentary facies and reservoir
lithological characteristics in this area. The palaeogeomorphology topography is characteristic of a combination of slope-ditchupheaval-
concave. Degree of slopes show certain effect on type of sedimentary facies，lithology and the sediments thickness.
The valley is lose sand channel，and also an important place for poly sand；modern sand body distribution is closely related
to valley spread direction. Based on the above analysis of geological characteristics and distribution of oil and gas reserve in
Chepaizi area，the authors point out the favorable zones for exploration and development.

Reservoir Characteristics and Diagenesis of the First-second Member
of Jialingjiang Formation in the Southeast of Sichuan Basin

Wang Yong

2013, 35(3):  22-30. 

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Based on the outdoors crop，core observation，thin section analysis，porosity testing，permeability testing and so on，
analyze the reservoir characteristics，diagenesis and the reservoir controlling factors of the first-second member of Jialingjiang
Formation in the southeast of Sichuan Basin in details. The reservoirs mainly exist in the grain limestone and dolomite and the
reservoir space is mostly secondary pores. Porosity of the first-second member of Jialingjiang Formation is mainly between
1.00% and 2.00% with the average porosity of 1.64%；its permeability is mainly between 0.010 mD and 0.200 mD. Porosity
and permeability of the First-second member of Jialingjiang Formation are low and the reservoirs are typical tight reservoir.
The reservoir had suffered complicated diagenesis such as depression，pressure solution，dolomitization，recrystallization，
cementation，fracture diagenesis before the porosity of reservoirs was reduced from more than 50% at the time of depositing to
less than 5%. Reservoir of the first-second member of Jialingjiang Formation is controlled by the Microfacies，diagenesis and
fracture.

Seismic Sedimentology Interpretation of Delta Strata in
Maichen Depression

Liu Hongyu1，2, Zhang Xianguo3, Lin Chengyan3, Zhang Tao4, Li Shuai5

2013, 35(3):  31-38.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 004

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Taking Paleogene delta strata of Liusan Formation in Maichen Depression as an example，this paper probes into
seismic sedimentology study method suitable for progressive exploration stage. The sedimentary environment of the study
strata is lacustrine delta with underwater distributary channel，distributary channel mouth bar，sand sheet and so on. A new
seismic attribute is created due to the thin and lateral-instable sand bodies，and sand distribution is predicted with multi-attributes
selection and well-calculated quantitative seismic attributes analysis，and thus a preliminary understanding of the microfacies
distribution is achieved. Then phase-rotating seismic profiles and classical seismic facies analysis are employed to get fine
sedimentary facies distribution. This study builds a practical seismic sedimentology study method and workflow which can be
used in microfacies study of progressive exploration stage in other oil fields.

Govern of Abnormal Pressure on Reservoir Diagenesis

Liu di1, Ding Xiaoqi1，2, Han Meimei3

2013, 35(3):  39-46.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 005

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Taking the Fu 3 interval reservoir in Zhangjiaduo Oilfield as an example，based on mechanism research of abnormal
pressure，we study the impacts of overpressure on diagenesis with the cast thin section，XRD and SEM. Results of this study
demonstrates the following：（1）Abnormal pressure caused by under compaction can slow the rate of compaction，so framework
grains of deeply buried reservoirs show point to line contact and intergranular pores are still main pores.（2）Illitization of
smectite can be slowed by reducing mass transport by convection because of closed diagenetic system relatively caused by
under compaction.（3）Quartz overgrowth and ferroan calcite cement are restrained by overpressures and closed diagenetic
system. There is a good relationship between pressure coefficient and reservoir physical property. So，high quality reservoirs
can be predicted by petrology and pressure analysis.

Comparison of the Reservoir Stochastic Modeling Methods for the
Underwater Distributary Channels in Shallow Water Delta

Yin Yanshu1, Wang Jin2, Wen Zhigang3, Pan Jingwen3

2013, 35(3):  47-51.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 006

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The underwater distributary channels in shallow water delta are simulated by using the sequential indicator simulation
method and multiple-point geostatistics simulation method in Chang 8 Formation of an oilfield in West China，respectively.
The simulation results show that the multiple-point geostatistics simulation method reproduces the channel geometries and
continuities，but the sequential indicator simulation method realization is of much more“noise”and discontinuities. Eleven
realizations are constructed and the reservoir volumes are calculated using both methods with the average volumes close to each
other，but the delta and deviation of the volumes of single normal equation simulation method is much smaller，which reveals
that the uncertainty of multiple-point geostatistics simulation method is less than sequential indicator simulation method. So
the multiple-point geostatistics simulation method contributes better to oilfield development.

Developmental Value of Oil Shale in the 7th Member of Middle Jurassic in
Yuqia Area，Qaidam Basin

Ma Xinmin1, Hao Haiyan2, Ma Feng1, Duan Guolu3, Cheng Yuhong1

2013, 35(3):  52-58.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 007

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Aimed at the 7th member of Middle Jurassic（J2d7）in Yuqia area，we undergo the solid mineral development and the
comprehensive utilizationstudy. Accordingly，this study firstly discussed the tectonic background and sedimentary environment
of the oil shale formed in Yuqia area based on the data from the field outcrop measured section，drilling，seismic data，sample
analysis，and so on. Then economic and technological evaluations for the oil shale deposit were made according to seismic
data and sample analysis. Assessment results show that the oil shale in Yuqia area is characteristic of high quality，shallow
burying and big reserve. Thus it has a great potential value for development. Finally，taking into consideration developmental
experiences in the world and the actual condition of Qaidam Basin，for the first time the strategy for mining and utilization of
oil shale deposit in Yuqia area is proposed in this paper

Tectonic Characteristics and Evolution of Meso-Cenozoic of Sun Basin
in North Huanghai Sea

Dong Jun1, Cao Jixiang2, Li Bin2, Zhao Liping2, Li Kai2

2013, 35(3):  59-66.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 008

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By re-processing the 2D seismic data，the layer distribution and fault system of Sun Basin are analyzed in this paper
and the construction pattern of fault system in the basin is built. Two sedimentation centers are first discovered，Jupiter Depression
sedimentation center and Uranus Depression sedimentation center，respectively. According to layer and logging data，the
tectonic evolution of Meso-Cenozoic has gone through Yanshan movement and the early and late Himalayan movement. The
three evolution phases are as follows：（1）transtension to compression torsion in Yanshan movement period of late Jurassic to
early Cretaceous；（2）continuing compression torsion of early Paleogene，transtension of middle Paleogene，press and uplift of
late Paleogene in Himalayan movement period，3) regional subsiding in Neogene and Cenozoic. The results provide valuable
reference for further work of petroleum exploration.

Resistivity Parametric Inversion and Volcanic Rock Reservoir
Prediction in Xiquan Area

Guan xu1, Zhou Lu1, Song Yong2, Chen Dayou3, Wang Lijun4

2013, 35(3):  67-75.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 009

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The characteristics of volcanic rock distribution which located in Xiquan Area，eastern Junggar Basin，is so complex.
Moreover，the quality of seismic data，affected by volcanic rock，is in poor quality. As a result，using conventional seismic
reservoir prediction method to identify the volcanic reservoir effect is not obvious. Through analyzing the characteristics of both
seismic section and log response，the paper utilizes resistivity curve reconfiguration to form sonic curve，improving the effect
of acoustic impedance inversion in identifying volcanic reservoir. In addition，on the base of statistical analysis of volcanic
reservoir，recognising beneficial reservoir with differential resistivity and amplitude difference of resistivity，and combining
with high-resolution wave impedance inversion and resistivity parameter inversion of information fusion，can be used to predict
the favorable reservoir’s distribution area of carboniferous volcanic rock. The application of actual data demonstrated that
differential resistivity parametric inversion can better reflect the changing characteristics of volcanic reservoir plane.

Technologies of Vibroseis High Efficient Acquisition in Complex
Terrain Area

He Haiyang1, Pu Xiaodong1, Wang Xinquan2, An Shujie2, Sun Meng2

2013, 35(3):  76-84.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 010

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The surface landforms are mainly Gobi and desert in western China，which makes it suitable for vibroseis tasks. The
basins in western China are rich in oil and gas. With the further development of oilfield E & P，the technique of high-density，
wide-range and 3D seismic survey has been widely applied and brings heavy cost press. Therefore，it is very necessary to find
out vibroseis acquisition techniques with high efficiency and low cost. The paper elaborates the advancement of the techniques
from conventional multiple vibroseis combination acquisition to split sweep，alternate sweep，slip sweep，split vibroseis array
and harmonic attenuation. These techniques surpass the conventional sweep method of vibroseis. And the combination of
these techniques greatly improved the production efficiency. Thus，the cost of per shot was greatly reduced. It also reduces
the cost of high-density seismic exploration and promotes the application of high-density，multiple coverage，omnibearing 3D
seismic exploration technique. Since 2005，the Tuha Bureau of BGP has gradually developed the cheapest and highly efficient
acquisition method and parameter optimization method of vibroseis based on a lot of researches and field tests of vibroseis
acquisition parameters. During the exploration of tight sand reservoir in TH basin，the signal-to-noise ratio has improved and
the continuity of event has strengthened obviously in middle-shallow layer. Meanwhile，the signal-to-noise ratio of deep layer，
layer under the coal and weak reflection layer of interlayer has improved greatly. It promotes the exploration process of tight
sand reservoir in western basins.

Research of Overflow Real-time Evaluation Method Based on Intelligent
Drill String During Manage Pressure Drilling

Xiong Jiyou1, Rong Jiguang1, Tian Zhixin2, Wang Meng3, Yu Xianchao4

2013, 35(3):  85-90.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 011

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Based on the analysis of the problem of traditional overflow evaluation method，we study a kind of real-time overflow
evaluation method using intelligent drill string. With this method we can determine the size and location of the overflow by
monitoring the influx rate into the wellbore，as the distributed sensors along the drill string enable us to divide the annulus
into many control volumes. We build the real-time calibration models of pressure measurement at distributed sensors along the
intelligent drill string. Field test shows that overflow occurs where the well pressure is close to the pore pressure. The method
can accurately predict the influx rate into the wellbore and the location of overflow within 100 seconds after the initial overflow
and therefore is of great instantaneity and reliability.

Kinetics Research on the Process of the Exploitation of Natural Gas
Hydrate by the Replacement with CO2

Jin Fayang1, Guo Yong2, Pu Wanfen1, Liu Yongbing3, Lian Pian4

2013, 35(3):  91-97.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 012

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This article studies the dynamics of the replacement reaction of carbon dioxide in porous media. To determine the
reaction rate and reaction efficiency and mechanism and to evaluate the feasibility of the replacement reaction，we designed
two sets of experimental test of the replacement reaction in porous media to measure the displacement reaction rate and reaction
rate of replacement. The simulated experiments：generate methane hydrate in the porous media；methane was replaced from
hydrates with carbon dioxide. We calculated the replacement rate and the replacement reaction rate. From the experiment we
got the total recovery of methane gas at 70.63%，the average rate of displacement reaction at 0.001 3 mol/d，which dropped
quickly with the progress of the replacement reaction. Such results confirmed that the CO2 displacement reaction is kinetically
feasible，as it is of high replacement efficiency despite the slow replacement rate.

Drilling Fluid′s Damage Depth Prediction Method Based on the Grey
System Theory

Fan Xiangyu1，2, Wang Junrui2, Xia Hongquan2, Gong Ming3, Zhang Ping2

2013, 35(3):  98-104.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 013

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Because drilling fluid′s damage is influenced by various factors，it′s difficult to forecast the damage depth just by
a simple functional relationship. The grey theory holds that all random processes are grey processes of change in certain space
and time，and the potential law can be explored through many discrete messages. The results of study show that the depth of
drilling fluid damage is closely related to porosity，permeability，gas saturation，formation electrical property，shaft differential
pressure，drilling fluid density and so on. By taking various parameters influencing drilling fluid damage depth as observed
values，we establish the static and dynamic grey forecast model based on the theory of grey theory，and write a forecast software
of drilling fluid damage depth. Besides，we present the judgments standard of credibility of damage depth prediction through
quantitative forecasting the drilling fluid damage depth of a well in Tazhong area. The above results provide a good theoretical
basis for timely，rapid and intelligent while-drilling prediction of damage depth.

A New Method for Determining Gas Threshold Pressure Gradients in
Low-permeability Rock

Li Zhongchao1，2, Li Min3, Jiang Yujiang3

2013, 35(3):  105-110.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 014

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Many experiment results show that there exists a threshold pressure gradient when gas is percolating in low permeability
reservoir. As it is difficult to directly determine the threshold pressure gradient，the low-pressure and low-velocity
percolation experiment is the usual method used to obtain the threshold pressure gradient. However，the effect of gas slippage
under low pressure does not work under the formation condition. Thus there exist differences between the threshold pressure
gradient value obtained by Wufan’s method and the actual results. In order to get a more accurate value of threshold pressure
gradient，a new method which eliminates the slippage effect is presented this paper and provides a more accurate threshold
pressure gradient for developing low-permeability gas fields.

Research of Multi-factor Dynamic Allocation Methods of Gas Well in
Xushen Gas Field

Zhao Qingbo1, Shan Gaojun2

2013, 35(3):  111-116.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 015

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The volcanic gas reservoirs are the characteristics of rapid variation of lithology and lithofacies and complex gaswater
relation，which can result in severe problems including energy loss，reservoir damage，bottom-hole liquid accumulation，
and water flooding，ultimately have serious influence on gas well productivity and gas reservoir recovery under the condition of
irrational allocation. There are the some problems of small single well control reserves in Xushen gas field，low productivity，
rapid pressure decreasing during development，rapid production decline and general water production. The traditional single
factor allocation methods can not meet the needs of production. According to the productivity analysis of systematic well testing，
node system analysis，dynamic analysis of water production，dynamic reserves analysis of single well and the calculations
of critical liquid carrying flow rate and critical production bottom water coning，and with comprehensive consideraction of
dynamic influence on allocation bound from various allocation bounds，stratum pressure，bottom hole pressure and production
water/gas ratio，this paper has optimized the gas well allocation and finally formed a set of multi-factor dynamic allocation
methods for volcanic gas reservoirs under the principles of rational energy utilizing，pressure drop equilibrium，gas production
rate balance，effective water control，safe liquid carrying and effective control of bottom water coning. This method has been
practically applied in XS gas field and acquires good effect.

Mechanism Research of Supercharging Effect Response in Formation
Pressure Testing While Drilling

Yang Zaisheng1，2, Chen Ping1, Yang Chuan1, Ma Tianshou1

2013, 35(3):  117-123.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 016

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While-drilling formation pressure testing can provide real time information of formation pressure，which can improve
the drilling efficiency and optimize drilling technology. When while-drilling formation pressure testing is conducted，mud
cake is formed against the borehole wall because of the mud loss，which is the reason for the supercharging effect around the
wellbore and has a great influence on formation pressure data. This paper has analyzed the primary reason and mechanism of
supercharging effect，and built a theoretical model of supercharging effect in mud cake condition on the basis of supercharging
mechanism. Supercharging effect response rules were simulated under different formation，formation fluent，mud cake and
wellbore conditions，which revealed the response mechanism of supercharging effect in while-drilling formation pressure. Our
research shows the main factors which have a significant influence on supercharging effect are formation permeability，mud
cake permeability and overbalance pressure. Supercharging effect will obviously increase in low formation permeability，high
mud cake permeability conditions.

Productivity Calculation Method for Complex Structure Well Thermal
Recovery Based on Surrogate Model

Zhu Jinli1, Li Junjian2, Zhou Yuanlong3, Qin Jie4, Sang Guoqiang2

2013, 35(3):  124-130.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 017

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Complex structure well is an important way of developing heavy oil reservoirs，and its productivity calculation has
always been the key point of the evaluation. In view of the implementation of complicated structure well in Liaohe region，
ten influence factors on the productivity of complex structure wells，such as reservoir thickness，reservoir permeability，branch
length，branch number，branch space，branch angle，stem injection rate，steam quality，soak time，cyclic steam injection volume
are evaluated and analyzed. On this basis，we established a surrogate model of complex structure well productivity by using
response surface method，and presented a new method of evaluating the productivity of complex structure well. This method
was applied to wells in Liaohe region，the actual production is quite close to the computing productivity with the average value
8.5%.

The Research on the Proper Production Capacity Evaluations on the West
of Sulige Gas Field

Liu qi1，2, Sun Lei1, Luo Pingya1, Wang Jia2

2013, 35(3):  131-136.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 018

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The proper production capacity of an oil/gas field is a critical problem to which development operators attach great
importance. It is the foundation for measuring and adjusting a development program. Commonly used production capacity
evaluation methods include indicating curves of gas production method，numerical simulation，analysis of unstable yield and
mineral production statistics etc. Water producing characteristics of Block Su–59 of Sulige Gas Field were explored. Applying
RTA，we evaluated proper production capacity by creating gas well model and by using field production statistical method. Then
we discussed the adaptability of the two evaluation methods and evaluated the proration production of Block Su-59. We believe
that the research provides the reference for gas well productivity evaluation and the determination of reasonable production of
the water-bearing gas reservoirs in the west of Sulige Gas Field.

Study of Water Locking Damage Mechanism and Water Unlocking of Low
Permeability Reservoir

Yang Yongli1，2

2013, 35(3):  137-141.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 019

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Water locking phenomenon is the typical of low and extra low permeability reservoir. Which is a common problem
in low permeability oil wells，and is of low formation pressure（pressure coefficient less than 1）and of low water cut（less than
50%）. Capillary effect and Jiamin effect is the main mechanism of the occurrence of water locking phenomenon. Through
experimental analysis we find out that the lower the permeability is，the worse the water locking degree is. The pressure of the
core which is less than 10 mD rise about 25%. But the pressure of the core which is more than 10 mD rise about 15%. The
injection of a surfactant displayed remarkable water unlocking effect，especially when the permeability is low，and the maximum
displacement value of pressure drops by almost 50%，which proves that surfactant is very effective in water unlocking.

Analysis of Well Pipe String Corrosion Factors in Huabei Oilfield

Du Qingzhen1, Xie Gang1, Yang Meihong2, Zheng Yunping3, Tian Zhongtai4

2013, 35(3):  142-148.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 020

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Aimed at the problems of the well corrosion and scaling in oilfield，we undergo the study of the mechanism and
cause of the well pipe string corrosion and scaling. The relationship between the ion content in different type water media and
the corrosion rate in pumping wells is confirmed by the analysis of produced water ion，corrosion and scaling products. The
corrosion rate calculated with the simulation software and of the actual situation of the corrosion and scaling. A method to
quickly and qualitatively estimate the type of the corrosion and scaling in the NaHCO3 type water is proposed，which lays a
foundation for solving the corrosion and scaling problems

Study on the Selection and Fermentative Condition of Bacterium about
Diesel Desulfuration

Tang ke, Hong Xin

2013, 35(3):  149-153.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 021

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First，28 strains were selected by using dimethyl sulfoxide as the sole sulfur source，then HT1 strain was selected
which has high desulfurization ability by using dibenzonthiophene dibenzothiophene（DBT）as the sole source of sulfur. Strain
liquid fermentation of the HT1 reveals that the optimum pH and temperature for its growth is 6.57.5 and 30 ℃，respectively.
The HT1 strain could be inhibited under acid or alkaline condition and the ability of DBT degradation decreases. The growth
of the strain prospered with glucose as carbon source，but the substrate could inhibit its growth. The HT1 strain growth and
its DBT degradation ability were slightly lower with glycerol as carbon source and the substrate cannot inhibit its growth. The
HT1 strain can better utilize organic nitrogen sources than inorganic ones；however，it has the best DBT degradation effect with
ammonium nitrate as nitrogen source. Therefore，we come to the conclusion that the best carbon source is 5 g/L glycerol and
the best nitrogen source is 2 g/L ammonium nitrate.

Experimental Study on Reducing Viscosity by Emulsification of
Surfactants from Heavy Oil Oxidation

Cui Yingxian1，2, Tang Xiaodong3, Li Jingjing3, Su Xu4, Zhao Wensen1，2

2013, 35(3):  154-159.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 022

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The effects of air-injection catalytic oxidation at low temperature on the composition and properties of the Bohai Sea
heavy oil were investigated in the paper. And the capability of emulsification of petroleum carboxylate produced by petroleum
carboxylic acids which were extracted from oxidized heavy oil was evaluated. The effects of many parameters such as degree
of heavy oil oxidation，the dosage of texture modifier，water ratio and the temperature of emulsification on the capability of
emulsification of oxidized heavy oil were studied，and results were obtained by air-injection catalytic oxidation at low temperature
for 72h. The results indicate that the content of resins and asphaltene in heavy oil decreased by 4.4%，and the relative
average molecular mass also decreased by 5.18%. So oxidation had certain influence on modification of heavy oil behavior，
and the acid value of heavy oil increased from 2.78 mg KOH/g to5.05 mg KOH/g. Due to lower O/W interfacial tension，
petroleum carboxylate has good emulsification effect. Heavy oil generated autogenous surfactant under the action of compound
texture modifier by air-injection catalytic oxidation at low temperature，and formed O/W emulsion system to achieve emulsified
viscosity reduction，the viscosity reduction ratio reaching above 92%.

Prediction of Remaining Strength of Corroded Oil and Gas Pipeline Based
on Improved GA-BP Algorithm

Sun Baocai1, Wu Jianwen1, Li Lei2, She Zhigang3

2013, 35(3):  160-167.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 023

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The remaining strength of the in-service corroded oil and gas pipeline was predicted based on artificial neural network’s
ability to approximate complex function. But artificial neural network has drawbacks as follows：the initial distribution
of weight and threshold value is a stochastic process and it was the local optimization algorithm，and that the local minimum
solution tends to appear in the convergence process. Therefore，the weight and threshold value of BP neural network using L-M
algorithm were optimized based on the global search ability and independence of the gradient information of genetic algorithm，
and with consideration of the influencing factors of failure pressure of oil and gas pipeline determined by sensitivity analysis，
the GA-BP（L-M）network model was built. The network was trained using sample of Modified ASME B31G and predictions
were made. The results show that the GA-BP（L-M）network model can better predict failure pressure of oil and gas pipeline，
which proves to be a more scientific and accurate model.

Study on the Tooth Invasion Coefficient of Cone Bit and Penetration Rate
in Under-balance Drilling

Li Wei, Xu Xinghua, Yan Tie, Bi Xueliang

2013, 35(3):  168-173.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 024

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The penetration rate rises rapidly in the under-balanced condition，but the intrusion mechanism of cone bit is unclear.
Based on rock intrusive theory and tasking the condition of under-balanced drilling into consideration，we explore intruding
rock and breaking rock of cone bit the intrusive coefficient equation of cone bit was derived，and the drilling rate model in the
condition of under-balanced drilling was built. The rock intrusive coefficient is a basic parameter which describes the intrusionresistant
ability of rock，which is not affected by tooth load and invasion depth. Taking Xushen Gas Field as an example，we
make theoretical analysis of the impact of angle of internal friction and bit angle on intrusive coefficient and penetration rate.
And the experiment results show that with the increase of effective normal stress of down-hole，and the increase of angle of
internal friction and bit angle，the intrusive coefficient increases；with the increase of effective normal stress，the penetration
rate decreases obviously，and with the increase of angle of internal friction and bit angle，the penetration rate decreases linearly

New Ideas of Drag Reduction for Heavy Oil Flow Using Aqueous Foam

Jing Jiaqiang1, Dai Kemin1, Li Ye1, Ming Liang1, Tang Hao2

2013, 35(3):  174-182.  DOI: 10. 3863/j. issn. 1674 – 5086. 2013. 03. 025

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According to the fact that the productivity of foamy oil is several times higher than that of normal crude oil，and
microbubbles can reduce the frictional drag of the turbulent boundary layer，a new solution is proposed for drag reduction of
heavy oil flow through boundary layer isolation and lubrication with aqueous foam，which is called as oil-foam core annular
flow（OFCAF）. Based on the systemic analysis of relevant studies at home and abroad，the drag reduction effectiveness of
the oil flow through annular water，microbubble and aqueous foam is discussed；the major problems of the oil-water core
annular flow are analyzed，and the feasibility of the OFCAF in horizontal and vertical pipes is also analyzed theoretically. The
results show that drag reduction of heavy oil flow by OFCAF could be feasible in theory，and the implementation of OFCAF
in vertical pipes such as wellbore or deep-water riser pipe is easier. The eccentric problem of the oil-water core annular flow
in a horizontal pipe will be solved in the next step. Furthermore，an adaptive foam system should be screened according to the
stability requirement of the OFCAF，which could relieve the oil-water emulsification and oil adhesion on the pipe wall and thus
improve the lubricity of pipe surface and increase the stability of the OFCAF. However，some related problems still need to be
investigated intensively before the actual application of drag reduction by OFCAF.