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Table of Content

    01 October 2012, Volume 34 Issue 5
    石油机械工程及其他
    Index Evaluation Consequences of F&E Risk for CNG Filling Station
    Hou Xiangqin;Cao Jian;Jia Ning
    2012, 34(5):  0-176. 
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    An important aspect of risk assessment for CNG filling station is the evaluation of fire and explosion consequence.
    At present the methods of risk evaluation are mostly qualitative-based,such as hazard analysis and fault tree analysis. The
    influencing factors of damage in the station are illustrated including ordinary technology hazards and special technology hazards.
    And the hazards of fire and explosion are analyzed. On that basis,the index method is used to carry out the evaluation of failure
    consequence for the CNG filling station. It would lay the foundation for station quantity risk assessment.
    Analysis of the Strike Between Gauging Pig and the Elbows ofU-Shaped Pipeline
    Li Daquan;Zhang Peng;Ai Muyang;Wang Yubin
    2012, 34(5):  0-170. 
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    When the caliper pig is passing through an elbow in the U-shaped pipeline,with unreasonable design of gauging pig
    and over high velocity of pig,the gauging plate will easily collide with the elbow,which causes gauging plates’ deformation.
    Therefore,a wrong judgment is made that some deformation on the pipeline will occure. In order to solve this technical
    problem,based on one determined structure of caliper pig which has been used in a U-shaped pipeline pigging application,the
    motion characteristics of the gauging pig has been analyzed when it is passing through the elbows. The geometric properties
    of elbow and caliper pig have been analyzed too,which has brought about some conclusions. At first,if the motion velocity
    of pig exceeds a threshold value,yield occurs at the front supporting plate of caliper pig,the gauging plate may strike with
    the outside arc pipe wall of elbow. And a variety of factors which determine the threshold value of pig’s velocity have been
    found. In addition,when the gauging plate,supporting plate,and the curvature radius of bend form a certain relationship of
    geometric characteristics,the gauging plate may collide with the inside arc pipe wall of elbow too. Based on these conclusions,
    the design plan of caliper pig can be modified and the speed controlling measures of caliper pig will be guided to avoid gauging
    plate crashing with elbow when caliper pig is traveling in the u-shaped pipeline.
    博导论评
    Research on the New Model and Method of AnalyzingNear-wellbore Effects
    Guo Dali;Ji Yong;Xu Jiangwen;Zhu Kai
    2012, 34(5):  0-182. 
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    Near-wellbore effects is one of the most important factors which affects the success or failure of reservoir fracturing
    measures. However,the calculation of the current near-wellbore effects analysis model is too complex and its adaptability
    is limited to some extent. Based on the mechanism of near-wellbore effects,the new computational model of near-wellbore
    effects,was studied and a new mathematical fitting method associated with optimization techniques is proposed,which makes
    the calculation of model easier and more accurate. Its application shows that this new technology is suitable not only for
    the fracturing test of a steady decline mode in displacement but also the normal fracturing of mode of arbitrary variation in
    displacement. Meanwhile,since it can substitute for the test fracturing of a steady decline mode,it reduces construction links
    and operating expenses.
    地质勘探
    Build up Conditions of Basin Group Large Oil Gas Field of PassiveContinental Margin of Brazil Offshore
    Wen Zhixin;Tong Xiaoguang;Zhang Guangya;Wang Zhaoming;Liang Yingbo
    2012, 34(5):  1-9. 
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    Based on the evolution of the tectonic plate and pregeography,the passive continental margin basins on the east
    coasts of Brazil experienced three prototype phases. Berremian intracontinental rift megasequence in lower cretaceous,comprising
    lacustrine sediments overlying Neocomian basalts,Aptian intercontinental rift basin,in which the laqoon transitional
    megasequence deposited,including two sedimentary units:the lower,mostly composed by carbonate and the upper represented
    by halite,and the drift phase,passive continental margin basin from Albian until the present-day,deposited with the marine
    megasequence. The Lower Cretaceous lacustrine calcareous black shale is the main source rocks of the giant oil and gas fields.
    The reservoirs include two sects:lower laqoon carbonatea nd upper,Tertiary and Cretaceous turbidites. The carbonate reservoirs
    is sealed by halite,while the turbidites are preserved by marine shale. The lower Cretaceous lacustrine source rocks starts
    to generate the oil and gas from Eocene-Miocene formed“double insurance”type models of giant oil and gas fields. If no
    salt windows existing,hydrocarbons migrated vertically along faults and are trapped mainly in the pre-salt carbonates. If salt
    windows exiting,hydrocarbons are accumulated in Upper Cretaceous-Tertiary turbidites which are packaged by marine facies
    shale .
    Study on Migration System and Accumulation ModelXujiaweizi Depression
    Guo Feng;Zhu Yingkang;Xia Bin;Hu Yang;
    2012, 34(5):  10-16. 
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    Based on the comprehensive analysis of assemblage characteristics and the relationship of the reservoir-forming
    elements configuration,the accumulation model was formed according to the characteristics of the fault basin and the main controlling
    factors of the hydrocarbon reservoir formation,and the influence of seismic pump to the hydrocarbon vertical migration
    is also studied. The main kinds of reservoirs here are structural gas reservoirs,lithologic structural gas reservoirs,stratigraphical
    on-lap hydrocarbon reservoirs,bedrock weathered crust type oil-gas reservoirs and structural-lithologic gas reservoirs. The
    seismic pump extracted the natural gas below the second member of Denglouku Formation up to the top of itself. The positive
    inversion structures which were formed by the two-stage tectonic movements provided structural traps and the vertical channels
    to divert for the oil and gas. There are three hydrocarbon generation peaks in Shahezi Formation. Because of the intensive
    structural activities,the reservoirs were destroyed at the first time;but at the second and third time,with the cooperation of
    other elements,the reservoirs were formed.
    Important Exploration Areas in Petaliferous Basins The BasementHydrocarbon Reservoirs
    Chen Wenling;Zhou Wen
    2012, 34(5):  17-24. 
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    This paper analyzes domestic and foreign reservoir characters,accumulation factors and distribution of basement
    reservoir and concludes that basement is formed before basin and distributed in any platforms. There is one basement in
    simple basin. In superimposed basins there must be a long hiatus or tectonic movement so that they can have both new and
    old basements. Basement hydrocarbon reservoirs can be divided into two types:the reservoir on top of buried hills and the
    reservoir inside buried hills. The reservoirs are composed of granite and eruptive rocks,and have particular effective reservoir
    spaces and have strong heterogeneity. Characteristics of them include that they are early oil generation and late reservoir,early
    accumulation period and early trap generation. They have various of trap types and migration modes,and have complex inside
    composition and translocation systems. The world’s largest oil and gas reservoirs are located in depression basin,and most
    Chinese reservoirs distributes in eastern fault basin and in northern flexural basin and old basement of superimposed basins.
    Reservoir Characteristics and Impact Factors Analysis ofBlock D in Algeria
    Ma Mingfu;Jia Ying;Zhang Chunshu
    2012, 34(5):  25-30. 
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    The lower Siegenian sand reservoir is the main target in D block of Algeria. The reservoir characteristics and control
    factors on the exploration potential evaluation and development has important implications. After the analysis,we find out that
    the lower Siegenian sandstones are quartzarenite,litharenite and lithic quartz. Secondary pores with a few microfissure are the
    main types of pores in the studied region,such as intergranular,intragranular dissolved pore. The pore structure is mainly in
    fine throat with middle-small pore. Reservoir property is poor,belonging to low-medium porosity and low-poor permeability.
    Reservoir quality is mainly controlled by depositional environment and diagenesis. The main impacts on reservoir property in
    diagenes are compaction and dissolution,cementation and replacement are secondary.
    High–frequency Base Level Cycle Sequence Feature for the UpperMember of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation of Well Jian1 inNorthwestern Qaidam Basin
    Pei Mingli;Wang Hua;Chen Yan;Cao Zhenglin;Lei Guang
    2012, 34(5):  31-41. 
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    According to sedimentary features of Tertiary saline lake of Qaidamu Basin,shore–shallow lake sedimentary pattern
    for the upper member of the lower Ganchaigou Formation(E23
    )of Well Jian1 was established. Based on the summary about
    characteristic of seven types of microfacies for beach–bar sedimentary region,two kinds of assembled system for shore–shallow
    lake sedimentary microfacies are concluded,separately corresponding with lake–level movement two–period of lake–level
    rising to highstand and lake–level falling to lowstand. By applying of the high resolution sequence stratigraphic theory and
    method about terrene and construction of the basic base level cycle pattern,69 short period cycles or 4 middle period cycles
    or 2 long period cycles for the upper member of the lower Ganchaigou Formation of Well Jian1 are built up. By analyzing
    the genesis and feature of the high–frequency base level cycle sequences,the significance of carbonate sedimentary under
    lacustrine environment in study of the high resolution sequence stratigraphy is further discussed. The results of research in this
    study may deliver important geological information for the basic feature of the sequence stratigraphy under the arid environments
    of Paleogene System in Qaidam Basin.
    Study on Litho Stratigraphic Hydrocarbon Reservoir of the WutonggouFormation Permian in Jimusar Sag of Junggar Basin
    Sun Jing
    2012, 34(5):  42-48. 
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    The eastern slope of Jimusar Sag of Junggar Basin which shows good exploration prospect is a very important
    strategic area that can make Xinjiang oilfield enforce litho stratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoir exploration and increase oil-gas
    reserve and production. The sedimentary facies,reservoir and injection of the Wutonggou Formation are studied by using
    drilling,logging,testing and seismic data. The major facies are braided river delta which subaqueous distributary channels
    of the front and braided channels of the plain are the most favourable high-quality reservoir sand bodies and lacustrine. The
    reservoir can be divided into four types,and litho stratigraphic trapsWutougou Formation are mainly type III,which are neat
    the source of good physical property and thick cap look,and are of better reliability. The key to better litho stratigraphic
    hydrocarbon reservoir exploration is application of reservoir prediction technologies base on sequence stratigraphy,which can
    make the sand bodies prediction and identification of subaqueous distributary channels onlap of the front and braided channels
    of the plain more available.
    Hydrocarbon Accumulation Pattern in Continental Clastic Reservoir ofSichuan Basin
    Jin Wenzheng;Wan Guimei;Cui Zehong;Wang Junpeng;Yang Xiaoqun
    2012, 34(5):  49-58. 
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    Sichuan Basin is of multi-phase tectonic evolution,complicated structure styles,and complex hydrocarbon accumulation
    conditions. Through analyzing the basic tectonic styles,trap styles of clastic and accumulation patterns of Sichuan Basin,
    three main deformation zones can be found in Sichuan Basin:W–NW Sichuan foreland basin,uplift in Central Sichuan Basin,
    and ejective fold in E–SE Sichuan. Hydrocarbon accumulation patterns in three deformation zones are different from each
    other. Finally,the main reasons of three deformation zones are discussed in the paper,such as basement uplift,zonation differential
    deformation,stratification differential deformation. The research is of the guiding significance for future hydrocarbon
    exploration in Sichuan Basin.
    Function of Oil and Gas Accumulation and Formation Mechanism ofAntithetic Normal Faults in the South of Songliao Basin
    Zhang Yongbo;Gao Yuhui;Ma Shizhong;Liu Dongmin;Sun Yu
    2012, 34(5):  59-64. 
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    The practice of oil and gas exploration indicates that the formation and distribution of hydrocarbon reservoir in most
    petroliferous basins are controlled by the distribution of the fault. The study of petroleum geological characteristics,submitted
    reserves in the oil region and the prediction of favorable area of the Fuyu oil bearing layer in the LiangjingEast–Mutousouth
    Area shows that the delta front sandstones with the provenance direction of southwest matches with large Antithetic Normal
    Fault with high angle fracture skew or vertical to NNW fault,which form adjacent the concave side of the favorable oil–rich
    conditions. In this paper,studies are made about the formation mechanism on the Antithetic normal faults and the background
    of the study area,development and distribution characteristics,as well as the Antithetic normal faults to oil accumulation
    mechanism – model and we find out that the Antithetic normal faults effects on hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution in
    the following respect type of oil and gas accumulation,degree of enrichment of oil and gas hydrocarbon accumulation layer,
    and site of hydrocarbon accumulation. Such findings are of great help in petroleum exploration and development in the future.
    Application of Hydrocarbon Expulsion Threshold in Studying theHydrocarbon Generation and Expulsion
    Fan Bojiang;Pang Xiongqi;Shi Liang
    2012, 34(5):  65-70. 
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    There has been disagreement about the judgment criterion of source rock for a long time. The concept of hydrocarbon
    expulsion threshold was used to identify the hydrocarbon expulsion source rock in our study on the hydrocarbon
    generation/expulsion quantity and the hydrocarbon generation/expulsion characteristics in this paper. Thus,the hydrocarbon
    expulsion history and hydrocarbon expulsion process can be acquired. The first step of the study is to judge the hydrocarbon
    expulsion source rock by using the source rock’s quality judgment plate;the second is to study the hydrocarbon expulsion
    characteristics by using the quantitative model. The studying on the Es3 source rock,Gaoliu Unit,Jidong Exploration Zone
    indicates that,the Ro corresponding to the hydrocarbon expulsion threshold is 0.78%. The largest hydrocarbon expulsion intensity
    is larger than 450.00×104 t/km2,and the average hydrocarbon expulsion intensity is 315.67×104 t/km2. The hydrocarbon
    expulsion peak period is Guantao period,and the total hydrocarbon expulsion quantity in the studying area is 2.08×108 t.
    Fine Logging Interpretation Method of Tight Gas Reservoir inSulige Gas Field
    Shi Yujiang;Shi Zhuo;Zhang Haitao;Yang Xiaoming
    2012, 34(5):  71-77. 
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    Sulige Gas Field in Ordos Basin is the typical representation of tight sand gas reservoir of low permeability. According
    to the shapes of capillary pressure curves of core samples,based on self-organizing neural network,the pore structure
    automatic discrimination models and permeability interpretation models were established,which highly improved the permeability
    calculation precision. According to the research of reservoir conducting mechanism,we adopted the“three water model”
    (clay water,micro pore water and free water)for saturation interpretation model,which effectively improved the gas evaluation
    precision. Actual log data were processed with this method and its feasibility and veracity are validated by comparing the
    processed result with the core analysis result.
    Application Research Based on the Conformal Mapping to theWave Field of Seismic Fracture
    Chen Wei;Wang Shangxu
    2012, 34(5):  78-82. 
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    In view of the actual shape of fracture formation,two fracture models are presented in this paper. One is general
    quadrilateral fracture model,and the other is the horny fracture model. The wave fields of single fracture were studied based on
    the conformal mapping method. First of all,the conformal mapping on the fracture area in physical domain was transformed to
    the upper half plane in the computational domain and the boundary conditions in physical domain to the boundary conditions
    in the computational domain;secondly,the wave fields near the boundary of the fracture in the computational domain were
    calculated;fInally,the wave fields variation curve in the boundary of physical domain through the inverse conformal mapping
    transformation was obtained. The conformal mapping method are used in our research on the quantitative relationship of the
    wave fields of a single and several any shape fracture provides some new ideas about the heterogeneity problem in the exploration
    geophysical.
    石油与天然气工程
    Research and Application of Profile Control Technology inCarbonate Reservoir
    Li Zijia;Chen Chaogang;Pan Yangqiu
    2012, 34(5):  83-87. 
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    After Tahe Oilfield Ordovician carbonate rock reservoir is subjected to the multi-round cycle after water injection,
    the advantage water flow channels are formed within the pattern wells. The breakthrough of injection water phenomenon is
    increasingly outstanding,and water injection efficiency decreases year by year. Aiming at the water injection breakthrough
    technical problems,under the high temperature(140 ℃)high salinity(24×104 mg/L)work environment,we study the profile
    control system experiment,select thickening agent and surface sand separation,establishprofile model and create qualitative
    erosion-resistant analysis model. As a resuli,we establish thickening fluid carrying sand formation profile control system and
    develop“detail ceramsite + river sand + coated sand”three slug profile technology. The application of the thickening fluid
    profile to carry sand field test technology,gained a good profile control. It will be some guidance for carbonate profile of Tahe
    Oilfield deep carbonate rocks.
    Performance Research of Ultra-low Interfacial Tension Foam FloodingSystem of Gudao Second District
    Wang Qiwei
    2012, 34(5):  88-92. 
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    In this paper,the reservoir of Gudao second district is a target area,and low interfacial tension foam flooding system
    to adapt to reservoir condition is developed. Through performance evaluation of foam,foam system interfacial properties and
    simulation test,foam performance,oil-water interfacial properties and block pressure in porous media,the ability to enhance
    oil recovery,different pressure changes and cut water changes are studied. Testing proves that the low interfacial tension foam
    flooding system has the characteristic of foam and surfactant. It can be on the double action of powerful washing and adjusting.
    Foam selective plugging and high apparent viscosity increase flooding systems affected area,and the activity of low interfacial
    tension foam system increase the displacement efficiency,and reduce the presence of residual oil,so that the foam system is
    more stable after injecting the foam system,the integrated oil recovery increased by 28%.
    Research on Temperature Resist Air Foam System for Flooding
    Yang Huaijun;Ding Yajun;Sun Lin;Kuang Xiyu;Wang Xiaochao
    2012, 34(5):  93-98. 
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    Air foam flooding has very bright future because of its comprehensive displacement mechanism and unique air
    source predominance. To apply the technique successfully in high temperature reservoir丆this paper conducted study on the
    temperature resist air foam system. By examining the foam volume and liquid separating half-life period of ten temperature
    resist surfactants at 110 亷 and 6  104 mg/L丆we screen out the anionic-nonionic surfactant LS which has satisfactory high
    temperature foam performance. We evaluate the foam performance of LS at reservoir environment and the result shows that LS
    could form more abundant foam at high pressure seal condition than atmospheric pressure丟the persistent shear of porous media
    and plenty air flow is in favor of LS fully playing its foam performance. By adding foam stabilizer WP whose concentration is
    beyond 0.1%丆the liquid separating half-life period of LS could be evidently enhanced. After aging under 110亷and 6104 mg/L
    for 90 d丆the liquid separating half-life period of 0.2%LS+0.1%WP only shortens by 20%丆and its IFT with Guan80 crude oil
    remains 10..2 mN/m. Furthermore丆the emulsification capability of air foam is satisfactory丆oil and water being separated almost
    completely after standing short length of time.
    Well Test Model of Horizontal Well in 2-Zoned Composite Reservoir andExample Interpretation
    Shi Guoxin;Nie Renshi;Lu Jianguo;Ji Chengwei;Fan Saihua
    2012, 34(5):  99-106. 
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    At present,the research on theory and application of transient well test of horizontal well in composite reservoirs
    can hardly be found in publications. Aiming to slove this problem,the transient well test model of horizontal well in 2-zoned
    composite reservoir is established. A new method to solve the model is studied by using modern mathematic methods,including
    Laplace integral transformation,separation of variables,eigenvalue and eigenfunction etc.,and the solutions to the model in
    Laplace space are obtained. Type curves of well test are drawn up by using numerical inversion,and the characteristics of well
    bore pressure dynamic response are analyzed. There are different typical responses for different external boundaries for top
    constant pressure boundary or bottom constant pressure boundary,the pressure derivative curves go down early and swiftly,
    so it cannot reflect the traits of 2-zoned composite reservoir. For both top and bottom closed boundaries the type curves can
    reflect the traits of 2-zoned composite reservoir. The example analysis shows that this model can be applied to transient well
    test analysis of horizontal well in 2-zoned composite reservoir.
    Research and Field Comparison Comments on Chemical Flooding ScenarioDesign in Mid-low Permeability Reservoir
    Rao Liangyu;Han Dong;Wu Xianghong;Wang Qiang
    2012, 34(5):  107-113. 
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    To enhance oil recovery factor in the stage of high recovery factor and ultra-high water-cut,taking a mid-low
    permeability sandstone reservoir Block P for example,and based on the study of reservoir engineering,detailed reservoir
    description and physical simulation,we carry out the study of the scenario deign of chemical flooding with 24 polymer flooding,
    30 surfactant/polymer flooding and 33 alkaline/surfactant/polymer flooding scenarios,optimize production parameters and
    injection style by full factor optimization method. The results show that relative high inject rate and volume of major plug
    is benefit to enhance oil recovery,and add suitable high concentration polymer pre-slug and low concentration post-plug to
    augment production. The optimized scenario is surfactant/polymer flooding using stepped four-slug inject style,which can
    increase recovery factor of 11.62%. Compared with the existing major chemical flooding field tests,reservoir condition,
    polymer viscosity,well spacing and inject volume are the major controlling factors of chemical flooding.
    Influencing Factars of Rock-electrical Parameters Alternation Causes afterPolymer Flooding in High Porosity and High Permeability Sand Rock
    Gao Jian
    2012, 34(5):  114-118. 
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    Rock-electrical parameters are studied through many experiments and saturation interpretation are made in the
    geological condition. The study is show that polymer solution have low mobility and conductivity;polymer Concentration
    have effect on rock-electrical parameters,and shale content is lower and pore texture is better when concentration becomes
    higher. Correspondingly,a is bigger and m and n are smaller. Sedimentary microfacies control product polymer concentration
    directly. The Archies formula is suitable for polymer flooding reservoir,and saturation interpretation are made by using of
    different rock-electrical parameters.
    Production Performance Prediction Method for UndersaturatedCBM Reservoirs
    Hu Suming;Li Xiangfang;Hu Xiaohu;Ren Weina;YIN Bangtang
    2012, 34(5):  119-124. 
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    The prediction method for CBM reservoir production performance could be developed by combining the material
    balance equation and productivity equation. When this method was developed by previous researchers,the initial adsorbing
    saturation of CBM reservoir is neglected,making the previous method applicable to only the saturated or supersaturated CBM
    reservoir. In this paper,the material balance equation is re-derived by taking initial adsorbing saturation into consideration,
    and then the production predicting method was established,applicable to under-statured CBM reservoir. It is demonstrated
    that during water drainage period,this method can predict water rate with an average relative error of 8%,and then during
    gas production period,it can predict gas rate with an error of –13%,which can meet the accuracy requirement of production
    engineering.

    Experimental Evaluation and Field Application of Pre-crossLinked Polymer Particle Flooding in Eastern Wenliu Block 25of Zhongyuan Oilfield
    Lou Zhaobin;;Li Dishu;Fan Aixia;Du Zhenghui;Song Xianbao
    2012, 34(5):  125-132. 
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    To further exploit remaining oil in reservoirs with high temperature and high salinity,pre-cross linked polymer particle(
    PCPP)flooding was supposed to be employed in Zhongyuan Oilfield. Based on present PCPP synthesizing techniques,
    a series of PCPPs which fit for the pore size and reservoir characteristics have been developed by methods such as proportion
    adjustment of water phase and cross linker as well as copolymerization of temperature and salt resistant monomers. Swelling
    ability,anti-sheering strength and duration stability were tested on PCPPS and verified for their flooding qualification. Homogeneous
    and heterogeneous experimental models were also employed to study the influences of such factors as concentration,
    mass quantity and injection mode of PCPPs on oil recovery,which directly provided academic supporting for field flooding
    design. The field application,in which a total of 276.58 t of PCPPs was injected under the guiding of PI technology,was carried
    out on 9 well groups in two different development units of Eastern Wenliu Block 25. Results have seen elevated injection
    pressure,improved sweep efficiency and increased oil production. The overall slowdown in the natural decline rate brought by
    PCPP flooding has further solidified the foundation of stable oil production in this block.
    A Study on Different Completion Methods of Horizontal Well Productivity
    Zhao Haiyang;Wu Lankexi;Liu Qingshan;Sun Tongcheng
    2012, 34(5):  133-136. 
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    With the development of drilling and completion technology,horizontal wells are more widely used in bottom water
    reservoir as an effective way to increase productivity and reduce costs,while problems arise in the production process,which
    mainly are shorter anhydrous harvest period led by water coning,and faster cut rising. Besides,completion method doesn’t
    meet the requirements of the development and capacity prediction is not accurate,either. Based on the summarization of stable
    horizontal well productivity prediction models,this paper uses the horizontal well productivity prediction mathematical model
    under the action of the wellbore and reservoir coupling,and solves finite conductivity vertical fracturing wells pressure with
    Cinco H’s dynamic calculation method,then the model of production forecast is established. The model takes the bottom water
    drive reservoir horizontal well into account,and carries out the productivity prediction in different completion mode after the
    decomposition calculation of skin factor in different completion mode. The results of these studies have important guiding
    significance for the optimization of horizontal well completion as well as the study of horizontal well reservoir engineering.
    The Study on Water-producing Features of Sebei-2 Gas Field
    Kui Mingqing;Hu Xuetao;Li Liu
    2012, 34(5):  137-145. 
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    The Sebei-2 Gas Field is a big biogenic gas field in Qaidam Basin. In this gas field,there exist loose rock,multiple
    thin gas layers,edge water and complex gas-water distribution. In the process of gas field production,it is common that gas
    wells produce water,the amounts of water produced from gas wells vary in a wide range,and the outputs of gas wells decline
    fast. A clear understanding of the features of gas wells producing water ensures the stable production of gas field. Based on
    production data,the features of gas wells producing water and ratio of rising water-gas ratio rising in gas wells and groups are
    carefully studied. Water-producers are thus classified into four types according to the water sources and water amount produced.
    The types of water encroachment in different groups in this field are identified based on the calculation of aquifer influx and
    water influx rate. At last,the location of the water-encroachment front in different groups can be effectively identified with the
    aid of the distribution of the in-place cumulative water percentage of each group.
    Analysis of Downhole Explosion in Gas Drilling
    Zhang Linwei
    2012, 34(5):  146-152. 
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    Owing to the advantages such as improving ROP,discovering and protecting reservoir,gas drilling is widely used
    in drilling industry. However downhole explosion in gas drilling process is high likely to occur when the gas entering the
    wellbore in underbalanced condition. This paper introducs the research process in downhole explosion and analyzs the reason
    for explosion and presents the influence factors such as mixed combustible gas component,temperature,pressure and inert gas
    content in the examples of gas drilling. We also discuss how to avoid explosion by means of restricting the range of oxygen
    contents. Nitrogen injection drilling is recommended at the end.
    油气化学工程与化工
    Study of Metal-phthalocyanine Encapsulated in Mesoporous MolecularSieves MCM-41
    Cui Zixiang;Xue Yongqiang;Li Ping
    2012, 34(5):  153-158. 
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    Zn-phthalocyanine complex(Ⅱ),which periphery has substituents was synthesized,and encapsulated in mesoporous
    molecular sieves MCM-41. The prepared samples was characterized by FT-IR,UV-vis-Nir,XRD,FESEM,TEM and
    N2 adsorption-desorption instrument. The research shows that the prepared phthalocyanine copper zinc can be encapsulated in
    mesoporous molecular sieves MCM-41 in the form of monomer and dipolymer. The prepared phthalocyanine zinc with high
    concentration encapsulated in MCM-41 is in favour of preparing mesoporous molecular sieves samples with higher crystallinity
    and pore canal order.
    Research of Humic Acid Salt as Emulsifying Agent of Jilin Heavy Oil
    Ma Tao;Wang Haibo
    2012, 34(5):  159-163. 
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    The emulsifying performance of humic acid salt as emulsifier is studied by evaluating the stability of emulsion
    within doors. The results indicate that the humic acid salt can be used as emulsifying agent to reduce the viscosity of heavy oil.
    The emulsifying effect is different for different humic acid salts produced by different manufacturing technique from discrepant
    material. The emulsibility of humic acid salt can be improved obviously by joining sodium hydroxide. Humic acid salt can
    improve the stability of emulsion produced by surfactant,especially the non-ionic surfactants.