Mechanism of Complex Modes of the Pore Structure of Sandstone/Conglomerate Reservoirs

doi:10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2018.01.01.01

Abstract

Abstract: The formation mechanism of complex modes of the pore structure of sandstone/conglomerate reservoirs is still unclear. Thus, this study investigated the difference mechanisms of lithofacies classification, pore structure modes, and displacement efficiencies based on experimental data of 325 core examples through mercury intrusion porosimetry, cast thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray computed tomography. The results reveal that, taking both oil field exploitation and utility into consideration, lithofacies of sandstone/conglomerate reservoirs can be classified to 3 primary categories, 7 secondary categories, and 13 tertiary categories. They have different pore structure modal characteristics and relatively great variance in their efficiency of displacement by water injection. Single-mode rock particles are mostly coarse sandstones with highly developed and relatively well inter-connected pores in a network structure. The displacement by water injection is mainly via connected networks, resulting in higher efficiency. Dual-mode rock particles are composed of two classes of particles:conglomerates and medium-coarse sandstones. They have relatively developed and moderately inter-connected pores in a sparse network structure. The displacement, here, is mainly via star-shaped connected networks, with ordinary efficiency. Complexmode rock particles consist of three types of particles:conglomerates, medium-coarse sandstones, and silt or mud. Their pores are moderately developed and relatively poorly inter-connected with a star-shaped networking structure. The water injectiondriven displacement is mostly scattered over local high-permeability zones, resulting in poor overall efficiency. The same lithofacies typically show different pore structure modes while different lithofacies can have identical structure modes. Differential transformation due to particle configuration and diagenesis leads to different pore structure modes for identical lithofacies; while sorting, rounding, and arrangement of particles result in identical pore structure modes for different lithofacies.

Key words: sandstone/conglomerate reservoir, pore structure, complex mode, alluvial fan, lithofacies, displacement efficiency

CLC Number:

TE122

YIN Senlin, CHEN Gongyang, CHEN Yukun, WU Xiaojun. Mechanism of Complex Modes of the Pore Structure of Sandstone/Conglomerate Reservoirs[J]. 西南石油大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 41(1): 1-17.

0
/ / Recommend

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: http://journal15.magtechjournal.com/Jwk_xnzk/EN/10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2018.01.01.01

http://journal15.magtechjournal.com/Jwk_xnzk/EN/Y2019/V41/I1/1

References

[1] 王允诚. 油田开发和储集岩的孔隙结构[J]. 成都地质学院学报, 1982, 22(3):97-114. WANG Yuncheng. The relationship between oilfield development and pore structure of reservoir rocks[J]. Journal of Geoscience College, Chengdu, 1982, 22(3):97-114.
[2] 罗蛰潭,王允诚. 油气储集层的孔隙结构[M]. 北京:科学出版社, 1986. LUO Zhetan, WANG Yuncheng. Pore structure of petroleum reservoir rocks[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 1986.
[3] 罗明高,张庭辉. 克拉玛依砾岩油藏微观孔隙结构及分类[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 1992, 13(2):201-210. doi:10.11743/ogg19920209 LUO Minggao, ZHANG Tinghui. Micropore structure and classification of conglomerate reservoir formation in Karamay Oilfield[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 1992, 13(2):201-210. doi:10.11743/ogg19920209
[4] EHRENBERG S N, NADEAU P H. Sandstone vs. carbonate petroleum reservoirs:A global perspective on porosity-depth and porosity-permeability relationships[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2005, 89(4):435-445. doi:10.1306/-11230404071
[5] JOANNA M A, RICHARD E L. How clay grain coats inhibit quartz cement and preserve porosity in deeply buried sandstones:Observations and experiments[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2012, 96(11):2091-2119. doi:10.1306/-02211211075
[6] 陈立官,王柏钧,李鸿智. 结构优度——估价储油层孔隙结构的首要参数[J]. 石油实验地质, 1980, 1(1):69-74. doi:10.11743/ogg19800108 CHEN Liguan, WANG Bojun, LI Hongzhi. Goodness of pore geometry:The most important parameter for estimating oregeometry in reservoirs[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 1980, 1(1):69-74. doi:10.11743/ogg19800108
[7] RALF J W, GREGOR P E, GREGOR T B, et al. Quantification of pore structureand its effect on sonic velocity and permeability in carbonates[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2009, 93(10):1297-1317. doi:10.1306/05270909001
[8] 于兴河. 油气储层地质学基础[M]. 北京:石油工业出版社, 2009. YU Xinghe. Oil and gas reservoir geology basis[M]. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press, 2009.
[9] MORAD S, RAMADAN K A, KETZER J M, et al. The impact of diagenesis on the heterogeneity of sandstone reservoirs:A review of the role of depositional fades and sequence stratigraphy[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 2006, 94(8):1267-1309. doi:10.1306/04211009178
[10] 吴胜和. 储层表征与建模[M]. 北京:石油工业出版社, 2011. WU Shenghe. Reservoir characterization and modeling[M]. Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press, 2011.
[11] 罗明高,欧阳可悦,马压西,等. 北三台地区石炭系火成岩储集层物性非均质特征及影响因素[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2011, 32(2):112-114. LUO Minggao, OUYANG Keyue, MA Yaxi, et al. Heterogeneity and influencing factors of carboniferous volcanic reservoirs in Beisantai Area, Junggar Basin[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2011, 32(2):112-114.
[12] 陈欢庆,曹晨,梁淑贤,等. 储层孔隙结构研究进展[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2013, 24(2):227-237. CHEN Huanqing, CAO Chen, LIANG Shuxian, et al. Research advances on reservoir pores[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2013, 24(2):227-237.
[13] 钟大康,祝海华,孙海涛,等. 鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组砂岩成岩作用及孔隙演化[J]. 地学前缘, 2013, 20(2):61-68. ZHONG Dakang, ZHU Haihua, SUN Haitao, et al. Diagenesis and porosity evolution of sandstones in Longdong Area, Ordos Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2013, 20(2):61-68.
[14] 郑荣才,王海红,侯长冰,等. 陇东地区长9油层组砂岩储层成岩作用精细研究[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2014, 26(2):1-9. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2014.01.002 ZHENG Rongcai, WANG Haihong, HOU Changbing, et al. Diagenesis of sandstone reservoir of Chang 9 oil reservoir set in Longdong Area, Ordos Basin[J]. Lithologic Reservoirs, 2014, 26(2):1-9. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8926.2014.01.002
[15] JOHNSTON D D, JOHNSON R J. Depositional and diagenetic controls on reservoir quality in first Wilcox sandstone, Livingston Field, Louisiana[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1987, 71(10):1152-1161.
[16] SUN Shuwen, SHU Lianghu, ZENG Yanwei, et al. Porosity-permeability and textural heterogeneity of reservoir sandstones from the Lower Cretaceous Putaohua Member of Yaojia Formation, Weixing Oilfield, Songliao Basin, Northeast China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2007, 24:109-127. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2006.10.006
[17] VAHID T, HOSSAIN R B, BEHROOZ E D. Diagenetic controlled reservoir quality of South Pars Gas Field, an integrated approach[J]. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 2011, 343(1):55-71. doi:10.1016/j.crte.2010.10.004
[18] 印森林,吴胜和,许长福,等. 砂砾质辫状河沉积露头渗流地质差异分析——以准噶尔盆地西北缘三叠系克上组露头为例[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2014, 43(2):286-293. doi:10.13247/j.cnki.jcumt.2014.02.008 YIN Senlin, WU Shenghe, XU Changfu, et al. Percolation differences of sedimentary outcrop in sand-gravel braided river:A case study of Triassic Upper Karamay Formation outcrop in northwest edge of Junggar Basin[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2014, 43(2):286-293. doi:10.13247/j.cnki.jcumt.2014.02.008
[19] ARMITAGE P J, WORDENA R H, FAULKNER D R, et al. Diagenetic and sedimentary controls on porosity in Lower Carboniferousfine-grained lithologies, Krechba Field, Algeria:A petrological study of a caprock to a carbon capture site[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2010, 27(7):1395-1410. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.03.018
[20] KHIDIR A, CATUNEANU O. Diagenesis of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Willow Creek sandstones, southwestern region of Alberta[J]. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 2010, 58(4):342-360. doi:10.2113/gscpgbull.58.4.-342
[21] 孟元林,胡越,李新宁,等. 致密火山岩物性影响因素分析与储层质量预测——以马朗-条湖凹陷条湖组为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2014, 35(2):244-251. doi:10.11743/ogg20140211 MENG Yuanlin, HU Yue, LI Xinning, et al. Controlling factors on physical property of tight volcanic rocks and reservoir quality prediction:A case study of the Tiaohu Formation in Marlang-Tiaohu Sag[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2014, 35(2):244-251. doi:10.11743/ogg20140211
[22] CLARKE R H. Reservoir properties of conglomerates and conglomeratic sandstones[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1979, 63(5):799-803. doi:10.1306/2F9182D9-16CE-11D7-8645000-102C1865D
[23] 刘敬奎. 砾岩储层结构模态及储层评价探讨[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 1983, 10(2):45-55. LIU Jingkui. An investigation on structure model of conglomeratic reservoir and its evaluation[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 1983, 10(2):45-55.
[24] 刘敬奎. 克拉玛依油田砾岩储集层的研究[J]. 石油学报, 1986, 7(1):39-50. doi:10.7623/syxb198601004 LIU Jingkui. A study of the thick conglomeritic reservoirs in the Kelamay Oilfield[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 1986, 7(1):39-50. doi:10.7623/syxb198601004
[25] 罗明高. 碎屑岩储集层结构模态的定量模型[J]. 石油学报, 1991, 12(4):27-38. doi:10.7623/syxb199104004 LUO Minggao. Quantitative models for pore structures of clastic sedimentary rocks[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica, 1991, 12(4):27-38. doi:10.7623/syxb199104004
[26] 吴胜和,范峥,许长福,等. 新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型[J]. 古地理学报, 2012, 14(3):331-340. WU Shenghe, FAN Zheng, XU Changfu, et al. Xinjiang Karamay Oilfield Kexia Formation of Triassic alluvial fan internal configuration[J]. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2012, 14(3):331-340.
[27] 印森林,吴胜和,冯文杰,等. 冲积扇储集层内部隔夹层样式——以克拉玛依油田一中区克下组为例[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2013, 40(6):757-763. doi:10.11698/-PED.2013.06.18 YIN Senlin, WU Shenghe, FENG Wenjie, et al. Patterns of intercalation in alluvial fan reservoirs:A case study of lower Karamay Formation, Yizhong Area, Karamay Oilfield, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2013, 40(6):757-763. doi:10.11698/PED.2013.06.18
[28] 于兴河,瞿建华,谭程鹏,等. 玛湖凹陷百口泉组扇三角洲砾岩岩相及成因模式[J]. 新疆石油地质, 2014, 35(6):619-627. YU Xinghe, QU Jianhua, TAN Chengpeng, et al. Mahu Depression of Baikouquan Formation fan delta facies and genesis model of conglomerate[J]. Xinjiang Petroleum Geology, 2014, 35(6):619-627.
[29] 郑占,吴胜和,许长福,等. 克拉玛依油田六区克下组冲积扇岩石相及储层质量差异[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2010, 31(4):463-471. doi:10.11743/ogg20100410 ZHENG Zhan, WU Shenghe, XU Changfu, et al. The difference of the quality of alluvial fan facies and reservoir in the six Area of Karamay Oilfield[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2010, 31(4):463-471. doi:10.11743/ogg20100410
[30] BEARD D C, WEYL P K. Influence of texture on porosity and permeability of unconsolidated sand[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1973, 57(2):349-369.
[31] 罗明高. 定量储层地质学[M]. 北京:地质出版社, 1998.
[32] 王振彪,裘亦楠. 大港枣园油田冲积扇储层研究[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 1991, 18(4):86-92. WANG Zhenbiao, QIU Yinan. A study of alluvial fan reservoir, Dagang Oilfield[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 1991, 18(4):86-92.
[33] 林承焰,侯加根,徐怀民. 枣园油田孔一段岩相类型及其储层非均质性[J]. 地质论评,1993,39(增刊):76-82. doi:10.16509/j.georeview.1993.s1.013 LIN Chengyan, HOU Jiagen, XU Huaimin. Zaoyuan Oilfield a lithofacies and reservoir heterogeneity[J]. Geological Review, 1993, 39(S1):76-82. doi:10.16509/j.-georeview.1993.s1.013
[34] SPALLETTI L A, PIFIO F C. From Alluvial Fan to Playa:An Upper Jurassic Ephemeral Fluvial System, Neuquén Basin, Argentina[J]. Gondwana Research, 2005, 8(3):363-383. doi:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)71141-2
[35] 许长福,刘红现,钱根宝,等. 克拉玛依砾岩储集层微观水驱油机理[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2011, 38(6):725-731. XU Changfu, LIU Hongxian, QIAN Genbao, et al. Microcosmic mechanisms of water-oil displacement in conglomerate reservoirs in Karamay Oilfield, NW China[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2011, 38(6):725-731.
[36] 宋子齐,杨立雷,程英. 非均质砾岩储层综合评价方法——以克拉玛依油田七中、东区砾岩储层为例[J]. 石油实验地质, 2007, 29(4):415-419, 425. doi:10.-3969/j.issn.1001-6112.2007.04.016 SONG Ziqi, YANG Lilei, CHENG Ying, et al. Heterogeneous conglomerate reservoir comprehensive evaluation method:Karamay Oilfield seven conglomerate reservoir as an example[J]. Petroleum Geology & Expeximent, 2007, 29(4):415-419, 425. doi:10.3969/j.issn.-1001-6112.2007.04.016
[37] XI Kelai, CAO Yingchang, HAILE B G, et al. How does the pore-throat size control the reservoir quality and oiliness of tight sandstones? The case of the Lower Cretaceous Quantou Formation in the southern Songliao Basin, China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2016, 76:1-15. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2016.05.001
[38] 赵延林,曹平,唐劲舟,等. 岩石随机孔隙结构的三维重构模型与细观渗流分析[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 48(1):168-176. doi:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2017.01.024 ZHAO Yanlin, CAO Ping, TANG Jinzhou, et al. 3-Dimensional reconstruction model of rock with random pore structure and microscopic seepage analysis[J]. Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 2017, 48(1):168-176. doi:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2017.01.-024
[39] XIAO Liang, ZOU Changchun, MAO Zhiqiang, et al. An empirical approach of evaluating tight sandstone reservoir pore structure in the absence of NMR logs[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2016, 137:227-239. doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2015.11.035
[40] PAN Jienan, PENG Chao, WAN Xiaoping, et al. Pore structure characteristics of coal-bearing organic shale in Yuzhou coalfield, China using low pressure N₂ adsorption and FESEM methods[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2017, 153:234-243. doi:10.1016/j.petrol.-2017.03.043
[41] SUN Wei, HOU Kepeng, YANG Zhiquan, et al. X-ray CT three-dimensional reconstruction and discrete element analysis of the cement paste backfill pore structure under uniaxial compression[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 138:69-78. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.-01.088
[42] 姚军,赵秀才,衣艳静,等. 数字岩心技术现状及展望[J]. 油气地质与采收率, 2005, 12(6):52-54. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-9603.2005.06.017 YAO Jun, ZHAO Xiucai, YI Yanjing, et al. The current situation and prospect on digital core technology[J]. Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency, 2005, 12(6):52-54. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-9603.2005.06.017