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    20 December 2009, Volume 31 Issue 6
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    地质勘探
    A DISCUSSION ON THE ROLE OF ACCUMULATION ASSOCIATION IN THE EXPLORATING EVALUATION
    TONG Xiao-guang
    2009, 31(6):  1-8.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.001
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    Basin is the essential unit for hydrocarbon generation and migration.But among the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions,the abundance of hydrocarbon and the reservoir characters,there are many differences longitudinally and horizontally within a basin,so the sub unit of explorating evaluation needs be divided.After analyzing all kinds of basins in the world,it is found that in the hydrocarbon accumulation and the explorating-engineering conditions in the same basin there are many bigger differences in different longitudinal formations than in different structural belts.Accumulation association which is based on the longitudinal formations,they can fit all kinds of basins well when used as the basic exploration unit,and is particularly valueable for the long-time developped multicycle basins.
    BASIC THOUGHT FOR INVESTIGATING PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION BASED ON CORE WITH HYDROCARBON SHOWS：A CASE STUDY IN THE JUNGGAR BASIN
    WANG Xu-long CAO Jian SHI Xin-pu XIANG Bao-li LAN Wen-fang
    2009, 31(6):  9-14.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.002
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    Core with hydrocarbon show comprises much information of petroleum generation,migration,accumulation and formation.In this paper,basic thought for investigating such information is suggested based on a case study in the Luxi area of the Junggar Basin.The method is to integrate geological and (organic and inorganic) geochemical methods.It is proposed that the representiveness of the core with hydrocarbon show in the bulk hydrocarbon-show section be determined at the first,then,five steps is adopted,including determining hydrocarbon source,reconstructing petroleum migration and accumulation process,identifying oil-gas-water interval,analyzing petroleum migration and accumulation and predicting favorable petroleum forming area and exploration strategy.In general,the above fundamentals provide reference for similar studies.Additionally,practical research results in the Luxi area imply prospective on regional exploration and studies.
    RESERVOIR FLUID PROPERTY IDENTIFICATION OF VOLCANIC ROCK IN SONGNAN GAS FIELD
    WANG De-xi ZENG Wen-chong WANG Zhi-feng
    2009, 31(6):  15-20.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.003
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    The complexity of volcanic reservoir rock component,structure,and gas-water relationship,multiplicity and highly uneven random distribution of pore space result in the strong heterogeneity,low porosity and low permeability of the reservoir,so gas identification is always a challenge to logging reservoir evaluation.In this paper,NMR-density logging method,synthetic S-wave logging overlapping,compression coefficient-Poisson ratio overlapping and pressure gradient method are adopted to identify gas layers in igneous reservoir,and good effects have been achieved in the identification of the fluid property in Songnan gas field.Research shows that the response mechanism of the logging methods in different pore-fracture system is different,resulting in significant difference in result of natural gas identification.For different reservoir characteristics,different gas layer identifying methods are used,and better identification result can be achieved in igneous reservoir.
    THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELLING FOR SMALL LAYER SAND-BODY OF THE SECOND MEMBER OF SHANXI FORMATION IN CHANGBEI GAS FIELD
    ZHOU Qi;ZHENG Rong-cai Wang Jie WU Kui-yuan DING-Wei
    2009, 31(6):  21-26.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.004
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    The second member of Shanxi formation is a marine facies braid river delta sedimentary system in Changbei gas field,Ordos Basin.In order to reveal small layer sand body development scale and space distribution in different time,in this paper,taking high resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis as foundation,facies-controlling modelling as guiding ideology,short base-level cycle as formation unit and equitime stratigraphy framework as constraint condition,sequence indicator simulation method is used to simulate four short sequence braid river delta distributary channels,submerged distributary channels and river mouth bar small layer sand body development scale and space distribution on the second member of Shanxi formation in Changbei gas field．Sand body space distribute simulation result shows the channel flows from north to south and SSC1─SSC4 short base-level ascending phase is the best phase for sand body development.The channel width turned wider,sediment thickness increased,physical property turned to better,and these are good for reservoir to develop,but in descending phase,channel width turned thinner and small layer sand body thickness decreased.The small layer sand body three-dimensional simulation result gets a good validation according to actual exploration in this area.
    STUDY ON FAULT CONTROLLING HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION IN WUERXUN-BEIER SAG,HAILAER BASIN
    MA Zhong-zhen PANG Xiong-qi WANG Hong-wu WEI Jian-she
    2009, 31(6):  27-31.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.005
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    Based on the systematical research and statistical analysis of the reservoirs founded in Wuerxun-Beier,it is found that almost all the reservoirs are related with faults,based on which,the reservoirs are divided into four kinds：fault-related anticline reservoir(FA),fault-related stratigraphic reservoir(FS),fault-related lithology reservoir(FL) and fault block reservoir(FB).After the study on reservoirs distribution,it is indicated that faults control the hydrocarbon accumulation:1.The distance from the fault to trap controls the hydrocarbon distribution,and more than 90% of the industry production wells are located within 1km from faults.2.The size of the fault throw controls the hydrocarbon accumulation,and the trap developing with a fault which has a fault throw between 200～300m contains the most hydrocarbon accumulation.3.The trap with NNE or NEE direction faults has more chance to accumulate hydrocarbon.4,When the vertical throw of trap-related fault is larger than the apparent thickness of reservoir and smaller than the apparent thickness of the seal,the trap is easier to accumulate hydrocarbon.
    QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION METHOD ON FRACTURE TYPE RESERVOIR PARAMETER OF COMPLICATED OIL-GAS RESERVOIR
    RAN Zhi-Bing ZHENG Xiao-Chuan TAN Xiu-Zhong HU Hong
    2009, 31(6):  32-36.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.006
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    In recent years,with further exploration and exploitation of complicated fracture type oil reservoir in Qingxi Oilfield,a higher requirement is posed to the evaluation of dual-porosity reservoir.The evaluation of fracture pore should not be limited to a qualitative evaluation but extend to a quantitative one.In this paper,the way of calculating fracture porosity is introduced by processing image logging with the use of the softwares of PoroSpect,FVI,PoroDist and using dual laterolog empirical formula to fulfill quantitative evaluation of double porosity reservoir,specific to the lower Cretaceous fracture type reservoir.This way has been applied in fracture type reservoir in Qingxi Oilfield and good application effect is realized.
    THE DISCUSSION AND STUDY ON THE DIVISION METHODS OF FLOW UNIT
    GAO Wei WANG Yun-cheng LIU Hong
    2009, 31(6):  37-40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.007
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    The division methods of flow unit are constantly developing to meet the need of oil and gas field development since the concept of flow unit was put forward first,especially,the method of flowing zone index and the method of pore throat radius (r35) are the most popular ones nowadays.However,through thorough application,the two methods are not adjusted to the practice in the oilfield.Authors of this paper investigate the internal meanings of the methods and discover that the two methods which come from the microcosmic pore structure are different expression forms from one physics property to appraise the flow unit.At the same time,it is thought that only when the continuity,similarity and independence are taken into account to evaluate the flow unit,can the reservoir be evaluated effectively and correctly.
    THE STUDY OF CUT-OFF PORE-THROAT IN RESERVOIR
    SHI Yu;YANG Zheng-ming;HUANG Yan-zhang
    2009, 31(6):  41-44.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.008
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    The traditional method getting the cut-off pore-throat is based on the experience,there is no enough theory and experiment to support the method.According to the relation between NMR and traditional mercury injection,the NMR map is converted into pore-throat spectrum.Combining with the spectrum and centrifugal method,a new method getting the cut-off pore-throat radius is presented.Meantime,the cut-off pore-throat radius of Daqing Oilfield is calculated.The results show there are a good positive correlation between permeability and the cut-off pore-throat radius.The porosity has little effect on the cut-off pore-throat radius.On the basis of Poisseuille formula of capillary model,the new value of cumulative contribution to the permeability,which is corresponding with the cut-off pore-throat radius,is calculated,and the results presented the value reaches 99.9%.Above study provides new reference for reservoir evaluation.
    IGNEOUS ROCK FRACTURES AND HYDROCARBON IDENTIFICATION BASED ON DSL DATA
    LI Tong-hua;DUAN Qing-qing YANG Lei WU Jin-long
    2009, 31(6):  45-50.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.009
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    Igneous rock reservoir has been important explorative target and potential reserve target.In igneous rock evaluation,identifying fractures and hydrocarbon is a key issue.In view of the factors,i.e.conventional well logging is difficult to identify the complicated mineral components and lithology,the characteristics are used that acoustic energy attenuation is very sensitive to the response of natural fractures and that Schlumberger S wave data can be used to calculate the property of energy attenuation of P wave,S wave and stoneley wave,the effective identification to fractures is realized.Under the conditions of physical property and lithology being basically coincident,by means of S and P wave energy overlap,poisson ratio and wave velocity ratio,the gas formation can be identified,the practical application of Karamay igneous rock reservoirs indicates DSI data plays an important role in igneous rock reservoir evaluation,the method explores a new path for igneous rock fracture and hydrocarbon identification.

    LOW POROSITY AND LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR DELIVERABILITY BASED ON WELL LOGGING DATA
    WANG Zhi Xu Jiang-wen Gu bin
    2009, 31(6):  51-55.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.010
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    Aiming at the issues that low porosity and low permeability reservoir deliverability prediction model is impacted a lot by sensitivity factors,there is an unapparent difference between the main and secondary factors when deliverability is low,and deliverability prediction and evaluation are relatively difficult,the Xia wells 77 and 79 in Xiazhijie area,Junggar Basin are taken as examples to carry out pilot test for low porosity and low permeability reservoir deliverability prediction,different deliverability prediction models and the applicable conditions are summarized,further,the optimized Darcy model,Jones.et al model,Vogel/Harrison (1968) model and fracture model are selected to predict and test low porosity and low permeability reservoir deliverability.By analyzing the compatibility of predicted and tested deliverability,it is verified that predicted result based on well logging data matches well with test result,reliability of the prediction deliverability model can be confirmed.
    APPLICATION RESEARCH ON TIME VARIABLE FILTERING WITH S-TRANSFORM IN DENOISING PROCESSING
    YANG Hai-tao ZHU Shi-jun YANG Ai-guo CHANG Zhi PENG Cai
    2009, 31(6):  56-58.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.011
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    There are several kinds of filtering methods to diminish the noises.However,all of them are restricted by operating conditions,as a result,a satisfactory effect of filtering can not be obtained from actual data.Time variable filtering with S-transform overcomes the shortage that the filtering factors in traditional filtering and denoising approaches will not change with time and frequency variation.Seismic data are transformed to time-frequency domain by using the S-transformation methods,then,the noises at different time intervals and with different frequencies are zeroized partly.Finally,the seismic data after noise elimination are transformed into time domain again by using S-inverse transformation to achieve the effective signals needed.Based on theoretical and real seismic data calculation,it is believed that S-transform is really an effective method eliminating noises at different time intervals and with different frequencies.
    石油与天然气工程
    PRODUCTIVITY CALCULATION AND IMPACTING FACTORS OF LOW PERMEABILITY UNSATURATED RESERVOIR
    SU Yu-liang ZHANG Dong QIN Xiao-xia KUANG Yu
    2009, 31(6):  59-62.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.012
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    Low permeability unsaturated oil reservoir is studied in this paper.By using Darcy formula，the IPR equation of unsaturated reservoir considering threshold pressure gradient and media deformation is derived.The IPR curve is tested with field data，and threshold pressure gradient，media deformation and water cut are studied respectively to explain how the production is affected.The results show that，the oil production of unsaturated reservoir decreases with increasing threshold pressure gradient and media deformation under the same conditions.The IPR curve contains the maximum oil production when the bottom hole flowing pressure is below the bubble point pressure.Under the same conditions，the maximum production pressure increases with decreasing threshold pressure gradient and deformation factor.Water cut has little effect on oil production.The research can theoretically guide the reasonable development of unsaturated reservoir.

    PRODUCTIVITY CALCULATION AND IMPACTING FACTORS OF LOW PERMEABILITY UNSATURATED RESERVOIR
    SU Yu-liang ZHANG Dong QIN Xiao-xia KUANG Yu
    2009, 31(6):  59-62.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.012
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    Low permeability unsaturated oil reservoir is studied in this paper.By using Darcy formula，the IPR equation of unsaturated reservoir considering threshold pressure gradient and media deformation is derived.The IPR curve is tested with field data，and threshold pressure gradient，media deformation and water cut are studied respectively to explain how the production is affected.The results show that，the oil production of unsaturated reservoir decreases with increasing threshold pressure gradient and media deformation under the same conditions.The IPR curve contains the maximum oil production when the bottom hole flowing pressure is below the bubble point pressure.Under the same conditions，the maximum production pressure increases with decreasing threshold pressure gradient and deformation factor.Water cut has little effect on oil production.The research can theoretically guide the reasonable development of unsaturated reservoir.

    地质勘探
    THE EVALUATION WAY FOR WATER STORAGE RATE AND WATER FLOODING INDEX OF WATER INJECTION EFFECT IN ULTRA-LOW PERMEABILITY
    JIANG Yuan-zheng JIN Shuan-lian YANG Xiao-gang WANG Bo SUN Wu-peng
    2009, 31(6):  63-65.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.013
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    In the mid-late period of production in ultra-low permeability reservoirs,the evaluation of water injection is very important to development adjustment.What is the relationship among formation water storage rate,water flooding index and the water injection effect in ultra-low permeability reservoirs? H block of Ansai Oilfield is taken as example,by means of the curve plotting and analysis of formation water storage rate and water flooding index,the effect of development by water flooding to the block is evaluated,and the result is verified by using in-door experiment and in-situ dynamic data.It is recognized in the process of development by water injection of ultra-low permeability reservoirs,if the actual water storage rate and water flooding index curves are located between the standard curves,the effect of development by water injection is the best,and if they are above or below the standard curves,the effect is not so good.Water storage rate and water flooding index play an objective and correct evaluation role to the effect of development by water injection in ultra-low permeability reservoirs.
    石油与天然气工程
    APPLICATION PROGRESS OF FLUID FLOW MATHEMATIC MODEL FOR FRACTURE-VUG TYPE RESERVOIR
    ZHANG Dong-li LI Jiang-long
    2009, 31(6):  66-70.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.014
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    The conventional continuous media model and the corresponding reservoir numerical simulation,as well as well test method are not suitable for fracture-vug type of carbonate rock reservoir due to its variety of pore spaces,strong inhomogeneity and complex law of fluid flow.In this paper,from the aspect of reservoir media and fluid flow,integrating the research situation of numerical simulation and well test,the current situation and development tendency of fluid flow mathematic model and the application of the kind of reservoir are reviewed,the application conditions and the advantage and disadvantage of equivalent dual-media method,triple-media method,popularized multiple-media method,non-continuous media method and the method combining continuous with non-continuous media are systematically discussed.It is pointed out that dual-media,triple-media and the popularized multiple-media models are the main ones which are applied and studied.But the discrete fracture net model of non-continuous media field should be integrated if there are big and inhomogeneously distributed vugs and fractures,and also,the practical motion law of fluid in vugs in fracture-vug reservoir should be taken into consideration,the research and application in this area are still immature.
    THE MECHANISM RESEARCH FOR THE CROSSLINKED EMULSION FRACTURING STEADYING THE TUFFACEOUS RESERVOIR
    XIE Chao-yang ZHANG Hao
    2009, 31(6):  71-75.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.015
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    Xinganling reservoir in Hailaer Oilfield is the typical tuffaceous reservoir.The early sand out phenomenon is serious when adopting the conventional water fracturing during the fracturing process，and the success ratio is very low，which restraints the oilfield development seriously.The oil phase consistency in crosslinked emulsion fracturing system which is researched for tuffaceous reservoir is very low，and the compatibility with the tuffaceous reservoir rock is rather well.The job implementation success ratio measured up to 97% in the field test for 75 oil wells and expanding application for 118 oil wells.It resolved the puzzle of the fracturing commission in Xinganling reservoir thoroughly.This paper researched the mechanism of steadying the tuffaceous reservoir rock from the physical characteristics，film forming cut off action，viscosifying cut off action，two-phase flow and Jamin action theory in crosslinked emulsion fracturing.
    RESEARCH ON DIFFUSIBILITY OF THE GAS IN TIGHT SAND GAS RESERVOIR
    YANG Jian;KANG Yi-li SANG Yu LI Qian-gui
    2009, 31(6):  76-79.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.016
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    In tight sandstone gas reservoir,there is high content of clay mineral,which provides abundant intercrystal pores and surface area compared with conventional reservoir.Experiment reveals that the average specific surface area of tight sandstone is 2.13m2/g.Natural gas will be adsorbed in the micro-nano spaces.When Knudsen number is greater than 10,adsorption gas will display desorption,diffusion,migration.Average diffusion coefficient of the gas in tight sandstone is 6.86×10-5m2/s.Simulation of gas well diffusive flux for typical tight sandstone shows that diffusion is one of the very important ways to tight sandstone gas mass transfer during production.
    PARALLEL COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY FOR DUAL-POROSITY RESERVOIR NUMERICAL SIMULATION
    WU Yi-Ming LI Yong LI Bao-zhu YAO Jun
    2009, 31(6):  80-84.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.017
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    The single-phase flow through porous media in fracture media under electric field is studied with numerical simulation.A mathematical model describing the flow of single-phase fluid in fracture media under electric field is established based on the equivalent continuum model and the electroosmosis theory,the finite element method for solving the mathematical equations is introduced,three kinds of fracture media models with different fracture apertures are designed,and the effect of electric-field strength,pressure gradient and fracture aperture on flow velocity in fracture media is analyzed respectively in terms of the numerical results.The flow rate can be increased effectively under electric-field,for example,the velocity can be increased by 8.2 times in the fracture media whose aperture is 5×10-5m when electric-field strength is 450v/m,and the ratio of flow velocity under different electrical fields and zero electrical field decays exponentially with pressure gradient increasing.The results indicate that influence of electric field on flow through porous media is more significant with the decreasing in the pressure gradient and the fracture aperture.
    NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SINGLE-PHASE FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA IN FRACTURE MEDIA UNDER ELECTRIC FIELD
    LIU Jin-yua WANG Dian-shenga LU Zhan-guob YAN Guo-lianga XING Zhao-yu
    2009, 31(6):  85-88.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.018
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    The single-phase flow through porous media in fracture media under electric field is studied with numerical simulation.A mathematical model describing the flow of single-phase fluid in fracture media under electric field is established based on the equivalent continuum model and the electroosmosis theory,the finite element method for solving the mathematical equations is introduced,three kinds of fracture media models with different fracture apertures are designed,and the effect of electric-field strength,pressure gradient and fracture aperture on flow velocity in fracture media is analyzed respectively in terms of the numerical results.The flow rate can be increased effectively under electric-field,for example,the velocity can be increased by 8.2 times in the fracture media whose aperture is 5×10-5m when electric-field strength is 450v/m,and the ratio of flow velocity under different electrical fields and zero electrical field decays exponentially with pressure gradient increasing.The results indicate that influence of electric field on flow through porous media is more significant with the decreasing in the pressure gradient and the fracture aperture.
    EXPERIMENT OF AQUATHERMOLYSIS REACTION BETWEEN HEAVY OIL AND OVER-HEATED STEAM
    ZHOU Ti-yao CHENG Lin-song LI Chun-lan ZHU Zhao-feng GUO Shuang-sheng
    2009, 31(6):  89-92.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.019
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    High temperature aquathermolysis is generally carried out between heavy oil and hot water with high pressure,but the aquathermolysis reaction between over-heated steam and heavy oil is hardly studied.In order to conduct this research,based on investigation,a high temperature and high pressure autoclave whose volume is changeable is designed to substitute for the autoclave whose volume is fixed,so the aquathermolysis of heavy oil in over-heated steam is achieved.By means of the equipment,the influence of over-heated steam on heavy oil aquathermolysis under the condition of different temperature and different water content is studied.Result shows there is an apparent aquathermolysis reaction between crude oil and over-heated steam.Further analysis demonstrates after aquathermolysis reaction,oil viscosity reduces the amount of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons increases,resin and asphaltenes decrease,carbon atom content in crude oil decreases，hydrogen atom content increases greatly and sulfur atom content decreases.As water content increases the crude oil viscosity decreases firstly,then increases after reaction.When water content is 30%,the viscosity is the lowest.
    THE DEPOSITION PATTERN AND MICRODISTRIBUTION STUDY ON ELEMENTAL SULFUR IN THE HIGH SULFUR CONTENT GAS RESERVOIRS
    YANG Xue-fenga HU Yongb ZHONG Binga LI Ninga LI Ganga
    2009, 31(6):  97-100.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.021
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    The study on the sulfur deposition belongs to one of four important tasks to develop the high sulfur gas reservoirs safely and reasonably.With the decrease of the formation pressure in the high sulfur gas reservoirs,the solubility of elemental sulfur is descending.Once the solubility of elemental sulfur is less than the elemental sulfur content,the elemental sulfur will deposit from the formation.The deposited sulfur blocks the formation pore space and reduces permeability,which severely impacts the gas deliverability.In order to study the deposition pattern and feature of the sulfur,the experiment is carried out by using the TD5-1 gas passing the core to deposit the elemental sulfur in lower pressure,then,the core is analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and energy spectrum.The deposition pattern and micro-distribution on elemental sulfur is drawn,i.e.,the elemental sulfur distributes around the pore surface filmily.The results can lay foundation for further understanding and guiding the reasonable development of the high sulfur content gas reservoirs.
    APPLICATION OF TRY AND DERROR METHOD TO TREATMENT ON WELLHEAD PRESSURE BUILD UP CURVE ABNORMALITY OF GAS WELL
    SU Yun-he DU Zhi-min GUO Xiao LAN Sheng-wu SONG Hai-jing
    2009, 31(6):  101-104.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.022
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    Aiming at phenomenon of abnormal gas well shut down pressure build-up curve (i.e.,bottom hole pressure goes up while wellhead pressure goes down after the well is shut down),the bottom hole pressure calculation model is modified based on the practical test data and existing literature.By means of try and derror method,from two aspects if or not well stream composition changes while shutting down the well,the well head pressure build-up curve is corrected.Case study shows the method can eliminate the influence of gas well head pressure build-up curve abnormality on well test interpretation,and it provides a reference to the gas wells with same or similar well stream composition.The result plays a foundation for well test interpretation and dynamic calculation.
    THE INFLUENCE OF HORIZONTAL WELL TRAJECTORY ON RECOVERY EFFECTIVENESS OF BOTTOM WATER OIL RESERVOIR
    HE Feng-guo LI Liang-chuan YUE Xiang-an ZHENG Jia-peng JIANG Jian-lin
    2009, 31(6):  105-109.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.023
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    3D physical model for horizontal well production of bottom water oil reservoir is established in this paper.The influence of horizontal well trajectory on horizontal well deliverability,bottom water and well bore pressure gradient,water cut and recovery is studied by changing dogleg location in horizontal well and the distance from bottom water.Results show that water cut increases slowly when the dogleg is far from heel in concave horizontal well,and the period of water-free production is longer.When the dogleg in concave horizontal well is located in the middle,and the dogleg is shallow in depth,the recovery is high.After injecting gel plugging and recovering by bottom water drive,the degree of enhancing recovery is higher when the dogleg is located at the heel.Experimental result is coincident with practical oil reservoir,which provides meaningful reference for horizontal well optimal design and in-situ shutoff of bottom water oil reservoir.
    PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF DOWNHOLE THROTTLING GAS WELL
    ZENG Yan;CHEN Weia DUAN Yong-gangb TANG Zhi-ping
    2009, 31(6):  110-112.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.024
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    The production prediction model of down-hole throttle gas well with well-bore and gas reservoir flow coupling is established in this paper,the temperature and pressure decoupling model and numerical coupling is adopted for single-well production system.It takes tubing-head pressure as setting conditions,rate and downstream temperature are controlled by choke,which can forecast rate and pressure change of gas well by well-test interpretation and history match,and nonlinear well-bore temperature and pressure profile in production process are described.Accordingly,the production performance of throttle gas well can be investigated comprehensively.The route can be extended to multiphase flow and complex well trajectory.
    A NEW METHOD AND THE APPLICATION OF PREDICTING CRITICAL LIQUID-CARRYING RATE IN GAS WELL
    YANG Wen-ming;WANG Ming;ZHOU Meng-qiu;;JIA Yue-le;CHEN Liang
    2009, 31(6):  113-116.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.025
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    JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY(SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITION)，VOL.31，NO.6,113-116,2009（ISSN 1674-5086，in Chinese）
    Abstract：Aiming at the issue of correcting coefficient in gas well critical liquid-carrying rate calculation equation for gas liquid ration greater than 1400m3,on the basis of the liquid drop being flat-shaped in gas well bore and the relationship of drag coefficient and Reynolds number (between 1×103～2.2×105 and 2.2×105~1.0×106),the new critical rate equation for high gas liquid ration gas-carrying in gas well is established by combining classic mechanics.Theoretically,the disagreement on whether or not the theory equation for critical liquid-carrying rate model being increased by 20% is explained.The model is made more perfect and more compatible with field practice.
    TWO NEW TYPES OF WATER FLOODING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE SERIES
    WEI Hong-tao WANG Nu-tao HUANG Bing-guang
    2009, 31(6):  117-122.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.026
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    Water flooding characteristic curve method is an important one to predict water flooding deliverability and recoverable reserve.At the present,the researchers both home and abroad have studied and established tens of expressions for water flooding characteristic curve.All the curves are hard to be used for quantitatively describing the whole process of oilfield development due to the complexibility of the development,they are only suitable for a certain period.Based on several existing new types of water flooding characteristic curves,the new types of water flooding characteristic curves are presented in this paper by combining the second kind of water flooding curve with the tenth kind of water flooding curve and the C kind of water flooding curve with the tenth kind of water flooding curve,the shape and feature of the characteristic curves are studied.The established curves are better matched with practical data,results are more reliable.
    油气化学工程与化工
    STUDY ON RECIRCULATING UTILIZATION OF SODIUM OLEATE FOAM
    WAN Li-ping MENG Ying-feng LI Yong-jie
    2009, 31(6):  123-125.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-
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    Recirculating ability of sodium oleate foam is discussed and the influence of different foam stabilizers,pH value and concentration of sodium oleate on foam performance is evaluated by utilizing its surfactivity sensitivity to acid and alkali environment.The results show that the foaming ability decreases gradually and half life prolongs gradually with the increasing concentration of foam stabilizer,and the optimum formula of mixing foam stabilizer is 0.2%XC+0.2% FA367.Foaming ability is enhanced gently with pH value rising under the same concentration condition of sodium oleate and reaches the maximum at pH =10,then decreases gently.Foaming ability is enhanced gradually with sodium oleate concentration adding at 8＜pH＜10,and foaming ability increcement decreases when sodium oleate concentration exceeds 0.7%,foaming ability loses at pH<6.The aim of generatation of sodium oleate foam can be realized by adjusting pH value,and maintenanceing good foaming ability after recirculating 10 times.
    VISUALIZATION STUDY ON FOAMY OIL FLOW STATE
    CHEN Xing-long QIN Ji-shun
    2009, 31(6):  126-130.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.028
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    The foamy oil in the Orinoco Formation,Venezuela,is placed great attention to for its flow characteristic in development and lab research.Under different pressure,the research on the microscopic shape of the oil is important to search for the mechanism flowing through porous media.When the foamy oil is under bubble point pressure,it presents complex shape change,in lab research,by means of visualization model,the formation,growth,merging and separating of the bubble are observed and analyzed,it is found out the bubble,while passing through pores,is of unique migration characteristic,when the bubble comes close to or pass pore throats,its motion speed increases considerably.Deformation,overturning or absorbtion will occur in different diameter bubbles.Analysis of model surface roughness,pore and bubble size indicates the key factor influencing the number of bubbles is gas oil ratio,but the ration is not major factor gas/liquid interface interacting.The generation and motion of the bubble are controlled by both pressure drop and heavy weight components,high asphaltum and collidal matter content determine the characteristic flowing through porous media of foamy oil.
    THE ACIDIZING TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION OF MULTI- HYDROGEN ACID
    LI Nian-yin ZHAO Li-qiang LIU Ping-li GUO Wen-ying DU Juan
    2009, 31(6):  131-134.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.029
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    In sandstone reservoir acidizing,there are problems of conventional mud acid system that it reacts with minerals too quickly,secondary precipitation happens easily and the effective distance of acid liquid is short.The existing retarded acid system can not overcome the huge contrast of the reaction speed between clay and quartz interfaces,new deep acidizing technique can increase the penetration distance of acide liquid in a certain degree though,the technique is complicated and it can not solve the problems of precipitation and block-out.The multi-hydrogen acid system,compared with existing HF system,reacts more slowly,is more capable of dissolution and anti-scaling and dispersivity property,it can constrain formation damage nearby well bore and effectively control secondary precipitation.The acidity characteristics,dissolving property,wettability,stastic corrosion property,dispersivity and anti-scaling property of multi-hydrogen acid are tested in-door,the aciding effectiveness test of mud acid,fluoboric acid and multi-hydrogen acid is evaluated.Case study indicates the multi-hydrogen acid is excellent in property and acidizing effectiveness can be enhanced considerably.
    STUDY ON INTERFACIAL PROPERTY BETWEEN ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE AND ALKANE
    DING Wei GAO Xiao-Yu;YU Tao QU Guang-Miao CHENG Jie-Cheng
    2009, 31(6):  135-138.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.030
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    The influence of salt,isoamyl alcohol and surfactant concentration on the compound system of oil/water interfacial tension is researched in this paper.The minimum carbon number of n-alkane of three kinds of alkylbenzene sulfonate isomers is studied.Results show that when the mass of salt,alcohol,alkylbenzene sulfonate,is 0.3%，1.5% and 0.1% respectively,the interfacial tension values can be achieved 0.001 mN/m.When the mass of alcohol,alkylbenzene sulfonate unchanged,with the carbon number of oil phase growing,the salt content at which the interfacial tention reaches 0.001mN/m increases by 0.28%~0.32%,0.32%~0.38% and 0.37%~0.48% respectively.The nmin of three isomers increases with the aromatic moving from the edge to the centre in the long alkyl chain,followed by 10,11,16.Under the condition of the mass of alcohol,salt unchanged,the interfacial tention between alkylbenzene sulfonate solution and corresponding alkane can reach 0.001mN/m while the mass of three kinds of alkylbenzene sulfonate isomers is 0.08%~ 0.16%.
    DESIGNING SCALE INHIBITOR BY MODIFIED SIMPLEX OPTIMIZATION METHOD
    FU Jun-fang;LIU Ke-qing;MO Cheng-xiao;WANG Tong-you;YANG Zhen-yu
    2009, 31(6):  139-142.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.031
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    It is difficult to obtain the satisfactory inhibiting result by one kind of inhibitor for oilfield application,so several kinds of inhibitors are always combined to reach expected inhibiting effect by their synergistic interactions.In this paper,the simplex optimization method is used to seek the optimal formulation of polyacrylic acid (PAA),polyaspartic acid (PSAP),ethylenediamine tetramethylene phophonic acid (EDTMP) and critic acid (CA) according to the salinities of injected water and formation water in a certain oilfield in China.The average inhibition ratio is used as response variable in optimization.The optimal formulation is finally obtained through twelve trials and the optimal formulation of inhibitors is PAA∶PASP∶EDTMP∶CA = 58.6∶14.8∶4.9∶21.7（V/V）.This result shows that the method used in this paper is simple,accurate and quick to design and optimize formulation of inhibitors.
    STUDY ON THE SYNTHESIS AND POUR-POINT DEPRESSING PROPERTIES OF EVA GRAFT COPOLYMER
    GUO Shu-feng GUAN Zhong-yuan HU Xing-qi WU Li-juan
    2009, 31(6):  143-147.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.032
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    On the basis of analyzing characteristics of Daqing crude oil and according to mechanism of PPD,the graft copolymer of EVA and octadecyl maleimide is synthesized.The graft copolymer has an optimal effect of pour point depressing for the Daqing crude oil when it is synthesized under the conditions that the mole ratio of EVA and octadecyl maleimide is 1∶20,mass fraction peroxidation benzoin formyl is 2.5%,polymerization time is 6h,and the polymerization temperature is 90℃.When 100mg/kg of the graft copolymer was added into Daqing crude oil,the pour point was reduced by 15℃.The infrared spectrograms of octadecylamine,maleic anhydride,octadecyl maleimide indicate that the reaction product of dodecylamine and maleic anhydride is dodecylmaleimide.The NMR spectral diagrams of EVA and its graft copolymers show that the reaction of EVA and dodecylmaleimide has taken place indeed,and the grafted percentage reaches to 6.7%.
    石油机械工程及其它
    MECHANICS ANALYSIS OF JETTING STRING DURING JETTING OPERATION OF CONDUCTOR
    ZHANG Hui GAO De-li TANG Haixiong
    2009, 31(6):  148-151.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.033
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    Jetting string used in deepwater jetting operation of conductor has a special double-pipe structure,it is composed of inner bottom hole assembly (BHA) and outer conductor,which are in different mechanical systems.The axial load of jetting string is important for deformation and stress calculation on whole tubular string.Analysis indicates that axial load of conductor depends on friction resistance,and the load of BHA is influenced by hydraulic thrust load,jetting reacting force and weight on bit (WOB).The axial load can be transfered by running tool between both inner and outer tubules.The distribution of axial force along jetting string is calculated and the change law of neutral point on conductor during jetting operations is analyzed.It is useful for jetting conductor design and operations.
    STUDY ON THE CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROFOIL FOR CAVITAION AND SILT ABRASION IN FLOW OF LOW SOLID CONTENT
    ZHANG Taoa CHEN Ci-changb LI Danc
    2009, 31(6):  152-155.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-
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    Aiming at the cavitation and silt abrasion of hydraulic machinery,the study explores the mode of cavitation enhancing silt abrasion.The images of the distribution of cavity in flow of low silt content on the surface of hydrofoil are recorded by a system of laser-CCD at different cross-sections in the converging-diverging test section of the close-circulated apparatus.The law of the variation with time and the periodic behavior of birth,development,falling off and collapse of the cavity is acquired by analyzing the images.The grey distribution of the average value and the standard variation of the vapor cloud volume at different sections are obtained by using a statistical image processing method,and the latter represents the distribution of the velocity of the change of the vapor cloud volume.Referring to the published results of cavitation and silt abrasion,the study indicates that the mode of cavitation enhancing silt abrasion is depended on the distribution law of the cavity and the velocity of the change of the vapor cloud volume in the flow field of hydraulic machinery.
    NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SULFURED HYDROGEN-CONTAINING GAS PIPELINE LEAK AND DIFFUSION ON FLAT AREAS
    ZHU Hong-jun LIN Yuan-hua MA Cheng-xue
    2009, 31(6):  156-160.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.035
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    In view of the gas leak in pipeline,especially,the sulfured hydrogen-containing gas pipeline leak will greatly threaten the nearby environment,the numerical simulation is carried out about the sulfured hydrogen-containing gas pipeline leak and diffusion on flat areas.The simulation indicates that under the condition of static wind,when gas diffusion gets stale in air,its pressure,speed and the distribution of concentration are basically symmetric.The concentration of sulfured hydrogen is quite high at the zones near the jet hole,above the jet hole and near ground,they are danger zones.When wind blows and the scope of diffusion gets larger,wind will play the role of lightening diffusion,the effectiveness will increase as height increases.While without wind,the jetting area is located above the leaking hole,and jetting area comes to deform when wind is blowing.As wind speed increases,the danger area decreases in size.Simulating the law of gas pipeline leaking point diffusion can provide reference to safe production and emergency response.
    STUDY ON THE EXPLOSION LIMIT FOR THE GAS PRODUCED AFTER AIR INJECTION LOW TEMPERATURE CRUDE OIL OXIDATION
    CAO Wei-fu CAO Wei-zheng ZHANG Xiao-lei LU Yao WU Hui-jue
    2009, 31(6):  166-171.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.037
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    A device for measuring explosion limit for flammable gas is developed.The explosion limit for the gas produced after air injection low temperature crude oil oxidation is obtained,and the maximum oxygen content is also tested through changing the gas content.The results show that the gas prepared according to the low temperature oxidation will not explode under the condition of reservoirs,the explosion limit and maximum oxygen content change with the temperature and pressure,carbon dioxide plays an important role in impeding the explosion of the flammable gas.
    博导论评
    INVESTIGATION ON WATER-OUT MECHANISM OF BOTTOM WATER DRIVEN RESERVOIR IN HORIZONTAL WELLS
    JIANG Han-qiao LI Jun-jian LI Jie
    2009, 31(6):  172-176.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.038
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    In view of poor studying water-out pattern and laws in horizontal wells,a typical model is established on the basis of the geological data of a certain block in Jidong Oilfield.Through the study on water cut and water-oil ratio derivative curve on the typical water-out pattern,several conclusion are obtained:1.One-point water-out;for heel water out,the water cut and water oil ratio derivative curves(WWDC) are smooth with two obvious water out points;for the middle water out,there are three water out points in the WWDC.As the high permeable zone moves to the toe,the duration of water free production becomes longer.2.Multi-point water-out,the number of peaks on the WWDC grows with the increasing of the water out point.3.Linear water out,there are obvious plateaus on the WWDC.4.The water free production period of one point water-out pattern is longer than that of the two patterns.A new method is established to study the water out point by using production data.
    探讨与争鸣
    MISUNDERSTANDINGS OF LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR
    LI Chuan-liang ZHANG Xue-lei
    2009, 31(6):  177-180.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.06.039
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    There are many misunderstandings of low permeability reservoir,which is due to incorrect experiment methods and shortage of rational research.Some microfractures develope in low permeability reservoir,their openings are narrow and continuity are poor and under stress（open fractures can not exist underground）they are closed,so permeability is quite low.The microfractures in low permeability reservoir are similar to the inter-granular pores to some extent,so low permeability reservoir should be viewed as single-pore media,and can not be named dual-pore media.High compressibility and strong stress-sensitivity of low permeability reservoir are due to the systematical error in laboratory measurement,and are not the property of reservoir itself.The slippage effect and the threshold pressure gradient of reservoirs are false appearances of experiment and do not exist actually.