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    20 December 2005, Volume 27 Issue 6
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    地质勘探
    HE APPLICATION OF HIGHRESOLUTION SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY TO LITHOFACIESPALEOGEOGRAPHY MAPPING
    ZHANG Xiang;TIAN Jingchun;Liu Jiaduo;et al.
    2005, 27(6):  1-4.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.01
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    Based on the highresolution sequence stratigraphy theory, strata, sedimentation and lithofacies paleogeography, the fine highresolution sequence stratigraphy division and comparison have been done, and the highresolution isochronic sequence stratigraphy framework has been built, and the half cycle of base level elevating of middleterm baselevel cycle as the mapping unit has been selected, and the lithofacies paleogeography map of middleterm baselevel cycle has been established and its characteristic has been described. The sequences based lithofaciespaleogeography map made in this way is marked by several advantages like synchroneity and succession of the sedimentation process and hence is far more practical for exploration purposes. Furthermore, it more precisely reconstructs the primary geologic process, reveals certain unknown facts and proves more informative. The Permian System in South China was eventually exemplified to elaborate the aforementioned mapping method.
    STUDYING THE PORE STRUCTURE OF SANDSTONE BY RESISTIVITY LOGGING
    CHEN Jie;LIU Xiangjun;CHENG Zhu;etal.
    2005, 27(6):  5-7.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.02
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    The pore structure character of sandstone reservoir is the base of exerting the productivity of sandstone reservoir and enhancing the recovery efficiency of oil/gas. It can be used to study the pore structure character of reservoir rapidly and efficiently by introducing the resistivity logging data, and provide a solid guarantee for the exploration and exploitation. According to the simplified physics conducting model, the formula can be conducted which can compute the pore structure parameter of sandstone reservoir. Moreover, based on the data of one oilfield, it carries out computation and gets a good result.
    THE EXPLORATION TRAGET OF OILGAS MABEI SLOPE AREA OF ZHUENGAER BASIN
    HE Yan;MOU Zhonghai;PEI Suan;et al.
    2005, 27(6):  8-11.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.03
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    In this paper, the regular of migration and accumulation model of oil or gas of Fengcheng and Mabei oilfield has been studied. On the basis studying, it is pointed out that the source rock is mainly the Fengcheng and Jiamuhe group of Mahu trough. The main transport passage of oil and gas is the fault and the permeability layer and unconformity surface. The period of migration and accumulation of oil and gas is Triassic system and from Jurassic system to Cretaceous system.There are two kinds of migration and accumulation model of oil or gas: first is side of sourceunconformityslopezone type, second is outside source unconformityfault controlsteps type in this region. On the basis studying the source rock and cap rock and trap, it is considered finally that the favorable object area of stratum reservoir is the PJ stratum of Wuerhe and Xiazijie and Mabei oil field.
    CARBONATE RESERVOIR PARAMETER ESTIMATION IN SHUANGJIABA STRUCTURE
    CHEN Kegui;ZHANG Fan;FENG Xuelong;et al.
    2005, 27(6):  12-14.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.04
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    According to the features of carbonate reservoir, concluding the characters of curves in the limestone, dolomite, limestone with dolomite and dolomite with limestone, and investigation the distribution rules of the porosity and saturation and expounding the relations between the total porosity and the fracture porosity in the reservoirs are all did in this paper. At last, the reservoir development and distribution rules from Fei 1 to Fei 3 is analyzed by concluding the porosity, permeability and saturation in every
    RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS OF BASHENJIQIKE FORMATION KEYI TECTONIC BELT KUCHE DEPRESSION
    XU Lunxun;WANG Hongwei;LIN Kexiang;et al.
    2005, 27(6):  15-19.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.05
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    By the detailed descriptions of the seven cross sections from Kuche River, Kelasou River and the rock cores from Kela Nos.1,2 and 3 wells,couple with. The data SEM analyses,the reservoir characteristics of Bashijiqike Formation can be concluded as follows: (1)the compositional and textural maturations of the rocks are relatively lower; (2)the reservair pore types include intragraindissolved pores, matrix dissolved pores, cement dissolved pores and primary intragranual pores; (3) the pore txture is finepore, middle throat ;(4) the reservoir types are primarily the low porelow permeability typeⅡ, secondarily the low pore─middle permeability type Ⅲ.
    SEDIMENTERY FACIS AND ITS RELATIVITY WITH PETROLEUMGAS AT CHIHSIA AGE OF PERMIAN IN THE NORTHWEST OF SICHUAN
    SONG Zhangqiang;WANG Xingzhi;ZENG Deming.
    2005, 27(6):  20-24.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.06
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    On the basis of studying numerously of field geological and drilling profiles of the Bottom Permian System in the Northwest of Sichuan, combine forefathers research results, propose this area have both characteristic of carbonate platform and carbonate ramp at Chihsia Age in the Early Permian Period, called the Honmogeneous Oblique Platform environment. It is thought that The Honmogeneous Oblique Platform Margin Shallow Water High Energy Organic Bank is the best for the development of the reservoir through the analysis of its sedimentary characteristic, mainly distributed on the Tianjing MountainGuangyuan Northwest Township bring at Chihsia Age Two, thickness heavy, distribute relatively wide, is the best facis belt for exploration. Deep Ramp and Basin environment are relatively favorable to the formation and evolution of the oil and gas, mainly distribute northwestern First Chihsia Formation and Second Chihsia Formation in this area.
    石油与天然气工程
    STUDY OF RESERVEPRODUCTION RATIO OF CHANGES DIFFERENT RESERVOIR TYPES AND DIFFERENT RESERVOIR STAGES
    ZHANG Xiongjun;LI Chunlan.
    2005, 27(6):  24-28.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.07
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    The reserveproduction ratio is a very important proportion parameter of the petroleum industry and closely related to exploitation situation. Based on the concept of the reserveproduction ratio, we applied the reserve replacement ratio to analyze the change law of reserveproduction ratio with the change of the reserves and productions. On the basis of the practical development dates and static parameters of 44 oil fields in 13 oil areas, 3 types were divided of heavy oil reservoir，low permeability reservoir and normal water drive sandstone reservoir. It was concluded that the reasonable reserveproduction ratio, by the divided criterion of development stages in the paper, and the quantitative relationships were obtained, and it served as the development planning of the same reservoir type, and it had a theoretical and practical significativeness for the oil field development.
    FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED REMIND OIL DISTRIBUTION
    XU Yanmei;GUO Ping;HUANG Weigang;et al.
    2005, 27(6):  29-32.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.08
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    In the recovery process of oil field, it is important to estimate residual oil saturation accurately and it′s distribution for calculating the recoverable reserves first and secondary oil recovery. To study residual oil, firstly the factors that influenced remind oil distribution should be studied clear, which is also precondition of deploying scheme residual oil exploitation plan. The factors that influenced remind oil distribution on the basis of investigation have been summed up in this paper. It has significance of using for reference and guidance for residual oil exploitation.
    EARLY PREDICTION OF RESERVES OF LOW PERMEABILITY GAS RESERVOIR
    DENG Shaoqiang;HUANG Quanhua;XIAO Li;et al.
    2005, 27(6):  33-35.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.09
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    Ascertain low permeability gas pool′s geological reserves in early stage are very important to establish development program,design development facility and evaluate gas pool′s value.The prediction of low permeability gas pool′s reserves always was a hard work.Contrapose this problem,the paper presented flowing material method,oil reservoir influence function method and gas recovery method to predicted low permeability gas pool′s geological reserves in early time.Base on the case analysis the self apply condition and relative merits of the three methods in the paper.
    DERIVATION OF PRODUCTIVITY FORMULAE OF A FISHBONE WELL
    LI Chunlan;CHENG Linsong;SUN Fujie.
    2005, 27(6):  36-37.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.10
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    With equivalent flow resistance method and on the base of the productivity formulae of a horizontal well, a new productivity formula of a fishbone well was derived in the paper. The productivity of a certain fishbone well was calculated, and compared with the practical data. The results showed that the formulae can meet the needs of engineering calculation of the fishbone well productivity.
    EFFECTS OF HETEROGENEOUS ANISOTROPY ON THE FORMATION FLUID FLOW AND THE WELL PRODUCTIVITY
    LIU Yuetian;WANG Shijun;PENG Daogui.
    2005, 27(6):  38-41.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.11
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    The nonuniform and anisotropy had notable effects on fluid flow and well productivity in the oil reservoirs. It′s supposed that the formation is divided by the discontinuity surface into different areas with different permeability values. The analytic solution of the flow in nonuniform anisotropic reservoir was obtained by the coordinate transformation and the mirror image theory. The flow characters and reservoir engineering analyses were given out. Generally in anisotropic formations, any well and its image were not symmetrical relative to the discontinuity surface. The equal pressure lines were elliptic in the inner areas but erratic near the discontinuity surface. Under the condition that the permeability ratio of the neighboring area and the well area was less than one, the bigger the angle between the discontinuity surface and the maximum principal permeability direction, or the stronger the anisotropy, the smaller the wellcontrolled area and the well production rate, vice versa. When the angle between the discontinuity surface and the maximum principal permeability direction was big, the well should be located far from the discontinuity surface so that its control area and production rates can be increased. When the angle between the discontinuity surface and the maximum principal permeability direction was small, the well should be located close to the discontinuity surface so that the producing reserves near the discontinuity surface and the ultimate oil recovery can be improved.
    DEVELOPMENT COUNTERMEASURES RESEARCH FOR PERMEABILITY ANISOTROPY RESERVOIRS
    ZHOU Yongyi;WANG Yong;CHENG Yanhu;et al.
    2005, 27(6):  42-45.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.12
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    Permeability Anisotropy is an essential property for the formation, especially for the formation of fluvial facies. And this property would lead to some negative influence upon the efficient development of reservoir. During the reservoir development, with retaining the formation energy by water injection, the injection fluid preferentially flowed along the high permeability direction, and this would cause that the water breakthrough times for production wells in different directions were different obviously from each other, and result in the unbalanced displacement, consequently influence the effects of reservoir development. The countermeasures, which were called wellspacingcontrol method and the injectionproduction pressure difference control method, were put forward on the basis of the percolation mechanics theory for the above problem. Then the validation of the two methods was verified by numerical reservoir simulations. The test results demonstrated that the two methods could both help to bring about the balanced displacement of injection fluid, and thus could ensure the consistency of the waterbreakthrough times for the oil wells in different directions,accordingly they could restrain the negative influence of the permeability anisotropy.
    STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF RETROGRADE CONDENSATION POLLUTION ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CONDENSATE GAS WELL
    JIANG Yiwei;BI Jianxia;LI Min;et al.
    2005, 27(6):  46-47.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.13
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    Condensate gas reservoir is a kind of particular gas reservoir. During the primary depletion, it was inevitable that the retrograde condensation phenomena happened, thus enhancing the saturation of the liquid phase in the reservoir and reducing the productivity of the gas well. In this paper, on the basis of single well simulation of near wellbore retrograde condensation pollution and saturation distribution of the representative well (Bai 52 well) of Baimiao condensate gas field, assisting with the well test interpretation results and pseudosteady state equation, a quantitative method was put forward to evaluate the effect of near wellbore retrograde condensation pollution on gas well productivity. It provided the theoretical supports for the basis of analyzing condensate gas well productivity variation regularity, and the proper development strategy and drainage process.
    DEVELOPMENT OF EOR BY GAS INJECTION IN FRACTURED RESERVOIRS
    WEN Yulian;DU Zhimin;GUO Xiao;et al.
    2005, 27(6):  48-52.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.14
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    Gas injection into fractured reservoirs can maintain the formation pressure and improve the displacement efficiency. This paper reviewed the development of EOR by gas injection in fractured reservoirs of the world, and analyzed the general production characteristics during gas injection in fractured reservoirs. It also showed the present laboratory techniques and mathematical simulation techniques in this field, and discussed their limitations. Conclusions were made that the fracture distribution severely affected the gas displacement performance, and that gas breakthrough may not be faster than water breakthrough, and that the sweep efficiency in a gas injection process may be larger than that in water flooding. For the porous media will affect the phase behavior and miscibility and mechanisms during gas displacement, the suggestion were made that further experimental and theoretical researches should be done on gas injection in fractured reservoirs regarding the effects of porous media.
    FIELD TESTS OF ENHANCING RECOVERY BY SURFACTANT FLOODING IN THE ZHOUCHENG OIL FIELD
    ZHANG Bei;TANG Jianxin;CHENG Handong et al .
    2005, 27(6):  53-56.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.15
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    Since Zhoucheng oil field developing by waterflooding in 1995，it has acquired better effect. In order to improve waterflooding efficiency and ultimate reservoir recovery, we have developed feasible study of surfactant WXS. Aiming at reservoir condition of Zhoucheng oil field, the experiment of performance evaluation and oil displacement efficiency for WXS surfactant has been conducted. Then the optimized project of individual well test has been obtained, and the field test has been carried out. Results show that WXS surfactant have a better adaptability for enhancing recovery of Zhoucheng oil field.
    油气化学工程与化工
    DETERMINATION OF BOUND WATER BOUNDARY ON CLAY SURFACE BY ISOTHERMAL ADSORPTION
    WANG Pingquan
    2005, 27(6):  57-61.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.16
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    Isothermal adsorption is quantitatively utilized to determine types and boundary line of bound water on clays. Results show that pure montmorillonite adsorption tendency assume the type “S” which is from single molecule layer adsorption to double layers adsorption, many layers adsorption and continuous adsorption along with relative vapor pressure p/ps increasing (p/ps=0～0.98). Isothermal adsorption curve have two clear turning points which are p/ps =0.9 and V =0.98, standing for the special humidity of claywater system. The relative vapor pressure 0.9 is the boundary line between the strong bound water and the loose bound water (osmotic bound water) on clays, the relative vapor pressure 0.98 is the boundary line between the loose bound water and free water on clays. The experiment determines the bound water quantities on clays (mass, volume, density, thickness, average integral specific volume). The relationship between hydroclay datum face interval distance d001and p/ps has been obtained, and the two special humidity by isothermal adsorption and the boundary line of bound water on clays have been verified.

    XTHE INFLUENCE OF DRILLING FLUID ADDITIVES ON THE FORMATION OF GAS HYDRATE
    LI Weia;HUANG Jinjunb;LIU Yuanxiangb;et al .
    2005, 27(6):  62-64.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.17
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    Gas hydrate will be formed in the course of drilling shallow layer gas sand at offshore deepwater. In case of natural gas hydrate formed in drilling fluid, it would block the well bore, annular and blowout preventer (BOP), and endanger drilling operation seriously. With the selfdeveloped tetrahydrofuran (THF) circumvolved curette testing flat, the influence of the common offshore drilling additives on the formation of gas hydrate, including inorganic salt, organic salt and macromolecule polymer has been studied. Results show that inorganic salt and organic salt can efficiently inhibit the formation of natural gas hydrate, and macromolecule polymer is effective only in high concentration. When the concentration of macromolecule polymer is low, it would accelerate the formation of natural gas hydrate.

    RESEARCH ON THE SCALE INHIBITION PERFORMANCE OF MA-AA-MAS COPOLYMERR
    YU Min;LIU Minghua;HUANG Jianhui.
    2005, 27(6):  65-67.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.18
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    A water soluble copolymer has been prepared with such monomers as maleic anhydride (MA)，acrylic acid (AA) and sodium methylallylsulfonate (MAS) by adopting water as solvent and potassium persulphate as initiator. The scale inhibition performance of the copolymer has been comprehensively studied. Moreover, the effect factors, i.e., solution pH, calcium concentration, temperature and copolymer dosage, have been optimized to evaluate the feasibility of the copolymer in the scale inhibition field. Results indicate that the copolymer shows excellent scale inhibition efficiency for the CaCO3 and Ca3(PO4)2 scales, which prevails over other commercial products. And the inhibition rates for the CaCO3 and Ca3(PO4)2 scales could reach 98.2% and 92.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the product can be applied in some critical conditions, e.g., high temperature and calcium concentration which not exceeds 250mg/L.
    MECHANISM RESEARCH OF MICROORGANISM PARAFFIN CONTROLING
    XU Weihua;LEI Guanglun;XUE Yun;et al.
    2005, 27(6):  68-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.19
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    Through testing three microorganism adsorption rules on pipe walls and changes of wall′s wettability and alteration of the paraffin crystal structure，results indicate that paraffin control mechanism of microorganism is same as the waterfilm theory. That is, the microorganism adsorbs on the pipe wall, grows and produces the metabolite which forms biowaterfilm that changes the wettability of the pipe wall. It prevents the paraffin crystal adsorbing and depositing on the pipe wall or each other. The new mechanism has well explained the illogical phenomena that the paraffin control function has been existed when microorganism concentration reduced rapidly in the oilfield operation.
    PORFORMANCE TEST OF MOLECULAR DEPOSITION FILM FLOODING
    XU Fuhai;ZHAO Liqiang;LI Zaoyuan et al .
    2005, 27(6):  73-76.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.20
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    Molecular deposition film flooding(NMDFF) has become a new method of enhanced oil recovery(EOR). In order to deepen the knowledge of the oil displacement mechanism, two samples of NMDFF agent have been discussed. The type of NMD-100 configuration is an organic poly quaternary ammonium salt, which positive degree is 100% and the branch chain contains the hydrophilic group. The type of NMD-200 configuration is also an organic poly quaternary ammonium salt, which positive degree is 24% and the offshoot chain contains the hydrophilic group. It is shown that the two samples of NMDFF agent have no surface activity and are not surfactant. They can change surface wettability. When the hydrophilic sandstone is respectively dipped in the NMD-100 and NMD-200 liquid (800 mg/L), the contact angle changes from 48.25°to 39.167°and 42.833°; When the hydrophobic sandstone is respectively dipped in the NMD-100 and NMD-200 liquid (800 mg/L),the contact angle changes from 99.583°to 36.333°and 49°.The contact angle decreased greatly when adding NaCl into the NMD liquid that benefits for changing the surface wettability. It is concluded that the strong adsorption of NMDFF agent changes the properties of sandstone surfaces and is propitious to enhance oil recovery. After NMD-100 is pumped, the water driving oil recovery increases from 38.6% to 48.1% (near to 10%). While NMD-200 is pumped, the oil recovery enhances from 31.4% to 38.6%.
    石油机械工程及其它
    APPLICATION OF UNCOUPLED CONTROL ON THE NATURE GAS PIPELINE
    JIAO Peilin
    2005, 27(6):  77-79.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.21
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    Based on the simulation method with electric circuit, the interactive influence of the pressure on the transferring sub station in the nature gas pipeline was discussed in the paper, the application of the uncoupled control for the SCADA system was introduced.
    OPTIMIZATION OF THE LAYOUT OF THE CITY GASW PIPELINENETWORK
    DU Xiaochun;HUANG Kun.
    2005, 27(6):  80-82.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.22
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    Based on the affect of the different lay mode of pipeline in investment, and the objective function was the shortest length of the layout pipeline, the layout optimizes model of the city gas pipelinenetwork was set up. The model was analyzed with the plan of the theory, and the Dijkstra method was improved, the results indicated that the model was correct.
    SELECTION OF SECTIONAL LIQUID HOLDUP CALCULATION METHOD FOR SHINAN OIL FIELD CERTAIN MULTIPHASE MIXTURE TRANSPORTATION PIPELINE
    ZHANG Youbo;LI Changjun;YANG Jin.
    2005, 27(6):  83-87.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.23
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    Each sectional liquid holdup calculation method has corresponding application area. The correlations of ten sectional liquid holdups were described in the paper, based on the results of testing data evaluation, five models were selected for the Shinan oil field. the results showed that MinamiBrill Ⅰ, MinamiBrill Ⅱ and LockhartMartinelli relational expression were smaller error than other formulas, therefore the three equations were used as calculating equation of sectional liquid holdup calculation formulas for Shinan oil field.
    DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTINUOUS CASTING OF FREE CUTTING STEEL
    WANG Xiaohong;XIE Bing;FENG Zhongyu;et al.
    2005, 27(6):  88-90.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.06.24
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    To meet the demand of free cutting steel in automobile and mechanical industry, the quality improvement of free cutting in steelmaking plants is very important. Based on properties of free cutting steel, the main factors that affected the CC processing and quality of free cutting steel were clearly obtained. With the original refining and milling equipment, the new requirements and CC processing for free cutting steel were successfully developed.