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    20 October 2002, Volume 24 Issue 5
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    地质勘探
    MIDDLE MOLECULE HYDROCARBON’S APPLICATION INOIL SOURCE ROCKCORRELATION
    CHEN Shi-jia FU Xiao-wen LIAO Qian-jin WANG Xu-long
    2002, 24(5):  1- 3.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.001
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    Most compounds among normal paraffin of oil can be separated by total hydrocarbon chromatography analysis as to distinguish the subtle differences in the crude. The middle molecule hydrocarbon in the crude and source rock with sameor different formation of cause is analyzed and correlated. Thefingerprint of the different genetic oil and source rock in different area are
    studied in thepaper , the result shows that fingerprint difference of the different genetic oil is very obvious, while same genetic oil fingerprint is similar. Some low carbon compounds susceptible to biodegradation are also studied in the paper. Taking Gangdong oil field as example , the authors makeoil/ source correlation using middle molecule hydrocarbon.

    APPLICATION OF GEOCHEMICAL FINGERPRINTIN TECHNIQUE IN PRODUCTION ALLOCATION IN LULIANGOILFIELD
    FU Xiao-wen CHEN Shi-jia WU Gang KANG Su-fang
    2002, 24(5):  4- 6.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.002
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    Fingerprints are compounds that appear in between the paraffinon a chromatographof oil. In thepresent work , differentiations were made on the fingerprints of oils from Jurassic and Cretaceous reservoirs in Luliang oilfield, and the cause behind the differences among the fingerprints was analyzed. Formulation experiments were carried about for cases of commingled production from two and three pay zones; computation models of production allocation were established. It is shown that the error between the result from formulation experiments and that from computation models is 9 % and 12 %, respectively, for the two and three pay zones cases. Therefore , the proposed models are valid and can be used forproduction allocation
    and production monitoring in thisoilfield.

    THE RESEARCH OF FULIN SUBΟSAG OIL AND RESER2 VOIR’S FORMING CONDITION AND DISTRIBUTING RULE
    ZHU Zhi-jin SONG Zhi-qiang GUO Xue-min ZHOU Wen-sheng
    2002, 24(5):  7- 10.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.003
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    The Fulin subΟsag suffered two rift cycle stage from ShaΟ4 segment to ShaΟ2 segment andfrom ShaΟ1 segment to Dongying segment and segment and downwarp stage from Guantao segment to Quaternary, and the Tertiary development four types depositional system. This subΟsag’s area is small , and ShaΟ3 segment hydrocarbon source rock buried shallow , mature later
    and quantityof generated hydrocarbon isfiniteness, the difficult degree of explorationfor oil and gasis hard. Through dissecting the forming procedure of oil field that had been discovered, combining the sun sag’s structural history, depositional histo ry, organic matter thermal evolutional history, oil and gas run ning history and reservoir forming history together tightly,finding the configration relation of oil and gas’s producing and running with the trap’s producing and developing on sapace time , more ,the reservoir’sforming condition and collecting rule is summarized and the next direction of exploration is pointed out.
    A REVIEW AND NEW PROPOSAL OF SANDSTONE CLAS2 SIFICATION
    LEI Bian-jun QUE Hong-pei
    2002, 24(5):  11- 14.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.004
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    On the basis of studying foreign and domestic sandstone classification , this paper suggests a new , suitable sandstone classification. Firstly , according to the matrix content , sandstone is divided into two categories : the sandstone with matrix < 15 % is anenite ; matrix > 15 % is wacke. Three end members on the classification triangle chart are quart (Q) , feldspar
    (F) and rock debris (R) . Sandstone is divided into three classes. The andstone that has Q > 75 % is quart sandstone , which is Q < 75 % and F > R is feldspathic sandstone , which has Q< 75 % and R > F is lithic sandstone. Quart sandstone is divided into four types : pure quartzose < sandstone , quartzose sandstone , feldspar quartzite , and lithic quartzite. Feldspathic sandstone is divided into three types : arkoses , lithic arkoses , subarkose. Lithic sandstone is divided into three types : litharenite ,feldspar litharenite , sublitharenite.
    METHOD STUDY OF THE THERMAL LIGHT AND ITS AGE MEASUREMENT
    SHEN Ying QIN Tian-jian GAO Feng-hui XU Ying
    2002, 24(5):  15- 17.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.005
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    Uhe Thermal Light ( TL) age of the quartz was usually used for the measurement of age in domestic research work ,here , the calcite as the mineral was tested and studied the TL measurement of age , the TL age of the sampling tested was half million years. From the time domain , it maybe is the last one thermal event age.

    THE APPLICATION OF MDT IN SICHUAN
    LUO Ning ZHANG Jian LIU Sheng-jun
    2002, 24(5):  18- 21.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.006
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    The formation test tool of Schlumberger includes RFT andMDT. The application of conventional RFT is limited by itsfunctional defects in practice. The new generation MDT hasgained satisfied geological effect in oil field due to its advantages , such as the advanced capability of assemblage , fluid performance monitoring , the sampling through precise pressure
    management , and shown a good prospect . In this paper , thework principle and interpretation method of MDT tool are comprehensively described , and its case application in Sichuan isspecifically analyzed. It is a good reference for applying MDT data to interpret .

    石油工程
    A NEW HIGH TEMPERATURE STABLE WETTABILITY REVERSAL AGENT IN OIL BASE MUD
    LI Chun-xia HUANG Jin-jun XU Ying
    2002, 24(5):  22- 24.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.007
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    Wettability reversal agent is an important additive for oil ase drilling fluid. In this paper , a new cationic surfactant(XNWET) has been used as the wettability reversal agent in oilbase drilling fluid , which has widely source , lower price andstrong lipophilic capability. The contrasting experiments before
    or after heat rolling have shown that XNWET still has good adsorption with hydrophilic solid at 220 ℃. The best dose of the gent is 1. 2 g/ (100g) barite.

    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HYDRATION STATE OF CLAYSTONE BY STOVE METHOD
    WANG Ping-quan XIONG Han-qiao LI Xiao-hong
    2002, 24(5):  25- 27.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.008
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    Hydration degree and hydration state of claystone havebeen studied quantitatively by stove method , in which stovetime has been determined and the results of isothermal adsorption and thermal weight loss analysis have been compared. Results show that the suitable stove time is 12 hours , and results stove method are identical to that of isothermal adsorption
    and thermal weight loss analysis. In addition , the satisfying results have been obtained by using the method to quantitativelydetermine the hydration degree and hydration state of mudstonein ShanshanOTuha Qiketai and to evaluate inhibition ability ofinorganic salts. It is practicable that the stove method can beused to quantitatively determine hydration degree and hydrationstate of claystone.

    APPLICATION OF UNIFORM DESIGN METHOD IN RE2 SEARCH OF INTERFACIAL RHEOLOGY OF POLYMER/SURFACTANT SOLUTION
    YE Zhong-bin LIU Xiang-jun YANG Jian-jun SHI Lei-ting LUO Ping-ya
    2002, 24(5):  28- 31.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.009
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    A uniform design experimental method has been applied instudying interfacial rheology of polymer/ surfactant solution.StepObyOstep analysis of regression has been used for analyzingmeasured interfacial rheological parameters and preliminary influence tendency of different factors on interfacial rheological parameters has been obtained. Results show that the uniform design method has broad prospect in the mechanism research of hemical flooding and chemical combination flooding area.

    THE ANALYSIS OF BOTTOM PRESSURE IN COMPLEX RESERVOIR WITH DIFFERENT BOUNDARY CONDI2 TIONS
    LI Shun-chu LIU Ping-li ZHAO Li-qiang
    2002, 24(5):  32- 33.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.010
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    In this paper ,we have systemically presented the Laplacespace solution to bottomhole pressure distribution in complexreservoir with three kinds of outer boundary conditions (infinite uter boundary , closed boundary , constant pressure) and two er boundary conditions (wellbore storage and skin effects) ,and the relationship between the solutions are also analyzed
    completely , and then a general formula is derived. This simpleand practical general formula provides fundamental theory forwellOt est analysis and has great superiority and practicability in programming applications.
    REASONABLE VELOCITY OF N2 INJECTION NONMISCI2 BLE FLOODING IN TILTINGMULTILAYER RESERVOIR
    XIONG Yu SUN Liang-tian SUN Lei PAN Xiao-xia ZHAO Ming
    2002, 24(5):  34- 36.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.011
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    Gas injection velocity has strong effected on oil recovery fornonOmiscible flooding. Based on theoretical model of twoOdimensional displacement in porous media and interface stability condition of N2 nonOmiscible flooding after waterflooding , the determination method of reasonable N2 injection velocity limit and the performance analysis ways as to tilting multilayer reservoir have been presented in this paper by taking both permeability and effective gas imbibition thickness into account . It has been found that reasonable N2 injection velocity is proportional to the product of permeability by effective gas imbibition thickness , and reasonable N2 injection velocity must be less than minimum value of maximum N2 injection velocity in all layers.
    Partial stability will occur when N2 injection velocity is greater than minimum velocity and less than maximum velocity. Oil recovery will gradually decrease in such situation. Comparing results from N2 injection performance analysis of actual reservoir with that of simulation indicated that methods presented in the paper are reasonable and effective ways for determining reasonable N2injection velocity and analyzing injection performance in tilting multilayer reservoir.
    A COMBINED NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR TRAN2 SIENT TWOOPHASE FLOWS OF GAS AND WATER IN THE WELLBORE/ RESERVOIR WITH FRACTURE
    ZHU Rui LV Tao HU Yong ZHONG Bing
    2002, 24(5):  37- 39.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.012
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    Analysis of twoOphase flow of gas and water in wellbore/reservoir has important significance for natural gas exploitation.During the production , natural gas always flows from reservoir to wellbore. But , the numerical simulations in the past , which generally omitted some inner relations between reservoir and wellbore , respectively. This method cannot precisely describe the change of physical state in whole system. In the paper , we
    combine transient twoOphase model of gas and water in wellbore with nonhomogeneous multiphase seepage model in reservoir to discuss the problem of well test . The combined model considers mutual action between wellbore and reservoir. In computation ,the discrete simultaneous equations are solved. The numerical results show that the method can effectively reflect various physical phenomena in well test .
    NONLINEAR FLOW OF GAS AT LOW VELOCITY IN POROUS MEDIA
    CHEN Dai-xun WANG Zhang-rui GAO Jia-bi
    2002, 24(5):  40- 42.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.013
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    The experiment data about friction resistance coefficients fand Reynoid numbers Re are analyzed to study the law of gas flow at low velocity in tight porous media. As Re decreases , the porous flow of gas shows nonlinear phenomena deviation off Darcy’s law linear phenomena , and corresponding Rec = (1. 0～4. 4) ×10 - 4 . The collisions occurred between gas molecule
    and pore wall cause the nonlinear phenomena. The relationship of flow velocity V and pressure grade Δp/ΔL is given according to theory analysis.
    A NEW DERIVATION METHOD AND THE APPLICATION OF YOUNGOLAPLACE EQUATION
    ZHANG Mao-lin MEI Hai-yan LI Min SUN Liang-tian LI Shi-lun WU Qing-song
    2002, 24(5):  43- 45.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.014
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    The derivation method of the thermodynamic equilibrium criterion is based on the basic conception of physical chemistry and the basic thermodynamic principle , and combined with the thermodynamic basic equation and the definition of the chemical potential. The wellOknown YoungOLaplace equation is obtained as a result of the derivation. A new derivation method of the
    YoungOLaplace equation is also presented , based on the interfacial energy , the potential energy , and the total energy of the whole material system which should be minimum on the thermodynamic equilibrium condition. The phase equilibrium calculation model and application examples considered capillary pressure is showed at the end of this paper.

    EVALUATION ON IOR BY GAS INJECTION INLOW PERMEABILITY OIL RESERVOIR
    GUO Ping L I Shi-lun DU Zhi-min YANG Xue-feng LIU Jian-yi
    2002, 24(5):  46- 50.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.015
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    The 21st century is the natural gas century with the increase of natural gas reserve and production on a large scale. On the other hand , the proportion of the reserve hard to develop due to low permeability increases as the oil and gas exploration and development furthers in depth. It is estimated that there
    are around 1. 8ObillionOton oil left in underground due to low permeability within CNPC. Because of low permeability , water flooding and normal EOR methods are greatly limited. Fortunately , a large number of gas resources has been found , which provide gas enough to carry out gasOi njection to enhance oil recovery. In this paper , the characteristics of low permeability
    reservoir and the present situation of gasOi njection to enhance oil recovery in the low permeability reservoir in our country and abroad are analyzed in detail. Then , the points and suggestions when conducting gasOinjection are presented , which have significant guidance in developing low permeability reservoirs in our country.
    DETERMINATION OF REASONABLE WATER INJECTION RATE BY USINGCAPILLARY PRESSURE CURVE
    TANG Hai YANG Xiao bei MA Xiao-ming LI Jun
    2002, 24(5):  51- 53.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.016
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    The reasonable water injection rate is an important factor in waterflooding reservoir. The determination method of a reasonable injection rate using the capillary pressure curve wasn’t reported before. Based on hydrodynamics theory and the simplified porous medium model (pore doublet model) ,and according to poiseuille equation and capillary pressure curve , we obtained
    equations of reasonable rate proportion and oil rate calculation between the two parallel connection capillaries , and we also established a method of determination the reasonable water injection rate in waterflooding reservoir. The field case studies showed that the calculated results went well with the real injection rate , which means the determination method of reasonable
    water injection rate using the capillary pressure curve presented in this paper is reliable and practical.
    油气化学工程与化工
    PROPERTIES EVALUATION OF A NEW SURFACTANT WITH HIGHMOLECULAR WEIGHT FOR EOR
    SUN Li-li YANG Xu YANG Shi-guang HAN Ming-zhi MU Hong-xing
    2002, 24(5):  54- 56.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.017
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    A surfactant PSO1 (a copolymer of acrylamide , acrylic acid and methyl methacrylate) with high molecular weight and high viscosity has been studied for EOR. Some characteristics of the product such as thickening , foam stability and oil displacement have been studied in the lab. Lots of scientific data show that the product can increase the viscosity of solution significantly and improve the stability of foam. These characteristics are good for improving the efficiency of oil displacement over low molecular weight surfactant and have widely prospects in EOR.
    INFLUENCE OF POUR POINTDEPRESSANTS ON RHEOL2 OGY OF WAXY CRUDE OIL IN SHENGLI OIL FIELD
    SONG Zhao-zheng JIANG Qing-zhe ZHANG Gui-cai ZHANG Guo-zhong ZHAO Fu-lin
    2002, 24(5):  57- 60.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.018
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    The effects of various factors on rheology and thermal characteristic of treated waxy crude have been investigated. The conclusions have been made as follows : pour point depressants can depress the pour point and abnormal point of crude oil ,broaden the temperature scope of Newtonian liquid of crude oil and lower greatly viscosity of nonONewtonian liquid crude oil.
    The influence of reheat and highOspeed shear on pour point depressants mainly depends on their temperature. When the temperature of reheat is more than crude’s abnormal point 10 ℃,reheat has little influence on the pour point depressants. However , when the temperature of reheat is lower than crude’s abnormal point , reheat has deteriorated the effect of pour point depressants. Above abnormal point , highOspeed shear has little
    influence on the pour point depressants. When a great deal of
    waxy crystals has formed , highOspeed shear deteriorates the effect of the pour point depressants.
    STUDY OF THE SECOND AND THE THIRD REACTIONOF HF ON ALUMINA SILICATE DURING SANDSTONE MA2 TRIX ACIDIZING
    WANG Bao-feng;ZHAO Zhong-yang;XUE Fang-yu
    2002, 24(5):  61- 64.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.019
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    In order to understand chemical characteristic of real solution of mud acid , a detail study on chemical reaction of HF on aluminaOsilicates during sandstone matrix acidizing has been carried out by using 　19 FNMR spectroscopy. Experimental results show that the chemical reaction of HF on aluminaOsilicates exists the second and the third reaction. The reaction of H2SiF6 on aluminaOsilicates gradually proceed until completely when the
    formation temperature is over 60 ℃. The third reaction is more and more obviously , and the aluminum fluoride complexes are different in condition of 90 ℃. We can distinguish respective configuration of aluminum fluoride complexes and silicon fluoride complexes by using 　19 FNMR spectroscopy. The results of room experiments have provided the theory basis for field
    treatment .
    　
    DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAR FRACTURING FLUIDS IN ABROAD
    CHEN Fu WANG An-pei LI Feng-xia LI Xing-ying
    2002, 24(5):  65- 67.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.020
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    The introduction of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) , or clear fracturing fluids (ClearFRAC fluid) , which is capable of eliminating polymer damage while enhancing conductivity of proppant packs , has changed the way of proppant transport by traditional polymer fracturing fluids. The paper has summed up
    and reviewed systems of present hydraulic fracturing fluid at home and their shortcomings , and summarized the development , the theory basis and cases of successful fracturing treatments of ClearFRAC fluid in abroad. Field results have shown that the performances of the ClearFRAC fluid are better than
    polymer fracturing fluid , which are high effective and nonOdamages over conventional polymer fluid systems. Some comments on the studies of ClearFRAC fluid in our country have been giv2     en in this paper.

    石油机械工程及其它
    DEVELOPMENT OF THE ABRASIVE WEAR TESTER OF THE SCREW TRANSPORTER IN AN INJECTION MOULD2 INGMACHINE
    ZHOU Qiu-sha S J Bull
    2002, 24(5):  68- 70.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.021
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    GlassOfilled polymers are known to produce considerable wear on the barrels and screws of injection moulding machines.In order to solve the wear problems , it is necessary to use an abrasive wear tester which can simulate the real wear conditions in the injection moulding machine to carry out the simulation test , so that the reasons of the wear can be found and some
    measurements can be taken. In this paper the inner wear conditions in the injection moulding machine was analyzed minutely ,and the new developed wear tester that was used to simulate the real wear conditions in the injection moulding machine and the simulation test method were introduced in the paper.
    MANYOSIDED FACTORS OF FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION ON THE RISK OF THE PETROLEUM PROJECT INVESTMENT
    YU Xiao-zhong
    2002, 24(5):  71- 73.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.022
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    The project investment of the petroleum construction is influenced by many risk factors including the external risks of resources , market , finance , society , nature , economy and policy , and the internal risks of completing a project , administration , technical and human : founding the system of comprehensive evaluation targets and weigh of the petroleum project investment , reasonably using the many factors model of the fuzzy
    comprehensive evaluation , going on the quantity analysis and comprehensive evaluation about the risk factors , and calculating them which contract with largeOscale petroleum project realizes scientifically evaluation and decision of the risks of the petroleum project investment .
    DESIGN OF MEASURING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR MPV3MICROOLUMINOSITY METER MIRROR GROUP REFLECTION RATE
    CHEN Zhong-bi LIN Feng HE Dao-qing DANG Wei-zhong
    2002, 24(5):  74- 75.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.023
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    This article introduces measurement and control principle ,implementation of specific software and hardware , functions and features of MPVO3 microOluminosity meter group reflecting rate measuring and data processing automation system. The system is possessed of such functions as sample/ standard sample reflecting rate measuring , lineal check of reflecting rate , error analyzing and processing , segmentation diagram counting of reflecting rate , data modifying onO line and saving automatically.
    At the same time , the system can control opening and closing of macroOl uminosity meter automatically.
    EFFECT OF COMPENSATIONLEAD ON THE RESULTS OF THERMOELECTIC COUPLE EXAMINATION AND DETERMINATION
    MING Hong LI Shi-min
    2002, 24(5):  76- 78.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.05.024
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    The differences of long and short thermoelectric couples in periodic process of examination and determination were discussed. If both of them were tested by using common linking methods , the revised values of short thermoelectric couple were higher than those of the long thermoelectric couple , it caused
    that the qualified proportion of short thermoelectric couple was decreased. The long and short thermoelectric couples were measured repeatedly by using ZRJO03 device. The testing results showed that short thermoelectric couple must be linked with corresponding compensation lead in process of verification and industrial measurement to make the data true. The short ther moelectric couples have been used with compensation lead in many department of Zhongyuan oilfield.