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    20 December 2002, Volume 24 Issue 6
    地质勘探
    THE PREDICTING METHOD OF THE LITHOLOGICAL RATIO IN CARBONATE STRATA
    MU Zhong-hai CUI Bing-fu PU Shi-zhao LU Ting-qing
    2002, 24(6):  1- 3.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.001
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    In the practical operation , especially to the carbonate strata , predicting lithological ratio of the object layer between wells or in noOwells regions is realized with seismic velocity information. This article proofreads the systematic errors between the dip and the seismicOacoustic velocity of the velocity spectrum ,and so , the interval velocity information of the original seismic sequence can be dependably gained. On the basis of this , several
    models are established : lithological predicting models , interval velocity model of the seismic sequence , compaction model of the high and low velocity layers , geological model , equivalence model , mathematical model. The lithological ratio of the studied layers is quantitatively predicted with these models. On the basis of the studied layer being finally divided into many layers ,and according to the number of different lithological types ,stratigraphical lithology is simplified to binary structure that is
    calculated and proofread. Carbonate lithological ratio can be gained in corresponding high velocity layers. The predicting effects are very good to Carboniferous strata in southwest Tarim basin.
    RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS OF THE UPPER PALEOZOIC SANDSTONE,EASTERN ORDOS BASIN
    L I Ling WANG Xing-zhi FANG Shao-xian HOU Fang-hao
    2002, 24(6):  4- 6.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.002
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    The Upper Paleozoic in Ordos includes four gas formations such as Tai2 , han2 , He8 and He7. Studies on them show the reservoirs are defined as the poreOtype and fractureOpore type sandstone with low porosity and low permeability , as well as markable heterogeneity. The type of reservoir’s pore space is mainly pore , which can be subdivided into four sorts , i. e. , intergranular pore , residual intergranular , intragranular dissolved pore as well as Kaolin intercrystal pore. The widespreading micro - fracture has minor effect on changing the reservoir’s porespace , but it can increase the reservoir’s permeability. The main factors that control reservoirs include deposition , diagenesis and tectogenesis. The reservoir with coarser grain size and higher maturity has better porosity and permeability. It’s compaction , silicon cement and Kaolin cement that account for the
    tight reservoir. Dissolution and tectonic microOfracture are favorable to improve the reservoir.
    STUDY ON SEDIMENTARY FACIES OF THE UPPER SHAO4—SHAO3MEMBER OF SHAHEJIE FORMATION ( PALAEOGENE) IN THE NORTHEASTERNOF ZHANHUASAG
    DONG Zhao-xiong ZHANG You-yu CAI Zheng-qi WANG Xue-song
    2002, 24(6):  7- 10.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.003
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    Zhanhua sag is a subOsag in the northeastern Jiyang depression. During the late ShaO4 ( Es4) — ShaO3 ( Es3) epoch (the Fourth O Third Member of Shahejie Formation , Palaeogene) ,Zhanhua sag was developed into a faultOsag basin steep in the north and gentle in the south. During the late Es4 epoch , the northeastern Zhanhua sag was consisted of two subOsags , one was located in the east and the other in the west . The deposits were mainly fanOdelta , gypsumOsalt lake and lacustrine facies ,which generally distributed in annuluses. In the Es3 epoch , the deposits were mainly semiOdeepOdeep lake facies , fanOdelta and sublacustrine fan facies. The semiOdeepOdeep lake facies was the most developed deposits and distributed a little more further to the north of the basin. The shoreOshallow lake facies were mainly distributed on the north edges of the bulges in the south.The fanOdelta facies were mainly distributed on the edges of the
    bulges. There were two types of sublacustrine fan facies , i. e. ,normal type and trough type. The normal sublacustrine fan facies were developed on the north edge of Gudao bulge in the south part , and the trough ones were situated on the slope zones on the steep banks of Yihezhuang bulge and Chengzikou bulge.During the middle of Es3 epoch , sublacustrine fan facies was
    greatly developed , two sublacustrine fans which were developed
    originally on the edges of Chengzikou bulge and Gudao bulge were intersected at the area around well Y115. The shape of resulting sublacustrine fan was protruded towards the west by the obstruction of Guxi fracture belt .

    STUDY ON THE INTEGRATED TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN THE EXPLORATION OF JURASSIC SHALLOW GASES IN WESTERN SICHUAN
    LI Yao-gang LIAO Shi-Men YANG Yue-ming LI Zong-yin
    2002, 24(6):  11- 14.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.004
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    Shallow gases are abundant within the J urassic in northwestern Sichuan. These gases are secondary in nature and pooled in structuralOlithologic traps within fluvialOlacustrine deltaic systems. The reservoir beds consist mainly of riverO mouth bars and distributary channel sandbodies which are small
    in size , numerous in number , and typically lensiod in shape ,displaying strong sensitivity and nonhomogeneity. The single well productivity is low , and the pools can be put into the tight reservoir category. On the basis of detailed research of the reservoir geological characteristics , a series of techniques focusing on the exploration of these gas pools were established. The
    techniques include log evaluation centered on lithology recognition and oil/ gas/ water beds discrimination , qualitativeOquantitative reservoir prediction based on seismic inversion tagged to wells , underbalanced drilling , and hydrologic fracturing with lowOtemperature breaker systems. Application of these tech niques witnessed an increase of explorationOwell success rate
    from 40 % to 80 % in the Penglaizheng gas field and a total success rate of 77 % in the J urassic shallow formations in northwestern Sichuan for the past three years (of the 61 wells drilled , 44 hit gas) . As a result , two gas fields and five gasO bearing structures were found , a proved gas reserve of 286. 72×108m3 was established , and singleOwell productivity was increased by several to tens of times.
    FORMINGLAWS OF THE OIL AND GAS RESERVOIR IN DONGPU SAG
    HE Jian-guo GAI Dong-ling ZHANG Jia-you LIU Hong-lei
    2002, 24(6):  15- 17.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.005
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    In Dongpu sag and subOdepressions , favarate exploration target may exist in source rocks while in the Central uplift it may exist under the cap rock. There is no fault in the subOdepressions and the beds are successive , where hydrocarbon migrates laterally and may accumulate when favorable traps are encountered. If there are some faults , it may migrate upward to high part then accumulate at the places with good trapping , migrating and preserving conditions. Take Baimiao structural reservoir as example , it is mainly supplied by Qianliyuan subO depression ( the largest oilOgenerating subOdepression in this area) , the 1source rock is Qianliyuan S33~4interval , hydrocarbon may accumulate primarilyin Qian block 8 adjacent to oilO generating ubO epression , then migrate to high position of Baimiao structure along ault . For this migrating and reservoir forming action , the reservoir distribution pattern in Baimiao is formed: middle and shallow accumulation is dominant at the high part while middle and deep accumulation is dominant at he low.
    石油工程
    THE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM OF THE OILOGAS SYSTEM IN THE POROUS MEDIA
    ZHANG Ma-lin MEI Hai-yan LI Min LI Shi-lun WU Qing-song
    2002, 24(6):  18- 21.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.006
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    The oilOgas system and the porous media are interaction system. The three phases of vapor , liquid and solid (rock) will coOexist in the porous media when the pressure is under the sat uration pressure. Since the pore radius is very tiny in the porous media , the capillary pressure should be considered. The phase equilibrium calculation model concerning capillary pressure is es
    tablished in this paper. The capillary pressure , the saturation pressure , and the liquid content of the constant compositional expansion are calculated by using this model for one black oil reservoir , one volatile oil reservoir and two gas condensate reservoirs. The conclusion of the capillary pressure effect on the ilOgas system is summerized at the end of this paper.
    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FORMATION DAMAGE CAUSED BY THREE KINDS OF SOURCE WATER MIXED INJECTION IN SZ36-1
    L I Hong-jian HEN Yi-jian ZHONG Shuang-fei et al
    2002, 24(6):  22- 24.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.007
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    Eight kinds of scale inhibitors have been screened out and the optimal dosage has been decided on the base of perpendicular experimental results. The mixed samples with the optimal and the worst mixture ratio have been measured by the laser particle device under the formation temperature (60 ℃) and the normal temperature (20 ℃) . Results show that solid concentration and particles diameters have changed. The damage of the cores caused by the two kinds of mixed samples has been evaluated contrastively under normal and formation temperature when inhibitors existing or without inhibitor. The damaged degree of cores caused by the optimal mixture ratio of the mixed sample is slighter than by the worst mixture ratio. As to the mixed samples with the same mixture ratio , the damage to cores under the
    formation temperature is less serious than the normal temperature when adding inhibitor ; the damage to cores brought by the two kinds of mixed samples after adding inhibitors is less than ones without inhibitors.
    SOLUTION ANALYSIS OF THE BOTTOM PRESSURE IN DUAL POROUS COMPOSITE RESERVOIR
    HUANG Bing-guang LI Shun-chu LI Xing-xun WANG Nu-tao
    2002, 24(6):  25- 27.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.008
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    This paper studies the solution of dimensionless bottom ressure in LaplacOspace about variable rate under two inner oundary conditions. On the base of the structure and relation of the solutions analysis , the relation of bottompressure is found out in common composite reservoir , dual porous reservoir and homogeneous reservoir , and corresponding application of the solution is simply introduced. The research makes well test theory perfect , and makes well test software have more application value.

    PARTICULARITY OF COAL COLLAPSE AND DRILLING FLUID COUNTERMEASURE
    LIANG Da-chuan PU Xiao-lin XU Xing-hua
    2002, 24(6):  28- 31.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.009
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    In coal gas drilling , coal collapse led to drilling hard trip and other accidents. By mechanics test and structure feature discussion , the particularity of coalhole caving was analyzed and their effects factors , then , determine drilling fluid technology , optimize drilling fluid system and composition. Test show the optimized polymer drilling fluid can prevent coalhole instability
    effective.
    STUDY OF FRACTURE INITIATION OF THE EXTENDED REACHWELLS WITHOPENHOLE COMPLETION
    ZHOU Dai-yu GUO Jian-chun ZHAO Jin-zhou DENG Yan
    2002, 24(6):  32- 35.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.010
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    The Hydraulic Fractured Extended Reach Wells ( ERW)has been became an important technical means of reservoir stimulation with increasing amount of the ERW. The fracture initiation of fractured ERW differ from those of the vertical and the conventional directional wells , the initiation mode is not only
    relative to the well trajectory (deviation and azimuth angle) but also the in - situ stress azimuth. The prior initiation mode of the deviated wells has not been satisfied with the demand of fractured ERW , based on influencing factors of the treatment condition and the filtration effect of fracturing fluid and the pore pressure , this paper established the model of the stress field distribution around the ERW wellbore and presented the predicting model of fracture initiation pressure and azimuth , and analyzed the fracture initiating influence under the condition of different inOsitu stress configuration. The calculated results show that the model presented in this paper can be able to apply to the hydraulic fractured ERW.
    ANALYSIS ON THE PARAMETERS AFFECTING WELL COMPLETION PRODUCTIVITY OF A26 HORIZONTAL WELL
    XIONG You-ming YUE Jiang-he DENG Jian-min et al
    2002, 24(6):  36- 39.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.011
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    The designed well length of A26 horizontal well is up to 1100 meters , and the actual length of the well is up to 842. 9 meters. The oil field is with high porosity and high permeability and unconsolidated payzones. According to the sand control criteria of onOsite observation ,experience ,and mechanics calculation et al , the sand production will be the main problem of oil
    exploitation ,and the sand control will be the key points of oil development and formation damage control. So , the A26 horizontal well will be completed with wireOwrapped screen. According to the practical parameters of A26 horizontal well in QHD32O6 oil field , several parameters affecting the natural productivity and wireOwrapped screen well completion productivity
    have been analyzed , that is very important to guide the commissioning design of the well.
    WELLBORE PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION CONSIDERING THE RADIAL INFLOW THROUGH WALL IN THE EXTENDED REACHWELL
    ZENG Xiang-lin LIN Ling DU Zhi-min HE Guan-jun
    2002, 24(6):  40- 43.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.012
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    According to the characters of wellbore flow in the extended reach well , wellbore pressure drop calculation model considering radial inflow through wall in the extended reach well with arbitrary dip angle was established by using the principle of mass conservation and momentum conservation. The calculation model about monophasic fluid pressure drop in the ordinary horizontal pipe and the Dikken’s pressure drop model are special
    examples of the model set up in this paper. Under the conditionof laminar or turbulent flow in the wellbore , the wall friction actor considering inflow through wall was analyzed and discussed. As an applied example , the pressure distribution and pressure drop along the well bore of varying wellOlength and well production in the case of singleOphase flow in the wallbore was calculated. The result of calculation shows that the pressure
    drop in the long well bore and high production can not be neglected.
    ANALYTIC SOLUTION OF MATHMATIC MODEL IN DUAL FLOW IN POROUS RESERVOIR
    TANG Li-ping LI Qi-sheng
    2002, 24(6):  44- 46.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.013
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    According to percolation theory of reservoir with flow in porous media , there is exchange between fracture and matrix. The flow in porous media between layers is not considered before. This paper considers differential equation between two layers reservoir. In this paper , analytic solution of the model
    gained through orthogonal transformation. This solution is very important for well testing analysis.
    APPLYING GIS TECHNOLOGY TO AID RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT
    SHU Neng-Yi
    2002, 24(6):  47- 49.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.014
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    Process of reservoir exploitation is involved in complex problems of threeOdimensional spatial distribution and inside variation. The information system is the basic means of administering reservoir management . The traditional reservoir management information system is based on tabular forms to show properties of objects , it can’t reflect the spatial relations and
    spatial distribution patterns. Geographic Information System ( GIS) can effectively describe twoOdimensional problems. The GIS technology led in reservoir management information system will greatly expand its descriptive abilities and representative styles , but it is short of descriptive and analytic ability about the threeOdimensional special problems , such as reservoir exploitation. This paper analyses the problems that are faced by traditional reservoir management information system. The reservoir management GIS system with system structure , target design and function design is presented , The technologic way , information organization , representation and development model are discussed. ThreeOdimensional spatial description and representation need to be enhanced for GIS in reservoir exploitation.
    Combined with application result of reservoir characterization ,GIS will be improved by spatial analyses based on geologic model.
    油气化学工程与化工
    DETERMINATION OF HYDROPHOBIC GROUP AGGREGATION NUMBER IN HYDROPHOBICALLY ASSOCIATING WATER2SOLUBLE POLYMER BY FLUORESCENT SPECTRUM METHOD
    CHEN Hong XU Peng HAN Li-Juan LUO Ping-ya
    2002, 24(6):  50- 52.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.015
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    Aggregation number of hydrophobically associating water soluble polymer (HAWSP) in the hydrophobic domain has been examined using fluorescence probe as a function of the carbon numbers of the hydrophobic groups. The HAWSP was obtained by coOpolymerization of acrylamide , sodium acrylate and octadecyl dimethyl allyl ammonium chloride in laboratory. Both
    monomer and excimer emission are observed. Three ideal assumptions are applied to simplify the calculation. The polymer concentration corresponding to the maximum of the Ie/ Im is obtained , so the aggregation number of HAWSP can be calculated. Results show that the aggregation number is in proportion to the carbon numbers of hydrophobic groups.
    STUDY OF RECYCLABLE MICRO O FOAM DRILLING FLUID
    LI Xiao-ming PU Xiao-lin
    2002, 24(6):  53- 56.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.016
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    A new kind of lowOdensity system , which is called recyclable microOfoam drilligfluid , has been put forward recently both domestic and overseas. It has overcome most disadvantages of conventional foam system such as bad pumping and oneOoff use that may lead to lots of waste of agents and serious environmental pollution. Based on the theoretic analysis of formations
    and stability of the microOfoam system , a physical chemistry model has been put forward in this paper. By a lot of experiments on the basis of the formation , stability and application conditions , a system that can accord with the hypothetical conditions has been obtained finally. The system has many advantages such as high stability , adjustable density (range from 0. 5
    ~0. 9 g/ cm3) , low filtrate and good ability to resist salt , calcium and temperature.
    SYNTHESIS OF A NOVEL GEMINI SURFACTANT
    HAN Tie-zhu HU Xing-qi LIU Fu-mei
    2002, 24(6):  57- 59.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.017
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    Gemini surfactant is a new type of surfactant , which is made up of two identical amphiphilic moieties covalently connected to the level of the head group by a spacer group. As a result , the separation between the polar head groups within Gemini surfactants is strongly decreased when they aggregate and furthermore the surface activity is greatly enhanced. Compared with general surfactants , introduction of Gemini surfactants is a breakthrough in concept . Therefore Gemini surfactants were reputed as a new generation of surfactants. An easy synthesis method of a novel Gemini surfactant is eviewed by the alkanization of tertiary amine and the proton transfer reaction between multiple isocyanate and reagent containing active hydrogen. The structure is analyzed by IR test and surfaceOactive property is determined. Results show that the surfactant has unique structure and possess excellent surfaceOactive properties.
    LABORATORY STUDY ON INTERFACIAL RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTY OF POLYMER/ SURFACTANT DISPLACEMENT SYSTEM
    YE Zhong-bin SHI Lei-ting YANG Jian-jun LUO Ping-ya
    2002, 24(6):  60- 63.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.018
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    By means of deepOchannel viscous traction interfacial viscometer and improved measuring method , the surface viscosity of polymer/ surfactant dual system and the interfacial viscosity between polymer/ surfactant and simulation oil have been measured. Results show that the rheological property of surface layer of polymer/ surfactant fluids system is quite different from that of interfacial layer between polymer/ surfactant and simulation oil. The new parameter , dimensionless interfacial viscosity proposed in this paper , can describe the interfacial rheological property better , because it is free from the influence of bulk viscosity. Polymer concentration influences interfacial rheological property remarkably , while polymer concentration located in the two sides of its critical associating concentration , the tendencies of dimensionless surface viscosity and dimensionless interfacial viscosity with surfactant concentration are inconsistent .
    STUDY OF ELASTICITY IN OIL DISPLACEMENT PROCESS BY HPAM
    ZHU Yang wen;ZHANG Yi gen;L IU Kun;HAN Ren gong
    2002, 24(6):  64- 67.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.019
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    When hydrolyzed polyacrylamide ( HPAM) solution flows in porous medium , it will exhibit elasticity and enhanced valid viscosity if velocity reaches a critical value. But we do not have the same opinion about its valid distances of elasticity and how much contribution to oil displacement efficiency when it is flowing from injection well to producing well under changeable velocity. In this paper , the effect of injecting velocity on the elasticity of conventional HPAM has been studied. The oil displacement efficiency of HPAM is compared with nonOelastic Xanthan gum and glycerin , and the maximum distance of elasticity of the polymer solution flowing in the reservoir has been decided.
    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ENCAPSULATED BREAKER IN FRACTURING FLUIDS
    WU Min YIE Yan
    2002, 24(6):  68- 70.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.020
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    An encapsulated breaker is composed of particles that are coated with a waterproof coating , which can reduce releasing rate of the breaker. The encapsulated breaker can be used in fracturing treatment at higher concentrations and has littleinfluence on viscosities of fracturing fluid. Laboratory study on performance of the encapsulated breaker has been conducted by comparing with other products from abroad and home , which
    has indicated a method and results of rheological properties of the fracturing fluid.
    STUDY ON PHOTOCATALYTIC OXIDATION DEGRADATION OF PHENOL IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
    CHEN Ji RAO Xiao-tong ZHAO Bo FENG Min LI Zhi-ming
    2002, 24(6):  71- 73.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.021
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    A new TiO2 OAg compound catalyst that is made by solOgel method has been introduced. When treating water sample containing phenol by the catalyst , the conditions of the photocatalytic oxidation degradation , influential factors and degradation rate have been studied. Experimental results show that the catalyst has a fairly good activity of catalytic oxidation to phenol in aqueous solution under sunlight . Under the conditions of having air flow through , pH = 4. 0 , concentration of phenol is 5 mg/ L and treating time is 3 hours , the removal rate of phenol can reach about 98 %. For the catalyst , its performance is stable , easy to settle down and separate and it is reusable by high temperature activation. So it is able to reduce costs of water treatment effectively.
    ONE APPROACH OF HARNESSING REFINING WASTE ALKALI LIGUOR CONTAININGORGANIC SULFIDES
    GUO Chuan-mei TANG Xiao-dong SUN Gang LIU Bo
    2002, 24(6):  74- 77.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.022
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    The process of acidization of waste alkali liquor and airstrip has been put forward in this paper. Part of compressed air (9. 5 %) used by recovery apparatus is taken into the stripping tower of waste alkali liquor as stripping air and the stripped H2S、RHS go along with air to recover sulfur in the recovering sulfur tower ,which not only saves the energy consumption of air
    stripping apparatus , but also fully recovers resources of sulfur and decreases environmental pollution caused by waste alkali containing organic sulfides in oil refining. This approach is of great significance for our refinery in processing the Middle East crude oil with high content of sulfur and harnessing waste alkali liguor containing sulfur. The optimum experimental conditions
    are as follows : vitriol (98 %) 84 ml/ L , pH = 4. 5~5. 5 , stripping temperature 90 ℃, stripping time 2. 5h. After the airstrip ,the waste alkali liguor can be used to produce sodium sulfate or be directly discharged after dilution in engineering workshop. The total content of sulfur in discharge water is < 1 mg/ L 、pH = 7 , which reaches the first degree of GB8987 - 1996.
    石油机械工程及其它
    REASEARCH OF OIL FILELD GROUND WATER INJECTION SYSTEM PROGRAMMING TECHNIQIUE
    LIANG Guang-chuan ZHAO Jin-zhou ZHEN Yun-ping et al
    2002, 24(6):  78- 81.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.023
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    The ground water injection system is the important part of oil field flooding system , its programming influences the investment and running cost of total system. The programming method of the ground flooding system was studied in this paper and the total optimization problem was separated two parts , the programming of water injection branch line and that of water injection trunk line. In the programming of water injection branch line , a mathematical model aimed at system investment and reliability was proposed , the resolve method of this model was also provided. In view of the features of water injection trunk line , the optimization of trunk line and the minimum investment was reached through optimization of pump station position , defining the alignment of main trunk line and the intersection point of trunk line and branch line under the situation of meeting the demand of water injection technology.
    FLOWLAW ON STRATIFIED LAMINAR FLOW IN PIPE
    HE Cheng-cai
    2002, 24(6):  82- 84.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2002.06.024
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    In the paper , twoOphase stratified laminar flow law in pipe was established with fluid mechanics NOS equations. The coupling conditions of the two phase interface was set up the fluid mechanics analysis of the two phase laminar interaction and the mathematics equations of the two phase stratified flow and the flow law was obtained the transportation of hight viscidity fluid
    easily comes true by the application of the stratified flow principle.