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    20 December 2001, Volume 23 Issue 6
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    地质勘探
    PETROLEUMS SYSTEMS, POOL-FORMATION AND OIL AND GAS DISTRIBUTION IN THE MIDDLE-SHALLOW STRATA OF NORTHERN SONGLIAO BASIN
    FU Guang FU Xiao-fei LIU An-ying.
    2001, 23(6):  1-5.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.01
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    By analyzing the history of fault activity, generation and expulsion of oil and gas from source rocks and the sealing ability of caprocks, this work studied the evolution of petroleum systems and its control on the formation and distribution of oil and gas accumulations in the middle-shallow strata in northern Songliao basin. It is found that the end of Nenjiang formation, Mingshui formation and Eogene sedimentation were phases when the middle-shallow petroleum systems extended downward. As a result of these extensions, the F, Y, S, P, G and H oil layers are characterized by multi-oil layers having been charged by the same source bed or a single oil layer charged by multi-source beds. The mode of oil and gas migration and accumulation also change with the evolution of the petroleum systems.

    ON THE OIL SOURCE OF THE MABEI OILFIELD,NORTHWEST JUNGGAR BASIN
    WANG Xu-long KANG Su-fang.
    2001, 23(6):  6-6–8.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.02
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    The distribution patterns (ascending, descending, peaked, and valley-like) of C20, C21and C23tricyclic diterpanes in oils from Mabei oilfield of Junggar basin are well related with other geochemical indices such as Pr/Ph, carbon isotope, Ts/Tm and thermal maturity. Mabei oil reservoirs are characterized by the spatial occurrence of ascending-patterned oils above descending patterned oils. Tricyclic diterpanes C20/C23which represents distribution patterns increase with testing oil productions and decrease with oil densities. The authors believe that ascending-patterned oils generated from Permian Fengcheng Formation was entrapped earlier than descending-patterned oils from Permian Jiamuhe Formation, and valley-patterned oils represent a mixture of the ascending-and descending-patterned oils.

    石油工程
    THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON WAX PRECIPITATION TEMPERATURE FOR AN OIL AND GAS SYSTEM
    MEI Hai-yan ZHANG Mao-lin SUN Liang-tian SUN Lei GUO Ping
    2001, 23(6):  9-11.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.03
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    Precipitation of organic solid, such as wax, resin and asphaltene is a common phenomenon in many production locations and it severely affects the production process. In this paper, a thermodynamic model of gas-liquid-solid phase equilibration is proposed on the basis of the equation of state and solution theory. The non-ideality of the solid phase is modified with the regular solution theory, and the phase behavior of both gas and liquid phases is described with the equation of state. A simulating calculation for an oil-gas system is conducted. The result shows that pressure has a marked effect on the precipitation temperature of wax, and this effect is even greater when below saturation pressure than above saturation pressure.

    EFFECT OF WEAK’PLANE DIP ANGLE AND DIP AZIMUTH ANGLE ON WELLBORE STABILITY
    LIU Xiang-jun CHEN Yi-jian XIAO Yong
    2001, 23(6):  12-12–13.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.04
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    On the basis of continuous media mechanics, the effects of weak plane occurrence and fictions coefficient on wellbore stability of vertical well and deviated well have been studied by using of a simplified geological model and mechanics model of rock wed plane in this paper. Results show that wellbore stability decreases sharply because of fractures and joints around borehole. For deviated well, wellbore stability depends on not only in-situ stress but also weak plane occurrence. For vertical well, the collapse azimuth of wellbore is different from in-situ minimum horizontal stress, but depend on occurrence of weakplane mainly.

    APPLICATION OF KCOOH-DRILLING FLUID TECHNOLOGY
    WANG Ping-quan HE Jiang-hong PU Xiao-lin LI Xiao-hong WANG Shi-guo SU Wei
    2001, 23(6):  14-14–17.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.05
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    KCOOH is made of HCOOH and KOH at high temperature and high pressure (HTHP). It was successfully used as a new additive in high-density drilling and completion fluid system at the end of the 1990s’overseas. Because of the outstanding properties such as strong inhibition, good compatibi1ity, environmental protection, oi1 reservoir protection, and so on, this paper stressed the application technology of KCOOH in MB5001 well of Mobei 005 area, Kelamayi in Xinjiang. The results showed that KCOOH could strongly inhibit clay hydration, and made MBT low level, and the rock debris returning out from the well presented small circular particle, and its inside was dry, and drilling fluid would not be attached to screen shaker and ran out. So it had the special properties such as strong inhibition, good filtration characteristics, good lubrication, fast machine rotation, low cost, good economic benefits, and so on.

    CEMENT SLURRY STUDY FOR CEMENTING PREVENTING GAS CHANNELING AT HTHP IN GAS WELL
    LUO Yu-wei ZHANG Guang-chao LIU Yun-hua HUANG Wei-dong ZHANG Hang-yun　
    2001, 23(6):  18-18–20.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.06
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    Good cement slurry is the key factor to guarantee the quality of the cementing. The gas flow in cement circulation is seriously a problem for the oil and gas development. Once the gas channeling in cement occurs, it is hard to repair the poor cementing, even through pumping a large amount of cement slurry. Hence, it is very important for optional selection the additive preventing the gas flow effectively, and developing good cement slurry for preventing the gas flow. According to the characters of ocean high temperature and high pressure (HTHP),The paper presented a slurry design method preventing the gas flow suitable for the cementing. The slurry density 2.40g/cm3 is the slurry system of the HTHP preventing gas channeling, which is suitable for the circulating temperature from 1250 to 1630.

    APPLICATION OF HIGH WATER-BEARING ADJUSTMENT WELL CEMENTING TECHNOLOGY IN HENAN OIL FIELD
    XIAO Wu-feng HU Ming-hui WANG Bin NIU Gui-li
    2001, 23(6):  21-24.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.07
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    The main influence factors to the closing and cementing quality of high water-bearing adjustment well cementing in Henan oil field had been analyzed in this paper, then functional comprehensive technology measure to guarantee the quality of closing and cementing was presented. The practice of well cementing about 72 wells at spot showed that the application of this technology measure could obviously improve the closing and cementing quality of high water-bearing adjustment well in Henan oil field .

    ANALYSIS ON THE SOLUTION OF WELL TEST MODEL FOR DOUBLE PERMEABILITY RESERVOIRS
    LI Shun-chu HUANG Bing-guang WANG Nu-tao ZHANG Pu-zhai
    2001, 23(6):  25-27.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.08
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    A complete double-permeability reservoir well-test model that takes into consideration inner and outer boundary conditions is built based on well test analysis research. The corresponding precise solution can be obtained in Laplace space. A new method of well test interpretation in Laplace space is presented. Example application indicates that the proposed method is valid and useful.

    ANALYSIS OF MULTIPHASE WELL TEST FOR SOLUTION -GAS-DRIVE RESERVOIRS
    YANG Lei HUANG Cheng SHU Neng-yi et al.
    2001, 23(6):  28-28–30.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.09
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    Applying material balance principles, a mathematical model of multiphase flow is built to supply a tool for well test analysis of solution-gas-drive reservoirs. In the model the multiphase flow problem is described by single-phase flow equations through setting pseudo functions. A new method of calculating relative permeability and pseudo functions with production data is proposed. With the method, minimal data is needed and the calculation results are consistent. Case applications indicate that the proposed method is valid and reliable.

    A NEW MEHTOD OF DETERMINING SEPARATE ZONE PRODUCTION ALLOCATION
    CHEN Shi-jia CHEN Xiao-fan MA Li-ning QU Xin-zhong
    2001, 23(6):  31-33.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.10
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    Commonly used methods of production allocation of multi-zones commingled wells in oil field include production logging, separate test and tracer logging. These methods however are expensive, time-consuming, and not applicable for low rate reservoirs. In this paper, oil chromatographic fingerprinting technique is introduced. The method is based on the difference of oil fingerprints for individual zones and the fingerprint variations of commingled oils. Laboratory artificial formulation is conducted to “match” the observed variations. With the best match obtained, individual zone production can be directly allocated. Results show that the difference between artificial formulation and oil chromatographic fingerprinting calculation is less than 10% for two-zones commingled oil well, and the difference between oil fingerprints calculation and production logging is less than 15%. With the proposed method, production allocation of commingled oil wells could be made faster, cheaper and simpler.

    A STUDY OF HORIZONTAL WELL PRODUCTIVITY IN RESERVOIRS WITH TOP AND BOTTOM DRAINAGE BOUNDARIES
    GUO Xiao ZHAI Yu-yang.
    2001, 23(6):  34-37.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.11
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    Conformal transformation is an effective method used to solve problems of 2D steady-state flow. By applying conformal transformation, horizontal well 3D flow is simplified into vertical radial and horizontal radial flows. A formula of horizontal well productivity for reservoirs with top and bottom drainage boundaries is derived. In addition, the effect of eccentricity and formation anisotropies on horizontal well productivity is analyzed. The results show that eccentricity has minor influence on horizontal well productivity: when δ/h is less than 3%, Qv/Qv0is no more than 5%. The influence of anisotropies on horizontal well productivity is related to the relative level of horizontal and vertical flow resistance forces: when horizontal resistance force is greater than vertical one, the productivity decreases with increased kv/kh; when horizontal resistance force is smaller than vertical one, the productivity increases with decreased kv/kh.

    USING RESPONDING FACTORS TO EVALUATE COMPREHENSIVELY WATER FLOODING EFFECT
    TANG Hai LI Xing-xun HUANG Bing-guang WANG Nu-tao
    2001, 23(6):  38-38–40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.12
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    When an adjustment plan has been put into production, there are many production indexes that can be used to evaluate the improved water flooding effectiveness in different aspects, which may give various results. In order to evaluate the water flooding effectiveness of different development plans in all development stages, a new “responding factor method” has been put forward on the basis of fussy mathematical theory. The real application of “responding factors” to field examples indicated that it can be used to evaluate adjustment plan in different production stages. Since the “responding factors”method is simple, applicable and reliable, it can be extensively used to evaluate development effectiveness in practice.

    MICROSCOPIC MECHANISMS AND INFLUENCE FACTORS OF IMMISCIBLE FLUID DISPLACEMENT IN POROUS MEDIA
    DUAN Qiu-zhe LIANG Bao-sheng LUO Ping-ya YE Zhong-bin SUN Liang-tian
    2001, 23(6):  41-43.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.13
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    In the process of water flooding there exist various mechanisms of immiscible fluid displacement at microscope pore level. In this paper we will summarize and discuss such mechanisms as pistion-like displacement, Haines’ jump, creeping, snap-off, large pores trapped by small pores, fingering and by-passing, sticking, partial film spreading and coalescence in detail. The occurrence and importance of these mechanisms depend on the external conditions (such as injection rate and injection pressure), pore geometry and structure, fluid properties, reservoir characteristics as well as interfacial tension between two different fluids. The factors affecting various displacement mechanisms are analyzed briefly on the basis of related literatures and our experiment results from slice core dynamic modeling of two fluid phases displacement.

    LAB RESEARCH OF NITROGEN AND RICH GAS INJECTION IN XI-52VOLATILE RESERVOIR
    GUO Ping LIU Jian-yi LI Shi-lun XIONG Yu ZHOU Zhen ZHAO Xiao-feng LI Yu-guan ZHANG Xing-lin
    2001, 23(6):  44-47.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.14
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    The main research of this paper includes evaluation of nitrogen and hydrocarbon gas injection in real long core, expansion test, slim tube test and flooding efficiencies of different gases. All the experiments are conducted upon long real formation core from Ke-233 well by using synthetic fluids of separate oil and gas samples from Ke-428 well compounded at bubble point pressure. The results show that it is harder for hydrocarbon gas with higher expansion ability to increase bubble point pressure than nitrogen. But both selected hydrocarbon gas and nitrogen can not get miscible with oil at present formation pressure. It is also demonstrated in the core test that with the richer hydrocarbon gas and higher injection pressure, the ultimate displacement efficiency is more obvious. Compared with the present depletion production, nitrogen injection can increase the efficiency by 6.08%, rich gas injection by 18.8%-21.31%.The results indicate a strong potential for gas injection.

    INJECTION RULES IN DIFFERENT SEDIMENTARY FACIES OF ERLIAN LOW PERMEABLE SANDSTONE RESERVOIR
    SONG She-min LI Yun HUANG Zhen ZHANG Ming ZHAO Wei-feng
    2001, 23(6):  48-50.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.15
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    It is an important task to allocate water injection rate reasonably for the purpose of improving the efficiency of water flooding. According to the reservoir properties of different sedimentary facies, a set of water injection rules were worked out. In low permeable reservoir, especially, the rate allocation rule of water injection was put forward on the basis of he reasonable pressure difference in terms of optimal water flooding velocity, which was proved practical in real field test. The water injection rules presented in this paper laid a technical basis for enhancing oil recovery by adjusting water injection rate in low permeable sandstone reservoir.

    APPLICATION OF A NEW EOR METHOD TO THE HIGH WATER CUT RESERVOIR
    MIAO Ming-cai SHANG Zhao-hui WU Bo-zhi HOU Li ZHAO Fu-lin
    2001, 23(6):  51-55.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.16
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    This paper presented the results from pilot test of a new “2+3”EOR technology at Zhuang 106-32 well group in Zhuang l06 oil district. The new“2+3”technology is used to enhance the oil recovery by improving not only the sweep efficiency but also the displacement efficiency, which is referred to as limited tertiary recovery. This technology primarily increases injection water volume while mixing oil-washing agent into the injected water. Compared with the traditional water-flooding, the volume of the new displacing agent is so small. TheFDva1ue is also used to identify the degree of profile control. The profile control agent is a mixture of chromium gel and solidifiable system, and the displacing agent includes alkaline and polymer. After the pilot test finished, the performance of the well group is remarkably improved and the oil rate is increased by 14.3 t/d. So far, the incremental oil volume is up to 4830t regardless of the nature decline of production and the ratio of investment to outcome is 1∶6.4.

    油气化学工程与化工
    STUDY ON SOLUBILITY OF HYDROPHOBICALLY MODIFIED POLYACRYAMIDES
    FENG Yu-jun WANG Zhou-yu LI Fu-sheng GUO Chuan-mei
    2001, 23(6):  56-59.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.17
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    The solubility of a series of hydrophobic modified poly-acryamides (HMPAM) has been measured by conductometric technique. The influences of some structural parameters such as content of hydrophobic group, type of the anionic group, molecular weight and particle size of HMPAM on its dissolution rate has been investigated. Results show that the dissolution time of HMPAM was much longer than that of polyacryamide; the higher the content of the hydrophobic group, the slower the dissolution time; the higher the molecular weight, or the lager the particle size, the longer the dissolution time will be need. These conclusions have proved the feasibility of the way to measure the solubility of the hydrophobically associating the water-soluble polymer by conductometry method.

    STUDY ON FUNCTION OF SAND CONTROL OF SURFACEVISCOUS ACID
    DAI Cai-li GE Ji-jiang ZHANG Gui-cai ZHAO Fu-lin
    2001, 23(6):  60-62.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.18
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    Surface viscous acid has been prepared by mixing thickening agent (PAM) and cross-linking agent (GL-5) with acid, which has the function of retarding reaction rate and sand prevention. At the beginning, the acid can retard the reaction rate by controlling the diffusion velocity of H+ in the body phase densification of the thickening agent. And with the consuming of H+, the acid can control sand and retard reaction further by forming gel film (surface thickening) on sand grain surface as a result of cross linking the thickening agent and cross linking agent under proper pH value (pH=3-5). The gel film is a good viscous-elastic material whose elasticity is stronger than its viscosity, and can wet the sand grain and adsorb on the surface of sand grain by hydrogen bond and electrostatic attraction. As a result, the motion of the sand grain is restricted. Also the film can control the diffusion rate of H+ further in order to retard the reaction rate and make the surface viscous acid reach the formation far away. The mechanism and effect of the acid for sand control have been evaluated and a new thinking that acidizing and sand control can be combined organically has been put forward in this paper.

    MEASURING METHODS FOR PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF HPAM ON RESERVOIR CORES
    YE Zhong-bin LIU Xiang-jun XIAO Yong YANG Jian-jun
    2001, 23(6):  63-66.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.19
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    The injectivity of the selected HPAM on the Qizhongdong reservoir cores was investigated by core flow experiments in laboratory. The so-called Serial-Core method proposed in this pa-per is very simple and convenient than the Long-core test in injectivity evaluation experiment. The static adsorption behavior of HPAM on reservoir rocks was also investigated. The result shows that the measured volume is much lower than that calculated from Langmuir equation within low polymer concentration region. Impenetrability Pore Volume(IPV) and polymer retention were measured by Double-Polymer-Slug method, which were subsequently input into CMG-STAR model. All of the above experiments are important to the feasibility study of weak cross-linked polymer flooding and pilot test in this reservoir.

    STUDY ON EXISTENCE OF STRUCTURE FOR WAXY CRUDE OIL
    JING Jia-qiang YANG Li LUO Ping-ya LIU Chu-min
    2001, 23(6):  67-70.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.20
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    The structure of waxy crude oil means that in the oil paraffin crystalline particles interconnect and form a kind of network which filled with the whole crude system under certain condition. The characteristic temperature, viscosity-temperature properties and rheological properties of simulated waxy oil have been studied systematically by mean of rheological measuring and analytical techniques. The microstructure of the oil in gel state has been analyzed using micropoloariscopic technique. Results show that the structure exists obviously in the waxy oil under certain condition, and its formation is closely relevant to the size and content of paraffin molecules in the oil, the symmetry and size of the paraffin crystalline particles. The existence of structure in the waxy oil is the main causes of its viscosity abnormality and lose of mobility .It provides a theoretical foundation for further studying the ways for pour point depression and viscosity reduction of the waxy crude oil.

    石油机械工程及其它
    KINEMATICS ANALYSIS OF THE7NB MUD BUMP
    ZHONG Qing HUANG Ben-sheng.
    2001, 23(6):  71-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.21
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    In this paper, the structure and working principle of the new drilling mud bump-7NB mud bump were introduced. The kinematics model and 3D entity model were established with the CAD software (Pro/E), the kinematics analysis of the 7NBs mainly moving parts were finished. By simplification of the structure, the Moving equation and computation model of the 7NB were established, the analysis and calculating completed. The moving characteristics and principles were found through computing. It provided the theory foundation for improving the structure and working principal of the 7NB mud pump.

    RESISTING WEAR’S PROPERTY RESEARCH OF THE MATERIALOF NEW TYPE FRACTURING PUMP’S VALVE
    YANG Qi-ming ZHOU Xi-rong QIAO Ying
    2001, 23(6):  73-76.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.06.22
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    Through the researches in some material’s properties to resist impact abrasive wear, optimized 20CrMnTi optimized was further tested under the condition of impacting-wear, sliding abrasive wear and impact abrasive wear, analyzed its characteristics, and discussed the appearance and forming mechanism observed. It was got some useful conclusions. The results have shown the heat-treatment cycle of carburizing + hardening +low tempering, the 20CrMnTi would be better ability to resist impact abrasive wear. It has a guiding significance to research the new materials of resisting the wear in valves of the fracturing pump.