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    20 October 2001, Volume 23 Issue 5
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    专家论坛
    UNDER-COMPACTION OF MUD ROCK VERSUS DISTRIBUTION OF OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS IN QINGSHUI AREA OF WESTERN DEPRESSION OF LIAOHE BASIN
    CAI Zheng-qi XU Zhi-ming　
    2001, 23(5):  1-3.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.01
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    The prediction on distribution area of favorable reservoirs is an important research field in petroleum exploration. In practice, some routine methods have been taken to conduct research. For example, sedimentology and reservoir geology, in combination with seismic and well log information, have been used to predict the reservoir horizontally and vertically. However, the problem resulted is long period of research and huge investment. Therefore, a convenient method for predicting reservoir has being probed. After the observation on Shahejie formation, Qingshui area of western depression of Liaohe basin, it is found that the sandstone in the intervals of under-compacted mud rock might be favorable reservoirs and the oil and gas reservoirs are mainly distributed in the intervals of under-compacted mud rock. Therefore, the characteristics of under-compacted mud rock could be used to predict the distribution area of favorable reservoirs. It is finally shown that under-compaction of mud rock is closely related to the formation of reservoir, petroleum migration and the distribution of oil and gas reservoirs in mechanism. By using the curve of under-compacted mud rock, the horizontal and vertical distribution of favorable reservoir could be predicted. Combined with the comprehensive analysis on other factors, the oil and gas reservoirs as well as their distribution area might be recognized.

    地质勘探
    THE MECHANISM OF NATURAL GAS FRACTION ENTRAPMENT AND ROLE IN STUDY ON NATURAL GAS RESERVOIRS FORMATION
    CHEN Shi-jia FU Xiao-wen SHEN Zhao-guo LIN Feng
    2001, 23(5):  4-6.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.02
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    Because of the episode of natural gas generation and structure evolution, the natural gas formed at different stages is different from each other in geochemical properties, natural gas generated from source rock at different evolution stage may be entrapped by trap formed at different geology phase. Natural gas or gas reservoirs formed at early stage may get lost or transferred due to late structure evolution, trap formed lately could only entrap natural gas generated from source rock at late stage, i.e., natural gas are entrapped by traps at different stages. The mechanism of natural gas fraction entrapment is introduced in the paper. According to natural gas geochemical properties of gas reservoirs from Tabei area in Tarim basin, authors explain the mechanism of natural gas fraction entrapment and its role in study on natural gas reservoir formation.

    THE PARAMETER ALGORITHM AND STAGE DIVISION OF THE EARTH CONTRACTION MOTION
    LIU Quan-wen CHEN Jing-shan ZHAO Jin-zhou
    2001, 23(5):  7-11.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.03
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    The earth contraction motion is one of crust structure motions that people recognized first. To the parameters related to the earth contraction: perimeter variable quantity (ΔL), ra-dius variable quantity (ΔR), volume variable quantity (ΔV)etc. Theoretical equations are formulated and relative parameter evaluation explained. The process for contraction is divided into 4 stages: volume-shrinking initial stage, perimeter and surface area diminishment stage, contraction force enlargement stage, contraction force diminishment stage. The assembling and collision of plates during the earth contraction process are divided theoretically. There are six types of compression effects between plates divides 6 sorts, that is raising mode, descending mode, covering mode, inlaying mode, push-overlaying mode, rivet groove mode and so on.

    FINITE VOLUME METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION IN BASIN MODELING
    FENG Yong SHI Guang-ren MI Shi-yun YANG Qiu-lin
    2001, 23(5):  12-12–15.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.04
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    In basin modeling system, the hydrocarbon migration-accumulation is the most important part, but the technologically weakest part of the system. For long time, it has been hot spot to find the stable and convergent methods for solving the hydrocarbon migration-accumulation history model due to its complexity. In this paper, authors present a combination method of finite volume method and perpendicular bisection grids, which has not only the advantages of finite different method such as asimpler scheme, less amount of computation and keeping mass balance within each grid, but also the advantages of finite element method in processing complicated boundary conditions. Its applications have proved that the combination of finite volume method and perpendicular bisection grids is able to effectively simulate the process of the 3D hydrocarbon migration-accumulation.

    石油工程
    ANALYSIS METHOD OF TRANSIENT TEST FOR HORIZONTAL WELL IN DUAL POROSITY RESERVOIR
    LI Xiao-ping SHEN Yan-lai LIU Qi-guo ZHAO Bi-rong
    2001, 23(5):  16-16–18.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.05
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    It is well known that the oil rate of horizontal well is much higher than that of vertical well in dual porosity reservoir.Transient test is an important means of obtaining reservoir parameters and identifying reservoir type. This paper presents a mathematical model of 3D horizontal well with wellbore storage and skin effect in dual porosity infinite and box-shape reservoir. The mathematical model is solved by means of Laplace transform. Based on the model presented above, the transient test data from an example horizontal well has been studied to produce fracture permeability, skin factor, wellbore storage coefficient, storativity -ratio and inter-porosity flow coefficient. The results show that the theory and method presented in this paper are reliable and applicable.

    PRESSURE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS FOR NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIRS WITH STRESS SENSITIVITY
    DUAN Yong-gang HUANG Cheng CHEN Wei et al
    2001, 23(5):  19-19–22.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.06
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    The assumption of constant rock properties in pressure transient analysis gives good results in many oil and gas reservoirs. However, a lot of experiments indicate that fractured reservoir and low permeability reservoir are typical stress sensitive zone. The permeability decreases with decreasing of pore pressure and increasing of effective stress in oil field exploitation. So changes of permeability and porosity with stress should be considered in well test interpretation. According to results of experiment, this paper presented a mathematics model of fractured reservoirs with stress sensitivity and obtains type curves through by numerical Laplace inversion. This paper also discussed pressure transient and characteristics of type curves, and investigated stress impacting on buildup interpretation.

    METHOD OF WELLBORE PRESSURE CALCULATION FOR TUBING-CASING PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF GAS WELLS
    TANG Hai LI Li-xiong ZENG Fan-hua HUANG Bingg-uang.　
    2001, 23(5):  23-23–25.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.07
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    Wellbore pressure is an important parameter in gas well performance analysis. However, reports on the method of wellbore pressure calculation for tubing-casing production system (TCPS) of gas wells are rare. Applying the hydrodynamics fun-damentals, the TCPS is treated as a parallel connection of tubing and casing production. Based on the wellbore pressure calculation method for the cases of tubing production system and the system of production from the annul space between the casing and the tubing, we obtained an equation describing the allocated production from the casing and the tubing. By analyzing the weighted importance of each item in the equation, a simplified production distribution equation is obtained, which translate the wellbore pressure calculation for the TCPS into one for tubing and (or) casing production system. An example is given which shows that the relative error between the result obtained by using the proposed equation and that by using the accurate production distribution equation is very small, indicating that proposed method is reliable and applicable.

    APPLICATION OF BLACK OIL MODEL TO COALBED METHANE RESERVOIR
    ZHANG Lie-hui CHEN Jun TU Zhong FENG Pei-zhen　
    2001, 23(5):  26-26–28.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.08
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    The transport of gas through a coal seam is generally considered a two-stage process. Gas desorption from the coal matrix followed by its flow along the fractures. If the release rate of gas from the matrix to the cleats is faster than the flow rate of gas and water in the cleats, the desorption kinetics are relatively less important in modelling coalbed methane production. Under this assumption, the gas held by the coal is similar to that dissolved in the black oil at a given pressure. The solution gas-oil ratio of this immobile oil is calculated from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm curve. A conventional black oil simulator can be used to simulate coalbed gas reservoir by treating gas adsorbed to the surface of coal block as gas dissolved in the immobile oil. Based on the ideas above, a coalbed methane reservoir has been studied by using black oil simulator, and the results are very close to those from a coalbed methane reservoir simulator(COMETPC).

    COMPARISON OF GEOLOGICAL AND PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN COALBED METHANE AND CONVENTIONAL NATURAL GAS RESERVOIR
    REN Dong-mei ZHANG Lie-hui CHEN Jun ZHANG Ming
    2001, 23(5):  29-29–32.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.09
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    Coalbed gas is combustible and primarily adsorbed on the internal surface of coal matrix, whose main component is methane which coexists with coal petroloy. As an unconventional gas reservoir, there are many differences between coalbed gas and conventional gas reservoirs. In this paper, comparison and summarization of these two gas reservoirs are made from the points of their geological reasons and characteristics, and their accumulation and exploitaion to gas- in- place calculation, which lay a sound foundation for coalbed gas reservoir engineering, well testing, completion and coalbed gas reservoir simulation etc.

    THEORY ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN THE THREE-LAYERED RESERVIOR
    LI Shun-chu HUANG Bing-guang WANG Nu-tao ZHANG Jin-zhai
    2001, 23(5):  33-34.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.10
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    To satisfy the demand of theoretical study and actual application, a mathematics model of pressure distribution of three-layered reservoir (matrix + fracture + matrix) with the fractured formation was presented. In addition .The exact solution in Laplace space was found out. This model can also be used in the dynamic pressure analysis for similar reservoirs. It made the well test analysis theory more perfect, and provided the theoretical support for the actual application.

    CALCULATION ON THE CRITICAL PRODUCTION OF BOTTOM WATER CONING IN HORIZONTAL WELL
    LIU Liang-yue YUE Jiang-he XIONG You-ming DUAN Yong-gang CHEN Wei WANG Xin-qiang
    2001, 23(5):  35-37.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.11
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    The payzone of A26 horizontal well in QHD32-6 oil field has a bottom water. In order to determine the suitable commissioning production, the critical production of bottom water coning must be studied. According to the actual parameters of A26 horizontal well in QHD32-6 oil field, the mechanism of bottom water coning in horizontal well was analyzed, and several mathematical models for calculating the critical production of bottom water coning was established. and two mathematical models were selected and analyzed for critical production on the affection of parameters such as vertical permeability, density difference between water and oil, well position and so on, which are very important to guide the commissioning design of the well.

    DEVELOPMENT PLAN STUDY OF TIGHT CLASTIC GA RESERVOIR FRACTURING IN XINCHANG GAS FIELD
    YANG Zhao-zhong XU Xiang-rong TANG Sheng-lun ZHANG Lie-hui CHEN Jun MA Xiu-feng
    2001, 23(5):  38-41.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.12
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    It is difficult to obtain more reserve to increase well capacity and make a considerable profit due to such problems that exist in the tight clastic gas reservoir of Xinchang gas field as complex production performance, low recovery rate and short stablproduction time. According to lab research and pilot test, fracturing reservoir technology is applicable in tight clastic gas reservoir, which can remarkably improve gas production. In this paper an improved new fracturing reservoir mathematical model ipresented for tight gas reservoir of low permeability by takin both low non-Darcy flow and high non-Darcy flow into account. Based on the model above, a fracturing reservoir plahas been worked out for upper Shaximiao Group reservoir in thpilot area of Xinchang gas field.

    A NUMERICAL MODEL OF3D ACID TRANSPORT AND REACTION
    LI Yong-ming GUO Jian-chun ZHAO Jin-zhou LIU Hong YU Jian-feiLIU Jing-yan
    2001, 23(5):  42-45.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.13
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    In traditional acid concentration models, acid flow in the fracture is assumed to be one-dimensional flow and piston-like displacement without considering the acid flow across the fracture height and the vertical variation of reaction rate due to formation heterogeneity. In reality, vertical acid flow must exist during fracture height expending. In this work a 3D numerical model of acid transport and reaction is derived with consideration of acid flow across the fracture height. With this model, acid concentration distribution along the fracture length, fracture width and fracture height can be simulated.

    OPTIMIZATION DESIGN ON INJECTION PROCEDUREAND CHEMICAL SLUG SIZE OF ALKALINE/SURFAC TURE/POLYMER COMBINATION FLOODING IN DAQING OILFIELD
    LI Hua-bin SUI Jun YANG Zhen-yu
    2001, 23(5):  46-46–49.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.14
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    The optimum injection procedure and chemical plug size of alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) used in Block North 1 Daqing oilfield have been designed based on the laboratory formulation and earlier field tests and using the reservoir simulator COMP. Results show that oil recovery based on the slug size and injection precedence of pilot tests has increased by 10% Original Oil In Place (OOIP) by the optimization of increasing the viscosity of ASP system, injecting a secondary surfactant ASP slug, using a small preflush polymer slug and following a gradient buffer. As a result, much attention should be paid to the injecting precedence and slug size in order to enhance the economic effects of ASP technology.

    FIELD MEASUREMENT STUDIES OF THE TEMPERATURE OF YAHA501WELL IN TALIMU
    HE Shi-ming YIN Cheng XU Bi-hua CHI Jun QIN Hong-de SONG Zhou-cheng　
    2001, 23(5):  50-50–53.  DOI: 15
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    This paper described the field measurement of the static and circulating temperature of Yaha 501 deep well in Talimu oil field, and compared the field measurement result with the calculating results by the regular methods. Field measurement study indicated that the estimated bottom hole temperature from logging/regressive formula was not true formation static temperature, and was less than the actual measurement temperature. There was an error above 10℃for circulating temperature between API method/field experience method of Talimu and field measurement, and the error from API method was bigger than that from field experience method. The affection of the well size and circulating rate on the circulating temperature is specially potent.

    RESEARCH ON BHA FAILURES IN CURVATURE HOLE
    SHI Xiao-bing SHI Tai-he
    2001, 23(5):  54-57.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.16
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    To find the failure mechanics mechanism of BHA, A thorough research on the stress distribution of BHA was done. In this paper, a analytic mechanics model of BHA in curvature hole was developed to find the bending moment or bending stress distributions feature based on the beam theory in structure mechanics. Considering higher rate of build - up, a differentmethod unlike the co.analyzedcriticaloil, well, SBNDuan YQs good results in many oil and gas reservoirs. However, a lot of experiments indicate that fractured reservoir and low permeability reservoir are typical stress sensitive zone. The permeability decreases with decreasing of pore pressure and increasing of effective stress in oil field exploitation. So changes of permeability and porosity with stress should be considered in well test interpretation. According to results of experiment, this paper presented a mathematics model of fractured reservoirs with stress sensitivity and obtains type curves through by numerical Laplace inversion. This paper also discussed pressure transient and characteristics of type curves, and investigated stress impacting on buildup interpretation.

    油气化学工程与化工
    POLYMERIZATION REACTION KINETICS OF OCTADECYLACRYLATE
    SONG Zhao-zheng ZHANG Gui-cai WANG Xiao-cui ZHAO Fu-lin
    2001, 23(5):  58-58–60.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.17
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    A polymer of octadecyl acrylate has been synthesized in solution and the effect of initiator, monomer, temperature and solvent on the polymerization reaction rate has been studied. Results have shown that the reaction rate is in direct proportion to the first power of monomer concentration and a half power of initiator concentration. Polymerization reaction constant factor Aais 123.4, the activity energyEais 29.72 KJ/mol. The type of solvent has little influence on the polymerization rate and there is no accelerating polymerization. The order of chain transfer constant of four solvents is:CCl4>CHCl3>(CHCl2)2>C6H5CH3.

    AN ACID CORRISION INHIBITOR USED IN HIGH TEMPERATURE AND ITS PERFORMANCE
    HE Yan HUANG Zhi-yu FENG Ying et al.　
    2001, 23(5):  61-61–63.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.18
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    A Mannich product has been synthesized by selecting reaction conditions, and HZF-2 compound acid corrosion inhibitor has been prepared on the basis of the Mannich product. Inhibition efficiency of HZF- 2 under elevated temperature, high pressure and existence of hydrogen sulfide has been evaluated. In addition, damage of the corrosion inhibitor on formation has also been investigated. Results have showed that HZF-2 has good protection for N80 steel contacting with strong acid at normal pressure, high temperature and pressure. It can resist harmful hydrogen sulfide and has little damage to the tested formation core .As a result, HZF-2 can meet the needs of acid treatment.

    STUDY ON SOLUTION PROPERTIES OF A NEW COPOLYMER
    ZHANG Fan GUO Chuan-mei HU Xing-qi
    2001, 23(5):  64-66.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.19
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    A new type of hydrophobic association polymer AM-M-BACC/AM was prepared by micellar polymerization, which has a long hydrophobic group up to 18 carbon atoms, and its solution properties were studied. Results show that the reduced viscosity of aqueous solution of the copolymer has little change in the range of 20~60℃,and the critical concentration of this solution is very obvious. The viscosity increases with salt concentration under various polymer concentrations, but it raises more under the condition of lower of lower polymer concentrations. The order of the increments of the reduced viscosity for different salt is: MgCl2>CaCl2>NaCl. In addition, the influence of the type and concentration of salt on the interaction of macromolecules in solution has been investigated preliminarily on the basis of Huggins constant.

    石油经济管理
    APPLICATION OF OBJECTIVE PROGRAMMING FOR THE OPTIMAL INVESTING STRUCTURE IN PETROLEUM COMPANY
    LIU Fu-shun LIANG Hai-yun
    2001, 23(5):  67-69.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.20
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    Petroleum industry is a kind of industry, which is the finance and technology dense and big investment. Under the marketing economy, it has a big risk. The investing structure must be optimized and carried out the optimal distributions of resources and the best objects of the investment for the development and improving the profit of the investment. This paper discussed how to optimize the investing structure by the objective programming of the optimal method.

    THE SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCING FACTORS OF THE PRICE OF SICHUAN REFINED OIL
    YU Xiao-zhong ZHANG Ming-quan
    2001, 23(5):  70-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.21
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    The price of Sichuan refined oil is influenced by various factors, macroscopically, it is influenced by the international and domestic oil price; regionally, by the natural conditions and the refined oil market in Sichuan. What’s more, these influencing factors’ interplay is complex. In order to have a systematic study on the influencing factors of the price of Sichuan refined oil to provide policy decision basis to stabilize the price of Sichuan refined oil and set up good market order, the article uses the principles and methods of systematic engineering to analyze the factors and the chain that influence the price of Sichuan refined oil and set up ISM (Interpretive Structural Mode). By the analysis of the model, the direct cause influencing the price of Sichuan refined oil has been found out, that is, domestic oil price and Sichuan oil market situation; the superficial cause has three factors: the demands, supplies and competition in Sichuan refined oil market; the secondary cause is Sichuan industrial structure and the increasing of energy consumption; the complicated cause is oil reserve system, imports exports, fuel tax and smuggling; the fundamental causes are international oil price, the natural transportation condition in Sichuan, the substitute energy, market management, and so on. Aimed at the influencing factors of different causes, the corresponding policy marking proposals is provided.

    PROBE OF INTERNET ORGANIZATION
    WU Quan ZHANG Bin
    2001, 23(5):  73-76.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2001.05.22
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    At present, the new-economy originated in America is rapidly sweeping over the world at the uncommon speed. The new-economy requires the new style organizational structure, internet organization (IO) is just the model which is suitable for the new-economy’s need. This paper introduces the organization and the definition of IO, and analyses its characteristic, superiority and difference from virtual organization.