Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science & Technology Edition)

Lithofacies Palaeogeography of Maokou Period in SouthwesternSichuan Basin

Tian Jingchun;Guo Wei;Huang Pinghui;Lin Xiaobing

2012, 34(2): 1-8.

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Abstract：According to the data from field outcrops，drilling section and well logging，the lithologic characteristics and lithofacies
palaeogeography of Maokou Formation in southwest Sichuan Basin are analyzed. The results indicated that Maokou
Formation developed beach and open sea microfacies in southwest Sichuan basin and can be divided into three sedimentary
cycles，which represent the three sea-level fluctuations in Maokou period. The second sedimentary cycle，the phase that sea
level decline，becomes the most important period when shallow beach developed widely with the litholgy of sparite bioclastic
limestone and partial dolomite. Transformed by the later Dongwu movement，shallow beach can be favorable reservoir.

Research of Jurassic Tectonic Characteristic in Hongqikan Region inPiedmont of Northern Turpan–Hami Basin

Wu Yong;Zhou Lu;Ji Weihua;Chen Ying;Long Fei

2012, 34(2): 9-18.

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Hongqikan region is located in the thrust tectonic belt in Piedmont of northern of Turpan–Hami Basin. By the
NW—SE compressive stress，the Jurassic mainly developed into the SW—NE master fault and the NE—SE or near the northsouth
secondary fault vertical or oblique to the master. In the master fault，thrust stacked successively from north to south，
forming a unique fracture combination of imbricate and fracture distribution characteristic of plane parallel of a“River”shape.
From west to east，Hongqikan belt shows three sections of dual thrust imbricate tectonic features that is imbricate thrustimbricate
stacking-imbricate thrust. The late Jurassic sediments is the major development stages for imbricate thrust，and the
thrust tectonics play a very important role in dual thrust imbricate structure development of Hongqikan in Cretaceous，which
stereotyped is later by the large angle thrusting movement transformation in Himalayan.

Diagenesis of Tight Sandstone in Xishanyao Formation of Baka Aera

Liu Dengming;;Long Qunfen;Wang Shilin;Qin Zhangjin

2012, 34(2): 19-23.

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Diagenesis of tight sandstone in Xishanyao Formation Baka aera is carried out by observing the core in the field and
identifying thin section as well as analyzing scanning electron microscope（SEM），X-ray diffraction and cathodoluminescence.
The results indicate that feldspathic litharenite and litharenite with low porosity and permeability are reservoirs in Xishanyao
Formation in Baka area under the environmental effect of braided river delta and lacustrine facies. Diagenesis is at mesogenetic A
stage，and its types involve compaction，cementation，dissolution with compaction as the most destructive effect and dissolution
as main constructive diagenesis.

Controlling Factors of Fractured Limestone Reservoir-forming of UpperCretaceous in North Kairouan Region，Pelagian Basin，North Africa

Deng Yilin;Lü Lei;Zhang Jing;Yang Rongjun

2012, 34(2): 24-28.

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The Pelagian Basin in North Africa is one of the important oil and gas basins. Based on the seismic，drilling，
analytic and testing data，the comprehensive analysis of the forming conditions of the Upper Cretaceous fractured limestone
reservoir reveals the following points：the formation of the oil and gas reservoir in this region is mainly controlled by oil resource
conditions，the strike and abundance of the fracture and fault，as well as the distribution of effective transport layer and thick cap
rock；the structural areas developed northwest faults and fractures，composite passage system and thick cap rock are favorable
areas of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The faults and fractures developing in the direction of northeast are unsealed，
which is beneficial for the lateral and vertical migration of the hydrocarbon and for the improvement of the limestone reservoir
property. The movement of salt in the late Palaeocene makes the mudstone of the Haria formation，which is the regional covering
strata，partially eroded，resulting in the maldistribution and the change of the thickness of the cap rock in the region，which
can greatly influence the height of hydrocarbon column of reservoir that can be sealed. As a result，it is pointed out that the
complex anticline belt in central NK and the nosing belt in Eastern NK are two favorable areas of oil and gas accumulation，
which provide guidelines for the exploration of carbonate reservoir in this region.

Study on Reservoir Characteristics in Badaowan Formation，BaijiahaiUplift—Fubei Slope

Kuang Hao;Qu jianhua;Wang Zhenqi;Liu Ni;Ma Wenrui

2012, 34(2): 29-36.

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By observing thin-sections and casting thin-sections，and analysing materials X-ray diffraction，scanning electron
microscope（SEM）and mercury injection and so on，we carry out a comprehensive research on the features of Jurassic petrology
and pore structure in Baijiahai Uplift—Fubei Slope. Types of diagenesis and diagenetic evolution sequences，the impact of
diagenesis on pore structure and pore evolution are also studied for this research. Crossplots of electric well logs and acoustic
impedance are applied to identify different lithologic characters. The results are that the lithology in the studies area is mainly
lithic sandstone；the crossplots can well distinguish lithologies in the field，and that the reservoir in the field is evolved from
original high-porosity to low-porosity type nowadays.

Frequency-dependent seismic Reflection Coefficient forDiscriminating Gas Reservoirs

Xu Duo;Gan Qigang;Tang Jianming;Li Yong

2012, 34(2): 37-42.

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The asymptotic equation of wave propagation in fluid-saturated porous media is available for calculating the normal
reflection coefficient within seismic frequency band. This frequency-dependent reflection coefficient is expressed in terms of
a dimensionless parameter ，which is the product of the reservoir fluid mobility (i.e. inverse viscosity)，fluid density，and the
frequency of the signal. In this paper，we apply this expression to Xinchang gas-field，China，where reservoirs are super in
tight sands with very low permeability. We demonstrate that the variation in reflection coefficient at gas/water contacts is as
a transition zone within a sand formation observable within seismic frequency band. Then we conduct seismic inversion to
generate attributes which first indicate the existence of fluid (either gas or water)，and then discriminate a gas reservoir from a
water reservoir.

Organic Geochemistry of Triassic Source Rock in the SouthernJunggar Basin

Kang Sufang;Xiang Baoli;Liao Jiande;AblimitImin;Sun Ping′an

2012, 34(2): 43-53.

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Whether the effective Triassic hydrocarbon source rocks are developed in the Junggar Basin is debatable. This
problem was discussed in this paper by organic geochemical studies based on a case study in the southern Junggar Basin. Abundance，
type and maturity of organic matter were studied，which，in turn，leads to a discussion on the hydrocarbon generation
potential. The results show that the organic matter abundance has reached the standard of middle to high quality source rocks.
The organic matters are mainly derived from higher plants，and the kerogen is mainly typeIII with some type II. The organic
matters are predominantly mature，and can be highly to over mature in the depression and footwalls of the thrust faults. Thus，the
Triassic mudstones are favorable for hydrocarbon（gas in particular）generation. This should be noted in the future petroleum
exploration.

Study of Deep Layer Turbidite Fan Detection Based on the SeismicMulti-attribute Analyses

Wang Jianhua;Tang Hebing;Zhang Liangqing;Wu Mingsheng;Yin Cheng

2012, 34(2): 54-64.

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There are various types of deep layer turbidite fans in Paleogene Dongying Formation from Liaozhong structure
zone of Bohai Bay of China. These turbidite fans are the most potential play of oil & gas exploration. They were buried deeply，
and few exploration wells can be used. Their research of these turbidite fans must rely on seismic data. This paper studies
the two representative turbidite fans and their internal feature using polytype seismic attributes extracted from the seismic data
of the LD22–1 area. We analyze not only their geologic characteristic，but also the display feature in the different seismic
attributes，and the reason why they would show such feature from the physical and geological significance. Eventually，12
seismic attributes sensitive to the identification of turbidite fan are obtained.

Research of Modeling of the Reservoir and AVO Characteristics

Wang Yuanjun;Teng Yubo;Wei Lixin

2012, 34(2): 65-71.

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In the process of accurate interpretation of multi-wave seismic data to solve the problem of multi-wave information
recognition. Based on the techniques of elastic wave forwarding，aiming at the reservoir geological model of some oil field
exploration area，we use the high-order staggered-grid difference technology to simulate many shots seismic records of the
nonzero offset shot gathers，implement the multi-wave seismic data processing to acquire the CMP of P wave and converted
wave，NMO trace gathers of CCP prestack including AVA information，and superposition profiles. Based on the AVA calculation
of the model，the layer parameters of the model，and the forwarding wave fields relation of the P-S wave，we also compare，and
research the corresponding relation between the P wave and the converted wave. The results of analysis show that the simulation
results and AVO analysis results are consistent. The significant wave field differences of between P wave and converted wave
in same reservoir are existed，which are helpful to recognize and interpret the multi-wave information in this area，and make
use of the multi-wave data to provide the important guiding significance for the reservoir prediction.

An Offset Design Based on Second Derivative of Target Stratum Energy

Xu Feng;Chen Li;Su Yue;Liu Fulie;Li Zhiyong

2012, 34(2): 72-78.

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During seismic exploration，the seismic survey design takes an essential part in the improvement of acquisition data.
The conventional survey design in the past can not meet the needs of complex seismic exploration，thus an optimal idea of offset
based on second derivative of target stratum energy is developed. In this article，at the base of illumination we created geological
model，then for the principle of highest efficiency and maximize in the target stratum energy，combining the detector energy
with energy rate using accumulation of energy and energy derivative，finally a new method of maximum offset was presented.
In this way，the experiment on complex moutainous area in Tarim shows a good result，therefore this design provides a new
method and means for the complex area.

An Optimization Well Logging Interpretation Model of Fractured Intervalsin Low-permeability Sandstone Reservoir

Liu Xiaohong;Liu Kezhi;Li Linggao

2012, 34(2): 79-85.

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Low-permeability sandstone reservoir’s flow potential is seriously influenced by lithology and physical property.
The natural productivity is relatively low，which will perform well only after the reservoir reconstruction. Through the discussion
of rock mineral，clay mineral，calcareous cement and microscopic pore structure，combined with well logs，cores and
experiments，in this paper the factors that have effort on low-permeability sandstone reservoir’s flow potential was analyzed，
the key parameters in the evaluation of low-permeability sandstone reservoir were determined，the optimized production layer
standards and plates for the fracture of low-permeability sandstone reservoir were figured out，the optimized logging model
for reservoir fine evaluation and productivity prediction was established，and finally the optimized fracturing production layers
hierarchically were classified. This result will be the guidance for production and has utilization value in improving harvest rate
in the oil production test of reservoir and predicting effects after fracturing.

Research on Improving Development Effect in the Heavy Oil Reservoirs ofQigu Formation in Block Jiu 9 of Karamay Oilfield

Feng Guoqing;Guo Shuju;Zheng Aiping;Sun Shuting

2012, 34(2): 86-90.

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The heavy oil reservoirs of Qigu Formation in block Jiu9 of Karamay Oilfield is shallowly buried and loosely
consolidated，which leads to serious steam channeling and sand production and thus impedes the well production. The reservoir
has come into middle and later stage of steam soak production. It takes on characteristics as high water-cut，low production，
edge and bottom water invasion，which accelerate production decline，and make the exploitation difficult and the benefit of
development is descending. In order to improve the reservoir development，a typical well group is chosen for studying. With
the application of reservoir numerical simulation，a detailed study is done on the design of exploitation projects and index
forecasting. The simulated results accord with the reality of the oilfield exploitation. The research indicates that oil recovery
of the reservoirs of Qigu Formation in Block Jiu 9 of Karamay Oilfield will certainly be enhanced if continuous steam-flood is
adopted after steam soaking.

Research and Prospect About the CBM Drainage Technology

Guo Dali;Gong Yujun;Li Shuguang;Zeng Xiaohui;Li Zhen

2012, 34(2): 91-98.

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The main technology of exploitation and development of CBM is drilling，fracturing and draining，The draining is
the important part of the CBM development，but it has not be recognized for the long time. Based on the draining mechanism
of the CBM，the 3D extend models and performance prediction models of the induced fracture of the CBM were presented in
this paper，and some unreasonale problems of the CBM draining were analyzed. The drainage array mode can be adjusted by
controlling the production pressure drop and the drainage speed. It is necessary and compulsory for our country to develop
CBM reasonably，improve the level of CBM reservoir，low the cost and optimize the construction of our national energy.

Controlling Factor Analysis of Gas Production Rate in Coal Bed Gas Well

Qin Xuecheng;Duan Yonggang;Xie Xueheng;Cao Yaqin;Kang Rukun

2012, 34(2): 99-104.

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With consideration of experience of discharge water and gas production in coal bed gas wells，Heshun block in
northeastern Qinshui Basin，we study controlling factors of gas production rate in coal bed gas well in this block from following
aspects：geological factors（structural location，swallow pillar and fault etc.），engineering factors（controlling of fracture height
of hydraulic fracturing，half length of fracture and etc.）and discharge water and gas production factors（rate of delivery，casing
pressure controlling，power off and stop production and etc.）. The conclusions can be drawn：first，gas production in coal bed
gas well is controlled by structural location to large extent. Second，distance between well and actic region and gas content in
coal bed are correlative apparently. Third，hydraulic fracturing in higher structural location is easily subjected to fracturing pay
zone and communication between wells. Fourth，when gas break through，controlling of casing pressure and gas production
rate have some rules. When casing pressure is less than 0.5MPa，the effect is worst；when casing pressure is between 0.5 MPa-
1.0 MPa，the effect better；when casing pressure is greater than 1.0 MPa，the effect is the best. According to the research results，
strategies and advice are put forward to guide future work on the block，which we hope to contribute to future exploration and
development of coal bed gas.

Study of Development Techniques of the Horizontal Wells in ChanglingVolcanic Gas Reservoir

Reservoir

2012, 34(2): 105-110.

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Jilin Oilfield company discovered Yingcheng Formation of Changling Gas field in the middle platfood of Changling
rift. The volcanic reservoirs are characterized by complex lithologies and lithofacies，and extremely serious heterogeneity，
with well developed fracture，large volume of bottom water，and strong energy，which is difficult for the development of gas
reservoirs. To develop the Changling gas field volcanic gas reservoir，after obtaining a better understanding of geognosy，and
analysis of effective way of development，we established the developing style of the horizontal wells. By the optimization of
deployment and on-site geological orientation，the efficient employment of the reserves have been achieved，the success rate
of the horizontal well being 100%，gas drilling rate more than 92%.

Productivity Evaluation and Optimization of ExploitationMethods of S Reservoir

Chen Zuhua;Zheng Yongwang

2012, 34(2): 111-118.

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The S reservoir located in the west coast of Africa is characterized by complex blocks and its local block has an
abnormal high pressure. There is the need to optimize the reservoir’s exploitation program rationally. Based on S reservoir
geological features and the test data analysis system of the existed 10 test wells and producing test wells of 23 wells，using sequence
stratigraphy，well test analysis of the boundary detection，capacity evaluation and other reservoir engineering methods，
we evaluated the exploitation policy limits of the pressure systems，crude oil properties，test production，per meter productivity
index，the oil intensity of production and other design technologies of the S reservoir’s P1，P2，P3 group of its three oil-bearing
strata. We concluded that P1 group is a set of normal pressure system，ordinary black oil-based，20 t or so for the test conversion
daily oil production capacity，a flexible hydraulic drive reservoir of higher per meter productivity index. P2，P3 group
are sets of abnormally high pressure system，light volatile oil-based，4050 t or so for test converted oil production capacity，
natural energy-drive reservoir of higher per meter productivity index. With S reservoir’s geological conditions，the integrated
application of the controlling reserves of economic limit of single well，the density of the economic limit of wells and other calculation
methods to determine S reservoir’s rational well spacing and density of well pattern. Applicing oil reservoir modeling
and numerical simulation of complex fault-block，we optimized the exploitation programs of P1 reservoir of water flooding，
and P2 and P3 reservoir of natural energy interval drive，and proposed the best exploitation program for the deployment of 14
vertical wells，3 horizontal wells. The accumulated oil production will have reached 93.48104 t after 15 years according to
this program，recovery percent will have reached 22.53%，8.19% and 12.95% respectively.

Research on the Quantitative Determination of the Dominant Flow FieldDevelopment Stages

Xin Zhiguo;Jia Junshan;Sun Bo

2012, 34(2): 119-124.

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Because of water/oil mobility ratio，injection/production difference，long term erosion and denudation，dominant
flow field will gradually develop in reservoirs in the long process of waterflooding. It has been proved that distribution and
migration of liquid and formation of remaining oil are all greatly influenced by dominant flow field. It has also been proved that
the dominant flow fields are quite different if formed in different blocks，different style reservoirs，different well patterns and
different working systems. According to the main feature of dominant flow field big streamline field intensity，streamline field
index（SFI）is induced to divide dominent flow field. The formation and stage of dominant flow field are divided by streamline
field index and PV index，degree of reserve recovery and injection efficiency. The dominant flow field is at early stage when
streamline field index is more than 1.5，and injection efficiency is high，and degree of reserve recovery is low. The dominant
flow field is at middle stage when streamline field index is more than 1.5，and injection efficiency is low，and degree of reserve
recovery is low. The dominant flow field is at later stage when streamline field index is more than 1.5，and injection efficiency
is high，and degree of reserve recovery is high.

An Improved Pore Network Model of Polymer Flooding

Sun Chuanzong;Jiang Hanqiao;Hou Jian

2012, 34(2): 125-130.

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Based on the flow rate formula of power-law fluid in the tube，the relationship between shear rate and flow rate
was established. The improved effective viscosity model of Carreau fluid in the tube was derived by submitting the corrected
relationship into the Carreau model. In the new model，the effective viscosity is the function of flow rate. The original nonlinear
equations are simplified as linear equations. Applying the new effective viscosity model，the microscopic simulation model for
polymer flooding is provided together with polymer seepage mechanism. Through the microscopic simulation，laws of remaining
oil after polymer flooding are statistically analyzed. Microscopic simulation shows that the retained oil of network shape
decreases significantly while the volume ratio of single grain/island shape，fleck shape and oil-water mixed shape increases.

Study on Stress Sensitivity and Transformation Mechanism of LowPermeability Reservoir

Wang Feng;Li Chongxi

2012, 34(2): 131-136.

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In low-permeability gas reservoir，reservoir pressure decline causes irreversible permeability damages as well as
the productivity impairment due mostly to the great lithologic compaction high flow resistance and poor pressure conductivity.
At present，the permeability stress sensitivity is evaluated by lab physical simulation experiment. This paper takes Longshen
low permeable gas reservoir of Jilin Oilfield as research subject. Based on the experimental research，this paper studies the
rock hardness，fracture distribution，clay mineral content and water saturation，and understands the stress sensitivity and rock
deformation mechanism of low permeable gas reservoir. The results show that Longshen gas field have strong stress sensitivity
and the reason of the phenomenon is that rock of the field have stronger clay grounting. That is high content of clay minerals
is the main reason of stress sensitivity. Forming a deformation mechanism regularity understanding of Reservoir. In order
to reduce the harm of stress sensitivity，the fracturing fluid of reducing the swelling of the clay minerals has been applied
to fracturing and we have optimized the reasonable production pressure difference，and got the desired results. The results
provided a powerful theoretical support for establishing the reasonable development techniques of this type of gas reservoir and
gas reservoir protection.

Experimental Evaluation on Formation Damage Induced by WorkingFluid Order Contact in Low Permeability Reservoir

Cheng Qiuju;Feng Wenguang;Kang Yili;You Lijun;Zhang Jingjing

2012, 34(2): 137-143.

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The low permeability oil and gas resources in the residual resources are more and more important. Because of
the characteristics of low permeability and low porosity in low permeability reservoir，the formation damage will happen in
drilling and completion，production，production stimulation and EOR. This paper discusses the experimental method of damage
evaluation of the drilling/completion fluid，kill fluid and fracturing fluid when successively contact reservoir in the Chang-
8 formation. The experimental results show that drilling/completion fluids is the most serious damage to the reservoir than
fracturing fluid，and kill fluid is the lightest. Analysis shows that the fluid damage and loss are the main factors of damage to
drilling and completing. Emulsification，residues，liquid trap，soaking time；natural fractures and hydraulic fracture blockage；
the cooling effect of fracturing fluid are the main factors of fracturing fluid damage. The paper puts forward the suggestion to
improve drilling fluid with sealing agent，improves the fracturing techniques and fracturing fluid to provide basic parameters
for the systems formation damage control engineering.

Main Influence Factor Analysis and Evaluation of the Productivity in LowPermeability Oil Reservoirs

Xu Jianhong

2012, 34(2): 144-148.

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The affecting factors of the deliverability in low permeability reservoir are complex，so it is important to analyze and
evaluate these factors correctly. Combining the science of geology of petroleum，well logging，fluid mechanics and reservoir
engineering，in this paper，the dominant affecting factors of deliverability and develop efficiency in low permeability reservoir
are analyzed and evaluated，and compared and verified with actual performance of oil field. The results show that the reservoir
productivity for macro on the microfacies and flow unit. The net thickness and its reservoir permeability is the main factors that
affect reservoir deliverability，so the pattern deployment must ensure that oil wells have larger reservoir thickness，otherwise，
production wells is not high，or stable. When deploying network development wells at reservoirs of anisotropy permeability，
the distance and pattern of the wells should be optimized，so that the reservoir has a higher overall oil recovery.

Research on Static Electricity Interaction Between SDBS，NPSS-10Surfactants and Na+，Ca2+ in High Temperature

Zhou Ming;Zhao Jinzhou;He Yinglan

2012, 34(2): 149-155.

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Interaction mechanism of SDBS surfactants and NPSS-10 surfactants with sodium ion and calcium ion is studied
by potential titration method in high temperature.（1）SDBS interactes weakly with sodium ion，since ion-pair is formed by the
interaction of sodium ion and anionic head groups of SDBS in micelle，which shields static electricity of anionic head groups and
decrease the polar of surfactants in certain extent.（2）NPSS-10 interact more strongly with sodium ion when the concentration
is over cmc，because EO groups which hydrated dehydrates in high temperature and ion-pair is formed by the interaction of
sodium ion and anionic head groups of NPSS-10 in micelle，which decreases polar of the surfactant and increases anti-salinity
ability.（3）SDBS has no interaction with calcium ion and does not form chemical precipitation in solution containing low
concentration calcium ion，but in high concentration calcium ion solution. SDBS has strong interact with calcium ion and
brings about chemical precipitation（alkylphenol sulphonate）.（4）NPSS-10 has strong interaction with calcium ion and has no
chemical precipitation in low concentration calcium ion solution，because a complex is formed by interaction of EO groups in
NPSS-10 molecular with calcium ion. NPSS-10 has no interaction with calcium ion and has no chemical precipitation in high
concentration calcium ion solution，because the polar of NPSS-10 not only decreases，but also static effects decrease interaction
of sulfnonate head groups and calcium ion so ion-pair is formed difficultly，and avoids bringing about the chemical precipitation
from interaction of calcium ion and sulfonate head groups. NPSS-10 has stronger ability of resist calcium ion.

Performance of Nitrile Rubber Filled with Micro-talc Powder

Wang xu;Wu Jinhua;Shu Bozhao;Qiu Yuefeng

2012, 34(2): 156-160.

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In order to reinforce the nitrile rubber（NBR）with the micro-talc powder，the effects of the particle size and the
content and the surface treatment by the silane coupling agent of the talc on the mechanical properties of NBR are studied in
this paper. It is shown that the talc has better reinforcement results when its particle size is very small with its optimal content
and NBR has the tensile strength of 13.5 MPa and the tearing strength of 41.4 kN/m when the talc has the particle size of 2500
mesh and the content of 60phr，and that the comprehensive properties of NBR can be further raised with the tearing strength of
14.1 MPa and the tearing strength of 48.1kN/m when the surface of the talc is treated by 1%（mass concentration）KH550，and
that the dispersivity and compatibility improved by KH550 between the talc and NBR have been verified through the SEM.

Developments on Optical Fiber Sensing Technologies Applied in Oilfield

Zhuang Xuye;Huang Tao;Deng Yonggang;Wang Junpu;Yao Jun

2012, 34(2): 161-172.

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With respect to those traditional electromechanical sensors the optical fiber sensor system offers small volume，
high sensitivity，immunity of corrosion and electromagnetic interference. It is feasible to build permanent distributed sensor
systems based on optical fiber sensing technologies，which can monitor the analytes online and in time. Optical fiber sensing
technologies are widely developed and used in oilfield today. The optical fiber technologies used to monitor the temperature，
pressure，seism，flow field and stress in the oilfield are introduced in this paper. Research achievements of each technology
home and abroad are illustrated. The merits of these technologies are described，and the development trends of them are also
proposed.

Study on Heat Transfer of Partially Buried Hot Oil Pipeline

Wang Kai;Li Qingping;Gong Jing;Yu Bo

2012, 34(2): 173-179.

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As a result of bad weather，such as hurricane，storm or landslide，some part of buried pipeline may be in a semiburied
state. Currently the“linear interpolation”model is used to calculate the heat loss of partially buried pipe. A mechanism
model of heat transfer of fluid（air/water）-pipe-soil coupling is developed，and the thermal behaviors of pipeline are studied
by numerical simulation. The results show that the changes of the overall heat transfer coefficient，outlet temperature and soil
heat storage of pipeline with the fraction of outside surface of pipe in touch with soil have obvious non-linear characters，both
the trend and value of the linear model deviate from that of the mechanism model greatly. There are significant differences in
the overall heat transfer coefficients/outlet temperatures between the pipe completely exposed to the surrounding fluid and that
just covered by soil. The bigger the pipe diameter is，the greater the differences are. When the temperature of the surrounding
fluid is lower，the outlet temperature is more sensitive to the fraction of outside surface of pipe covered by soil.

Study on EOR by carbon Dioxide Injection Process in R11Carbonate Reservoir

Guo Ping;Zhou Naiqiang;Zhang Maolin;Zhang Xiaohui

2012, 34(2): 180-184.

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Many carbonate reservoir have been into high water-cut development stage. How to dig the remaining oil potential
and enhancing oil recovery further is dominant work target now. There are many problems in carbonate reservoir of R11，
such as low oil production of single well，inefficient utilization of injected water，and worsening of the water-flood efficiency.
Therefore it is necessary to find a new way to dig reservoir production potential. The EOR mechanism by Carbon dioxide
injection process in R11 is analyzed and the numerical simulation research on EOR by Carbon dioxide injection process in R11
reservoir is completed. Aimed at reservoir properties and development characteristic the three-dimensional numerical model is
set up. Based on the fitting history of water flooding，the gas injection rate，gas injection mode，gas injection position and the
gas-oil ratio control are optimized. The plan of Carbon dioxide injection is predicted for 20 years and the result shows that oil
production rise obviously and it can enhance oil recovery about 3.5% more than the current exploitation mode.

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