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    20 August 1998, Volume 20 Issue 3
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    油气藏工程
    A Study of the Cement in Primary Pores in Carbonate Reservoirs of Dengying Formation,Sichuan Basin
    Wang Xing-zhi Fang Shao-xian Hou Fang-hao Huang Ji-xiang Li ling
    1998, 20(3):  1-3.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.001
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    Within the reservoir intervals of the Dengying Formation, dolomitized grainstones and blue-mi-crobe-algal boundstones are well developed. Prima-
    ry porosity in these rocks has almost completely dis-appeared as a result of precipitation of dolomite ce-ments. Although formed in different diagenetic envi-ronments and differing greatly in mineralogy and geochemistry, these dolomite cements exhibit a clear trend of variation: with increased burial and inward growth from the wall to the center of pores, the ce-ment becomes coarser in size and lighter in color,and contains more inclusions. Meanwhile, the iso-tope value becomes more negative and the cathodelu-minescence becomes brighter.

    The Application of Fuzzy Technique in Reser-voir Identification
    Liu Zheng-feng Yan Jun
    1998, 20(3):  4-6.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.002
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    Reservoir geological characters as revealed by log data can be considered as a kind of fuzzy informa-tion. Based on this information and employing the
    method of fuzzy identification, fuzzy belonging-functions are derived for the reservoirs of Turpan-Hami basin. The type of reservoirs can thus be de-
    termined according to the belonging degree.

    Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Judge Technique to Sandbody Classification
    Ou Cheng-hua Chen Jing-shan
    1998, 20(3):  7-10.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.003
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    A method based on fuzzy comprehensive judge technique is developed to classify and evaluate sand bodies. The classification criteria are set through
    correlation analysis and relative-value comparison, and a staged function is used to determine the grade of membership. By applying the theory of analytic
    hierarchy process ( AHP), the weights of factors are fixed. After analyzing the results obtained from dif-ferent fuzzy comprehensive models, a suitable model
    is chosen and is used for the classification. The method is used to classify sand bodies of 13 single sand beds in the 1st and 2nd members of the Dongy-
    ing Formation in Dalujia area, with a success rate of more than 90%, which verifies the validity of the method.
    Method and Application of Computerized Matching of Well Test Curves
    Li Zhi-ping Zhao Bi-rong Li Weibing WangChang-lin Wang Yu-hai
    1998, 20(3):  11-13.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.004
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    On the basis of optimization theory, a method of computerized matching of well test curves was de-veloped. This paper introduces the principles and ap-
    plication of the method. Detailed discussions are giv-en on the algorithm, determination of the initial val-ue of parameters, and sensibility of the computation.The results of several case studies using this method
    are presented and discussed.
    Pay Zone Properties and the Selection of Well Completion Techniques
    Duan Yu-ting
    1998, 20(3):  14-17.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.005
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    Through an analysis of pay zone properties,stress distribution around wellbore and the relation-ship between stress distribution and pay zone proper-ties, it is pointed out in this paper that pay zone properties determine the stress distribution around wellbore. And therefore, pay zone properties is the principal consideration in selecting well completion techniques. It is also pointed out that it is not appro-priate to use the compressive strength of pay zone rock to select well completion techniques.

    The Optimization of Failure Criteria for Disin-tegrated Rock Mass
    Wang Ping-quan Tang Lin Qiu Xian-qiang
    1998, 20(3):  18-22.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.006
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    In this paper, systematic analyses are made on the failure criteria for strength failure of disintegrat-ed rock mass. It is shown that such failure criteria as
    Hock-Brown, Mohr-Coulumb, Griffith-Meclin-tock, maximum tensile stress, maximum tensile strain, three-parametric octahedral shearing stress,
    two- and three- dimensional failure criterion of rock mass with weak planes, are suitable for the fail-ure determination of rock mass. The failure criteria
    can be chosen correspondingly, according to the spe-cific conditions ( rock property, degree of disintegra-tion of the rock mass, and stress status, etc. ).

    Rheological Behavior of ASP Flow through Porous Media
    Chen Tie-long Pu Wan-fen Shao Dingbo LiXue-fu
    1998, 20(3):  23-25.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.007
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    The rheological behavior of ASP ( Alkaline -Polymer - Surfactant ) solutions flowing through porous media was investigated with core - flood
    tests. The results indicate that the ASP solutions in porous media exhibit rheological characteristics with shear thinning at low shear rate and shear thickening a high shear rate. The critical shear rate decreases with increased concentration of polymer and with de-creased concentrations of both alkaline and surfac-tant.

    石油地质勘探
    Distribution and Geological Significance of REE in the Silurian of Southeast Sichuan
    Zhang Ting-shan Chen Xiao-hui LanGuang-zhi Yu Jian-bua Bian Li-zeng
    1998, 20(3):  26-30.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.008
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    Instrument neutron activation analyses ( IN-AA) were carried out on 48 Silurian samples from Guanyinqiao section in Southeast Sichuan, and 8
    REEs were detected. Based on the analytic results, a detailed discussion is made on the distribution and occurrence pattern of REEs and the characteristics of Early- Silurian oceanic evolution and sedimentary
    environments in the area. And the following conclu-sion is reached: (1) the Longmaxi Formation was deposited in a shallow euxinic basin; (2) from the
    Longmaxi Formation to the Shiniulan Formation,∑REE decreases gradually and Ce shifts from negative to positive anomalies, indicating a trend of rise of the
    sea level. The highest sea level was reached during deposition of the Shiniulan Formation. (3) the con-clusions drawn from REE analyses are consistent with those from sedimentological, tectonic and other
    geochemical studies, indicating that REEs can be used as indicators of evolution of sedimentary envi-ronments.
    Petroleum Geology and Exploration Potential of Jurassic in Hexi Area
    Zhao Ying-cheng
    1998, 20(3):  31-33.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.009
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    Starting from an analysis of the plate-tectonic evolution of the area under study, this paper discuss-es the characteristics of petroleum geology of Jurassic in the area, and points out that the three subsidence belts formed at the end of Indosinian are geologically favorable for the formation of oil and gas fields. The Jurassic in this area developed thick and highly-po- tential source beds and good reservoir and sealing conditions, thus constituting an important target of exploration. On the basis of this work, the explo-
    ration potential of the area is predicted.

    The Calibration and Sonde Error Correction of Horizontal Array Induction Logging Tool in Half Space
    Wei Bao-jun Zhang Zhong-qing Zhang Geng-yi
    1998, 20(3):  34-37.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.010
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    The theory and method for measuring the sondeerrors of horizontal array induction logging tool in half space are discussed, and the correction charts
    and correction formulae are presented. The influence of conductivity of homogeneous formation on the cal-ibrating value of the tool factor in half space is dis-cussed. According to the predetermined relationship between background signals and the difference of lower and upper signals, the sonde errors of individ-ual output curves of each array can be determined
    with the tool horizontally hanging at two different heights, even if the conductivity of the formation is unknown. The results suggest that influence of the formation on the calibrating value of the tool factor can be neglected if the coils are far away form the surface and the formation conductivity is small.

    钻采工艺与设备
    Low Pressure Under-balanced Drilling—A New Approach in Exploratory Drilling
    Luo Ping-ya Meng Ying-feng
    1998, 20(3):  38-44.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.011
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    The development and application of under-bal-anced drilling in abroad are reviewed, and the exist-ing problems of this technology are discussed. Based
    on these, the technology of low pressure drilling, an integration of special drilling fluid (air, aerated flu-id, special foam, light fluid), special pressure con-
    trol (balanced, underbalanced, overbalanced), low head pressure and special temporary plugging, is suggested.

    Defining Mud Density Under Conditions of Unequal Horizontal Stresses
    Ma De-xing
    1998, 20(3):  45-48.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.012
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    Lowering pressure difference on production zone and keeping well wall stability are problems much needed to be solved in petroleum engineering, espe-cially in areas with abnormal rock stress. Based on the theory of elasto-plasticity and rock mechanics, applying Mohr-Coulomb yield criteria, this paper
    presents a mechanism of elasto-plastic state occur-ring in rocks around the wellbore, describes the cor-responding distribution of stress and displacement, and formulates the equation relating mud hydraulic
    pressure, horizontal rock stress to rock strength.Compared with other approaches, range of mud den-sity values required for a stable well wall is wider in this approach, which is beneficial to lowering pres-sure difference on production zone and to performing near balance drilling.

    石油地质勘探
    An Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Quality of Well Cementing: A Field Case Study
    Guo Xiaoyang Liu Chongjian Zhang Mingshen ZhangYong Zhang Zhaohui
    1998, 20(3):  49-51.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.013
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    The analysis of an actual field case study indi-cates that the improvement of cementing quality is a systematic engineering. Factors such as proper slurry
    design, adjusting rheological parameters of mud and slurry, selecting flow regime of displacement mud,central casing, maintaining balance between forma-tion pressure and slurry column pressure, and regu-larity of hole shape are all needed to be carefully tak-en into consideration when planning a cementing job in order to enhance the displacement efficiency of mud by slurry, prevent channeling and obtain excel-lent zone sealing.

    钻采工艺与设备
    A Study of the Method of Controlling Bore-hole Trajectory with Controllable Eccentric
    Yu Zi-qing
    1998, 20(3):  52-54.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.014
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    Automatic control of borehole trajectory is one of the most frontier research areas in drilling engi-neering. This paper presents the results of a study on
    the realization of automatic trajectory control with controllable eccentric to improve the precision of con-trol and reduce drilling cost. The controllable eccen-tric is a kind of downhole guided drilling tool consist-ing of a central axle, measuring and controlling sys-tem units, eccentric blades and eccentric shell,which can be controlled within the wellbore and can be used with rotary drilling. Automatic trajectory control is realized during drilling by way of adjusting the force of eccentric blades against wellwall and the
    length of the blades at all time. When controllable eccentric is used in drilling practice, trajectory con-trol can be performed without tripping frequently.
    This feature of the method has great significance and prospects in accomplishing the goal of highly-dense cluster drilling, all kinds of directional drilling, hori-zontal drilling and emergency drilling.

    Mechanistic Research on Self-excited Oscil-lating Impulse Jet Flow
    Jiang Hai-jun;Liao Rong-qing
    1998, 20(3):  55-58.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.015
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    Firstly a brief review of previous researches on self-excited oscillating impulse jet flow (SEOIJF)is presented in the paper. Based on this and accord-ing to the theory of fluid network, we simplify the physical model of self-excited oscillating impulse jet flow by applying the principle of electric circuit with
    load resistance. Based on analog, we build the math-ematical model. In discussing the solution of nonlin-ear equations, we analyze the formative mechanism of impulse jet flow by using the theory of modern self-organization.Because of the system’s complexity and the simulation’s approximation, if one wants to know under which conditions stable dissipation
    structure and stable frequency can be formed, one may need to employ more complex analogy circuit with nonlinear analog and have more dependence on
    detailed experimental studies.

    The Processing of Roller Cone Bit with Grinding Instead of Cutting
    Xiao Xiao-hua Liu Qing-you Luo Ming-dong
    1998, 20(3):  59-61.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.016
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    The structural properties and performance be-havior of Roller Cone Bit used in oil drilling are dis-cussed. The methods and technological character of
    Roller Cone Bit processing are analyzed, and prob-lems associated with conventional grinding processing of the internal hole and secondary radial placing are discussed in detail. A further analyses is made on the
    technological aspects of replacing cutting by grind-ing, including feature of the machine tools, selection and performance of the cutting tools, selection of the
    cutting regimes, property of the cutting fluid, and mounting and locating, etc. The validity and value of the method of processing roller cone bit with
    grinding instead of cutting is demonstrated not only by the reduction in production cost, but also by pro-longed working time of the bit as shown by the well site statistic data.

    Genetic Algorithms as Applied to RegressionAnalysis of Cutting Experiments Data
    Zhou Jianxin Liu Yutong Yu Qixun
    1998, 20(3):  62-63.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.017
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    In this paper, Genetic Algorithms (GA) as used in regression analysis is introduced. The GA is pro-grammed with Database (FoxPro 2. 6 for Win-
    dows),in which the gene is transferred into field,chromosome into record, population into table, and genetic operator into database’s operator. With the proposed Genetic Algorithms, regression analysis is made much simpler, and the regression results are found to be very accurate, stable and reliable.
    化学工程
    Development of FA-1 Universal Ashless En-ergy-saving Additive for Fuel Oil
    Tang Xiao-dong Xu Rong Yin Dai-yi LiYong-jie Yang Xiu-zhong Ren Zheng-hua
    1998, 20(3):  64-67.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.018
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    Ashless energy-saving additives not only can save energy and eliminate soot but also cause no sec-ondary pollution to the atmosphere, and therefore,
    they represent the trend of development of energy-saving additives for fuel oil. FA-1 universal ashless energy-saving additive has been developed in accor-dance with this trend. Investigation results indicate that the optimum amount of FA-1 added is about 0.1% (volume), the efficiency of saving of oil is 4.7 on bench test and the average efficiency of saving of oil is 15-20% ( no less than 10% for new motor vehicles ) on road test. FA-1 also has many other
    functions, such as supporting combustion, eliminat-ing soot, reducing HC and CO2 emissions, lessening carbon deposit, reducing engine noise and enhancing mechanical horsepower, etc. After analyzing these test results, it is proposed that the mechanism of FA-1 lies in the improvement of the spray quality of fuel oil and the chain reaction of three molecules oc-curring between oxygen and FA-1.
    CO2 Corrosion on Oilwell Cement Shearth:Thermodynamic Criteria, Corrosive Mecha-nism and Prevention
    Yao Xiao
    1998, 20(3):  68-71.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.019
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    The carbonation mechanism of CO2 corrosion on oilwell cement shearth at temperatres lower than 110℃is analyzed from a cement chemistry point of
    view, and thecriteria of corrosion are discussed on the basis of thermodynamic principles. Ways to pre-vent oilwell cement shearth from CO2 corrosion for
    domestic oilfields with high CO2 concentrations are proposed. A (cited ) criterion for predicting carbon-ation of the shearth is also recommended.

    A Study of Corrosion of Oil Well Cement with Energy Spectrum Analysis
    Liao Gang Yang Yuan-guang Chen Da-jun
    1998, 20(3):  72-74.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.020
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    Two samples of oil well cement ( one was added with silica fume and the other was not ) were soaked in aqueous solutions containing different ions, and
    the resultant element concentrations within the sam-ples were determined with energy spectrometry. It was found that Cl - and SO42 - had seeped into
    the cement while Mg2 + had not, and silica fume can hinder diffusion of the ions. It is pointed out in this paper that the diffusion of SO42 - ions within
    the cement is not only a physical but also a chemical process. The key to prevent corrosion by SO42 - is to change the composition of the resulting hydrated product.
    AS-1: A Novel Antisalt Fluid Loss Additive
    Chen Fu;Xie Jizhong
    1998, 20(3):  75-77.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.021
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    The synthesis and functions of a novel antisalt fluid loss additive, AS-1, are reported in this pa-per. Experimental results indicate that AS-1 ex-
    hibits excellent salt tolerance and fluid loss charac-ters, and is compatible with other additives used in cementing.
    Development in the Technology of Gas to Liq-uid
    Wang Kai-yue
    1998, 20(3):  78-82.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.022
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    As one of the strategic alternatives of liquid petroleum, gas to liquid (GTL) has already wit-nessed the development and utilization of remote and
    cheap gas resources. This paper evaluates the three industrialized technologies, three technologies to be industrialized and several technologies under develop-ment, and discusses their characteristics conducive to
    reducing investment and operation cost. The influ-ence of gas price to production cost is also discussed.Finally, the author comes to the conclusion that the development of GTL should be not only enterprise’s but also government’s behavior.
    计算机应用与经济管理
    Data Organization of PEPDA
    Zhou Rong-hui Sun Biao
    1998, 20(3):  83-86.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.023
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    PEPDA ( Petroleum Engineering Personal Data Assistance ) is a series of products sponsored by Na-tional Project 863. PEPDA is featured by a storage
    of abundant technical information and the ability to handle large quantities of data. In the products there are not any software and hardware supporting envi-ronments, such as operation system and disk system which are necessary software and hardware installed in common personal computers. Instead, PEPDA chooses the file form to organize and manage its da-
    ta. Based on the structure and property of PEPDA memory, this paper discusses the corresponding rela-tionship between the logic structure of data and the knowledge structure of petroleum engineers, the store pattern of data file, the organizing structure and operation of database, the organization and man-agement of data of operating rules, the physical or-ganization and management of files, and the corre-sponding realization technology and access efficiency of PEPDA.
    The Realization of Linking Application Software to Database Through ODBC Techniques
    Chen Wen-bin Tian Ji-dong Yang Yi
    1998, 20(3):  87-89.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.024
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    A new method is discussed of linking application software to database by ODBC technology. With this method, it becomes much easier for application soft-ware to be supported by database. In addition, the method is independent of database management sys-tem and net environment because of the open charac-ter of ODBC.

    An Analysis of the Total Costs of Oilfield Ex-ploration
    Chen Wu zhangming-quan
    1998, 20(3):  90-93.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.025
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    The total costs of oilfield exploration can be di-vided, according to exploratory area, contract method, and the type of well, into simple groups in order to evaluate separately the influence of drilling footage and average unit cost on the total costs. By this way, the factors affecting the total costs of ex-ploration can be determined, and measures can be made toward reducing the total cost and enhancing the economic benefit of exploration. A composite grouping method is used in this paper.
    Evaluating the Cost - Benefit of Fund Rais-ing of Petroleum Enterprises from Various Sources
    Zhang Ming-quan Chen Wu
    1998, 20(3):  94-98.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1998.03.026
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    With the establishment of market economy and corresponding development of fund raising system in China, channels of fund raising for Chinese
    petroleum enterprises have varied considerably. Fac-ing the variety of fund sources, oil companies must consider choosing the best way of raising fund to get the most benefit. In this paper, the functions and conditions of major fund sources are analyzed, meth-ods of quantitatively evaluating the cost-benefit of ways of fund raising is proposed, the optimization of projects of fund raising is discussed, and the applica- tion of proposed methods are described.