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    20 November 1997, Volume 19 Issue 4
    石油地质勘探
    Study on the Law of Formation of the Reservoirs in Caledonian Palaeohigh

    HONG Qing-yu HUANG Rui-yao

    1997, 19(4):  1-8.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.001
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    In 390 Ma from Sinian to Silurian,there existed a structure with a rise and two depressions in the palaeohigh, thesourthern flank of the Palaeohigh subsided faster than the palaeohigh itself rose by 45.63%, than northern flanksubsided by 23.3% annually, which indicates that the palaeohigh was a inheritive one. High pressure, strongresistance force and the development of faults and fractures on steep fland resulted in connection and development of dissolved pores and vugs. So, exploring for large-middle size reservoirs are simply focusing on high and steepareas, which is decided by the condition of formation of the reservoirs in the palaeohigh; On the other hand,sedimentary and diagenesis environments are the decisive factors for the reservoirs porosity and pearmeability.The target areas with rich pores and vugs, good connection and high industrial gas well success rata are located inintertidal deposition with meteoric diagenesis environment; As for the carbonate in subtidal deposition with marine diagenesis environment ,reservoirs can be formed only under the condition of fractures linking pores and vugs, of cause, the development of fracture needs a certain folding and faulting strenth.

    Study on Alkali Transmission Principles in Alkali Chemical Flooding Experiment
    WANG Jin SHEN Ming-dao TANG Hong-ming CHEN Zhong
    1997, 19(4):  9-13.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.002
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    The type and amount of clay minerals in reservoirs are very important factors in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by chemical flooding. Especially, the influence of clay- alkali reaction is vital. In this research, we state the reaction mechanism and basic principles between common clay minerals and common alkalis used in EOR, alkali consumption, various key factors and corresponding effects. We also aim at studying and establishing alkali
    consumption prediction model. On the basis of previous achievements, we have established the studying method of alkali consumption of clays. The method can not only be used for evaluating the magnitude of alkali
    consumption in kinetic sandpack flooding experiments, also has very important scientific values in the fields of predicting alkali transmission in actual reservoirs.
    Alkali Sensitivity Damage : A Critical Factor Causing Drastic Decrease in OilProduction for Well Donghe 1 in Tarim Basin
    KANG Yi-li WU Zhi-jun Wang Jian-jun et al
    1997, 19(4):  14-19.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.003
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    Although alkali sensitivity of reservoirs has been discovered for several decades, it has not been paid much attentions by petroleum engineers in China. It began to attract considerations from the petroleum engineering sector when the fact that alkali sensitivity damage from salted kill fluids with higher Ph was recognized to be a critical factor causing drastic decrease of oil production for well Donghe 1 which was an important discovery well in Tarim Basin occured. Petrographic analysis indicates that kaolinite kominates clay minerals while the content of swelling clays is much lower than that of kaolinte. Most of the clay microstructures are relatively stable. These facts determine that the critical factors of potential damage must be alkali sensitivity. Core flow tests show that alkali sensitivity is the most severe sensitivity among flow rate, fresh water, HCL acid, salted water sensitivity. Simulations of working fluid - core interations proved that working fluids with high Ph (higher than 9) can
    cause decrease of core permeability in a great magnitude. Analysis of operations and well test information further provide evidences to verify that salted kill fluid with high pH is a critical factor for the decrease of oil production. Mechanisms of alkali sensitivity include changes of electric property on the edge of clay crystals that lead to failure
    of clay microstructures, cation exchange, and deposition of new minerals. It is a curious coincidence for the example given in this paper that salted kill fluid with high PHseriously damages the reservoir; at the same time,
    the most severe factor of potential damage is also alkali sensitivity. Finally, a few techniques to alleviate damages from alkali sensitivity are presented.
    Seismic Data Interpretation and Reservoir Lateral Prediction
    CAO Tong-ren
    1997, 19(4):  20-26.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.004
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    The relations between the seismic data interpretation and the oil/gas-bearing reservoir prediction is stated in the paper. It introduces the geological-geophysical presuppositions, principles, methods and steps of the reservoir lateral prediction with the seismic technique and then emphasizes the importance on exact calibration in the oil/gas bearing reservoir study and it requires to combine the geology, the logging and drilling data and uses the VSP -corridor stacking and synthetic seismogram, it also explains the effects of reservoir prediction of combining the conventional with detailed seismic data processing in reservoir prediction.
    Microseismic Phase Analysis of Da An Zhai Reservoir, Jinhua Area, CentralSichuan
    NIE Li ZANG Bo-lin
    1997, 19(4):  27-30.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.005
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    From the view of Vail et. Al for the seismic stratigraphy, two microseismic phases can be classified out on the conventional detailed processing seismic stack migration sections for Da An Zhai Reservoir in Central Sichuan.
    Again, through the comprehensive analysis and studies of drilling, geology and seismic, finally, the petroliferous (gas) phase modes in the area can be provided that is signal - wave microseimic phase of more continuous
    waveform and strong energy doesn’t produce oil /gas, and compound - wave microseismic phase of poor continuous and weak energy is the optimal mode which expands our knowledge for Da An Zhai Reservoir in
    Central Sichuan.
    Microscopic Component Analysis of Source Rocks and the Hydrocarbon Generation Model in Jurassic, Santanghu Basin, Xinjiang
    LI Xian-qing;MA An-lai;XIONG Bo;et al
    1997, 19(4):  31-35.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.006
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    Microscopic components and hydrocarbon generation model of Jurassic source rocks in Santanghu Basin, Xinjiang are studied by using the whole rock analytical method of organic petrology. The results show the source rocks in Santanghu Basin contain rich vitrinite and poor sapropelinite. However, exinite and sapropelinite are relatively concentrated in source rocks of the lower part of Xishanyao formation. The content and composition of exinite and sapropelinite determine the hydrocarbon-generating feature and potential of source rocks. The model of oil generation from coal in Jurassic in Santanghu Basin is obviously different from that in Tuha Basin. It is suggested that the reflectance of vitrinite (Ro) in the beginning of oil formation is about 0.5% and oil generated from coal is mainly contributed by sporinite and cutinite.

    油气田开发
    Development of Tri-component Chemical Flooding Enhanced Oil Recovery
    CHEN Zhong LUO Zhe-tan SHEN Ming-dao PU Hua-ying
    1997, 19(4):  44-47.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.008
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    Chemical flooding enhanced oil recovery is the latest development of chemical flooding technology. This paper discussed the mechanism and composition of Tri-component and its merits and dismerits of chemicals during oil flooding. In connection with field production needs, some urgent problems in experimental study and field tests were given.
    The Trend and Prospect of Horizontal Well Simulation of Fractured Pool
    ZHANG Lie-hui LI Yun
    1997, 19(4):  48-52.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.009
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    On the basis of the reseach of mathematical models, numerical simulation method and simulation software, the paper systematically introduces the trend and prospect of reservior simulation. It includes describing theory of binary medium, triple medium or multiple medium of fractured pool; all
    conceal fractured pool model of pool mumerical simulation, black-oil
    model and software of fractured pool model; and the simulation methods
    of multiple grid method, pretreated conjugate gradient methid and
    recently developed regional decomposotion methed and paralell
    calculation method.

    油气藏工程
    Theoretical Calculating Method ofHydration Swelling of Shale
    LIANG Da-chuan
    1997, 19(4):  53-56.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.010
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    The hydration swelling of shale may cause to or intensify the mechanics unbalance of borehole. The hydration swelling pressure of shale should be studied when studying borehole instability problems. But, it is quite difficult to measure it directly. This paper presents that the hydration swelling pressure of shale is the repel force betweem clay particles caused by osmotic hydration of clay minerals and provides a theoretic method to calculate the swelling pressure of shale using mineralogical parameters according to double layer theory. These parameters include the specific surface of clay fraction, the specific charge of clay, the ions concentration in the pore fluid specimen after swelling test, the valence of the counter-ions and the half distance between the clay plates in the specimen. This paper shows particularly the calculation steps and the ways to get these parameters and an example.

    油气田开发
    On the Neural Network Method of the Parameter Identification in Transient Well Testing
    HU Ze
    1997, 19(4):  57-63.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.011
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    In the well transient testion, it costs a lot of time for people to adjust well testion parameters. Especially, it is much more difficult when many parameters need to be adjusted. Sometimes, people can not get a reasonable results. So,it is imperative to study some new parameter identification methods. Up to
    mow, the automatic matching method of type curves has been studied by
    many researchers. But it is difficult to be used widely because of the
    limit of numerical calculation method. In this paper, system identification method based on neural network in parameter identification of transient testing is presented. After a practice oil or gas reservoir is modeled and identified by a neural network, the results of parameter identification are obtained by the new neural network model. The problem of parameter identification in transient testing of single porous and doube porous reservoirs are studied especially. One example illustrated the performance of the
    identification algorithm.
    Heterogeneous Sandstone Reservoir
    YU Gao-ming
    1997, 19(4):  64-68.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.012
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    The cyclic water flooding in layered heterogeneous sandstone reservoir has been studied by means of VIP simulator and pseudo-2 -layer geologic model in order that the cyclic water flooding method would be tested and widely used in field. By studying the influence of various geologic development and factors on cyclic water flooding results in layered heterogeneous sandstone reservoir, the mechanism of cyclic water flooding in layered! heterogeneous sandstone reservoir has been derived; the interlayer pressure difference and elastic force are strengthened, capillary pressure and gravity are activated, flow passing alternately through low permeability and high permeability layers are caused in cyclic water flooding, and finally the reservoir volume and ultimate recovery factor by water flooding are improved.
    The Application and development of Overseas Mud Additives
    WANG Ping-quan
    1997, 19(4):  69-73.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.013
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    It especially presents a current and prospective natural and synthetic chemical additives materials used in petroleum and natural gas drilling fluids in Russia. The improved bentonite, anti-temperature,salt resistant, viscosifier, multi-combination agent, foaming agent and gelutinizer, basic salt, polymer, lubricant, silicate developed are which alleviated the lacking tension of mud additives in Russia and make Russian mud additives system perfected primarily . It is obvious in economic and social benefits.  
    石油机械工程
    Energy Delivery and Parameters Selection of Hydro-Hammer Drilling Tool
    HUANG Wan-zhi LIN Yuan-hua
    1997, 19(4):  74-79.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.014
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    The hydro-hammer bit drilling is an effective method of drilling hard rock. The hydro-hammer exerts impact load on bit and drill string, which does good to rock disintegration. The dynamic mathematical model is established through the detailed theoretical analysis of the operating process of the hydro-hammer, and formulae for calculatin parameters of the hydro-hammer are presented.
    Hydraudynamic Basis of Rotating Cyclone Centrifuge
    FAN Qiang MENG Kunliu MEI Yun-xin YAN Guo-zhen GAN Da-cai
    1997, 19(4):  80-84.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.015
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    Rotating cyclone centrifuge is a new type of centrifuge, combining the rotating centrifugal field with the cyclone centrifugal field. It has a strong centrifugal field and high separating ability;. It is an ideal solid-liquid seperating equipment. Based on the hydraudynamic equations, the velocity and pressure field in the drum are analysed under piston flow states. The common equations of velocity and presure distribution have been got. They are the basis of calculating the capacity and separating size of the centrifuge. The regular pattern of the rotating cyclone centrifugal field is studied at the end of this paper and some useful conclusions are got.
    Scheme Design and Performance Evaluation of Double-layer Combined Casing
    DONG Shi-er ZHANG Xian-pu et al.
    1997, 19(4):  85-90.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.016
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    The total mumbers of casing failure wells of China were over ten thousands, and the great part of casing failure wells centralize in trorblesome formations such as saline rock, shale, gypsum rock, gypsum-salt rock and so on. This paper analyzes in detail the irrational rules if the casing desgin at formations in our coutry. We have researched for five years. At this base, we presents the scheme design of double-layer casing, which is a special scheme design of local double-layer casing. Its optimum, economic evaluation and construction technique were discussed. The result, the local double-layer casing, is the best consideration to solve casing failure problems in high pressure formation . 
    Experimental Study on Pump Valve Used in Horizontal and Directional Well
    ZHONG Gong-Xiang;LIANG Zheng et al.
    1997, 19(4):  91-94.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.017
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    This paper describes detailly a set of experimental device that has many modeling experiment function of well pump used in horizontal and directional well. This device can be used to test on pump operation situation in different working condition, such as used in vertical,horizontal and directional wells, structure type and size about pump valve,stroke loss modeling and separating sand device structure as well. The medoling experiment results of pump valve have shown that the pump valve combination of the mechanical opening and closing valve and cone valve has well pump efficient when the incline angle and liquid viscosity are less. Especally,the pump valve combination of the mechanical opening and closing valve and rod carrying valve has better efficient in the condition of horizontal well.  
    Finite Element Analysis of PFFA35/65-C88 Valve of Well Head
    TAO chun-da AI Zhi-jiu WANG Fei
    1997, 19(4):  95-98.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.018
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    By analyzed the PFFA35/65-C88 valve of well head assembly ,the distribution of stress exerting on the valve was obtained, and the most dangerous place was found. As result, it can be benefit the improvement of strength design of PFFA35/65-C88 valve. Key
    石油化学工程
    Research on the Technique of Gasoline Used for Cutting Gas
    Yang Lin;Zhu Lin;Zhao Yunsheng;Lian Ximei
    1997, 19(4):  99-101.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.019
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    The feasibility of gasoline used for cutting gas is discussed in thispaper. Experiment shows that the initial boiling point of the gasoline added about 5% additive-TJ-1 has hardly changed, but the boiling range of the gasoline becomes relatively narrow, and the corresponding boiling point decreases about 10 to 20(C.By adding about TJ-2 comburant of 0.1 %- 0.5% in gasoline, the combustion rate of the gasoline increases dramatically, the length of flame front with high-pressure oxygen gas increases from 2 centimeters to 12 centimeters. Without any effect on performance of cutting tool, an appropriate way of vaporizing gasoline is employed, the cutting thickness will reach 12 centimeters or more. In addition, the cutting rate is fast, the notch is small, non-staggered and smooth. Therefore, the technique will be valuable for popularization.
    Inverse Emulsion Copolymerization of DMDAAC Monomer
    LIAO Gang
    1997, 19(4):  102-105.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.020
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    DMDAAC-AM [poly(Dimethyl Diallyl Ammonium Chloride)] was prepared by means of inverse emulsion polymerization technique. The reaction uses kerosene as bulk-phase, Span-80 and OP-10 as emulsifier, persulfate/sulfite as initiator. During copolymerization the 0.2% initiator based on the amount of total monomer weight is used and so does 6% of emulsifier based on the total volume of reactive system, and the ratio of oil- phase, aqueous-phase is 30/70 , and the concentration of the monomer (DMDAAC/AM was 1/1) is 60% in the aqueous-phase. The mechanism of the inverse emulsion polymerization is not completely similar to typical emulsion polymerization because water-soluble initiators are used. The molecular weight of the polymers increases as emulsifier increases when the emulsifier is lower but does not increase as emulsifier increases when the emulsifier is
    计算机应用、管理科学
    Major Mathematical Models and Main Control Programs Design about SWPI-1 Drilling Engineering Training Simulator
    YUAN Qi-yi SUN Biao et al.
    1997, 19(4):  106-111.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.021
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    The outer covering of original Digitran Company’s simulator is used in developing the first drilling engineering training simulator in SWPI. This paper briefly introduces the mathematical models and main control programs about the simulator. The mathematical models include: major mathematical models, operation models about the effect operating elements & devices and operating process models. The major mathematical models used in the simulator are related to drilling engineering, and are recognized at home and abroad. The operation models demanded in operating elements and devices. The operating technique process models are built in order to control drilling technique process. The models include the mandatory models and the non-mandatory models of operating technique process. Main control programs include: drilling feed, trip up & down operations and well control. This simulator is mainly used for training driller, drilling technician and drilling engineer.
    Assisted Expert System for Mixed Reservoirs Numerical Simulation based on Factor Neural Network
    CAO Xie-dong CHEN Ming-qiang et al.
    1997, 19(4):  112-116.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.022
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    This paper presents a method to realize the mixing knowledge model based on the factor neural network on the history matching of reservoir simulation. It reflects a use of main technique solving complex problem with multi artificial intelligence methods. Some functions of the system and the working environment of CLIENT/SERVER distribution are given. The complexibility of the problem are analyzed. Some tactics are put forward to solve the problems about theses knowledge representations and the mixing inference models (tree, analytic and simulation inference model), some inference mechanisms and knowledge structures are described.

    The Design And Study Of Geology Engineer Personal DataAssistant
    HUANG Jian-quang LUO Ming-gao HU Xue-tao
    1997, 19(4):  117-120.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.023
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    The article discusses the developmental situation and tendency about PDA,and states the studying purpose, significance of GEPDA. The applied prospect of GEPDA is also analyzed in thois article. The main designing contents of GEPDA are as follows: The profession standards for geology exploration,particularly the standards, methods, requirments which should be acted on in actual exploration; The geology handbook, including the geological terms with Chinese And English interpretation and the professional knowledge in common use;The analysis and calculations of geological data,containing practical analyzing and calculating computer programs based on The Demands Of Geological Engineers Daily Routine;The Informatin Management System For Exploratory Drilling,Chiefly Providing Some Means Of Input,Maintenance,Inquiry For Well Data And Regional Geological Information;The English-Chinese Dictionaty Of Gheology;The Unit Conversion In Petroleum Engineering;And The Other Personal Utility.  
    An Improved Method of Multi-objective Decision-making
    ZHANG Ji-jun ZHANG Ming-quan
    1997, 19(4):  121-125.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.1997.04.024
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    A few errors in the comparative value methods between each other are pointed out by practical cases: It doesn’t understand the relation between confrontation matrix R and judgement matrix in AHP correctly, the methods testing the consistency of confrontation matrix and calculating the weight coefficient of indexes were lack of scientific basis; in the comparative methods between each other under the quantitative indexes, the total comparison artificially changes the proportion relation between the index values of alternatives , which leading to the great difference between confrontation matrix and the practical situation; r-t transformation was the essential reason for negative value in average relative value of index. On the basis of the analysis, this paper presents an improved method, it will make the comparative value method more perfect and reasonable.