Abstract: As exploration and exploitation of oil and gas will inevitably pollute the environment，it is necessary to establish an ecological compensation system for effective protection of the environment.Such system fulfills the goal of environment protection by requiring the market entity to take responsibility for polluting the environment and to pay for the environment costs and therefore contributes to more rational development of ecological resources.

Key words: ecological resources, oil and gas resources, ecological compensation, oil and gas exploitation, environment cost, right fairness