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    20 June 2009, Volume 31 Issue 3
    地质勘探
    THE OIL AND GAS PROSPECT OF PALEOZOIC IN SEVERAL AREAS OF THE NORTHEAST,THE NORTH AND THE WEST CHINA
    KANG Yu-zhu
    2009, 31(3):  1-7.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.001
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    In recent years,marine Paleozoic oil and gas exploration in China has made significant progress,in the Tarim,Junggar,Ordos,Sichuan and some other regions,a number of large and medium-sized oil and gas fields are discovered.Paleozoic oil and gas resources in such as the Tarim,Junggar (C—P) and the regions in southern China Paleozoic oil and gas resources have been fully recognized.However,in China′s northeast,north and western areas,Paleozoic resources are not commonly understood,yet,hydrocarbon is not considered existing.The author of this paper,in light of Paleozoic oil and gas resources (in the main hydrocarbon source rocks),based on previous work,presents some general acknowledge for reference.

    THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EVOLUTION ANALYSIS OF SHAHEJIE FORMATION IN LIXIAN SLOPE
    ZHOU Lu ZUO Hu ZHANG Feng HUO Li-li LU Peng
    2009, 31(3):  8-12.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.002
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    Lixian Slope is located in the western Raoyang Sag,overall,the slope dips towards south-east,strikes north-east and is a monoclinic structure.Faults are well developed on the slope,most of the faults strikes the NE or NEE,and are at right angle with the slope.Fault pattern is mainly made up of ladder en echelon faults and secondary faults and the main fault of the Y-shaped composition,anti-Y-shaped,dendritic fault combinations which reflects it suffered stronger extensive stress and tensional-shear stress.Slope is mainly made up of Gaoyang,Yanling and Xiliu structure belts,Yanling structure belt develops with many small fault blocks and the nose-shaped structures and Gaoyang structure with large-scale of the fault structure nose.Xiliu structure develops with small-scale of the grabbed-type fault trough structure,block and small-scale fault structure development of the nose.The slope was mainly developed in Shahejie of Dongying period,the early Himalayan tectonic movement plays an important role in the development of the slope,during the period of midde and late Shahejie periods,sedimentary phase belonged to the next one of deep sedimentary paleo-uplift tectonic setting up of the succession of developmental stages of drape.In Xiliu and Yanling tectonic belt,there is the distribution of a certain size fault block traps where has not yet been drilled,and oil and gas accumulation is in a favorable position with a certain degree of explorative potential.

    RESERVOIR WAVE FIELD CHARACTERISTIC NUMERICAL SIMULATION IN TWO-PHASE MEDIA
    LI Yonga;b XIAO Fu-sen MA Ting-hu LI Yi-ming TAN Yong
    2009, 31(3):  13-15.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.003
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    Based on the equation of elastic wave propagation in two-phase media and by separating the equation of elastic wave,the dilatational wave equation in two-phase in media is derived.The higher finite-difference (FD) and the perfectly matched layer boundary conditions are used to numerical simulation.The numerical simulation of the any higher-order difference and automatic loading boundary conditions is realized.The results of the calculation show that in the two-phase media,there are the fast dilatational wave and slow dilatational wave and they are different obviously.The velocity of the fast P wave is higher.On the interface,incident fast P- wave will generate two kinds of transmission and two kinds of reflection waves.The slow P-wave has intensive attenuation.The dissipation modulus is smaller,then the slow P-wave is more obvious,vice versa.The high-order FD pattern of this method can reduce the numerical dispersion markedly,and improve the accuracy of numerical simulation effectively and with good adaptability.The operation is convenient and flexible.

    ANALYSIS ON ELEVATION DIFFERENCE RESTRICTION OF GEOPHONE ARRAY IN COMPLEX AREA
    XU Feng XIONG Jun YANG Ju-yong LIANG Xiang-hao
    2009, 31(3):  16-18.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.004
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    In complex areas,there is a large amount of complex interference,especially the very strong scattering noise.To suppress these disturbances,it is needed to spread the array,but this method result in increasing elevation to damage effective wave band.Through forward modeling,waveform and spectrum analysis methods,it is concluded that in the exploration of a complex area,elevation difference restriction of geophone array must be less than 1/4 main wavelength is too conservative to suppress interference by large array technology,Elevation difference restriction of geophone array is variable parameter as protected different seismic wavelength,signal to noise ratio and other factors.Relaxation of elevation difference restriction,despite suppressing to effective wave,will be slightly stronger,but if the interference wave is suppressed in a greater degree,then to measure the signal to noise ratio is worthy.

    DETECTION AND PREDICTION OF CARBONATE CAVES SETS USING SEISMIC ENERGY DIFFERENCE
    HE Jian-jun LIU Jia-duo LI Zong-jie LU Xin-bian
    2009, 31(3):  19-22.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.005
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    The carbonate rock reservoir of Yijianfang Formation is vug-fracture one in TPT oilfield in Xinjiang,in the system,there is stronger heterogeneity in vertical and horizontal direction.Seeking the vugs in the reservoir is an effective approach to improve prospecting successful rate.In this paper,one kind of new vug detecting method is put forward,i.e,cumulative energy difference,seismic forward modeling is carried out by building the theory geology model of vug system,according to application effect,the developing location and characteristic of vugs in reservoir are successfully recognized and inspected.3D seismic data of TPT oilfield is dealt with cumulative energy difference,demonstrating that detecting and actual results fit very much through comparing the section through well with drilling production,confirming the method is effective and accurate.vug developing zone of Yijianfang Formation is recognized by adopting the method to pick up the seismic prediction values,the exploration and exploitation have active guiding significance to later stage.

    ACCUMULATION MODEL OF HEIDIMIAO SHALLOW GAS RESERVOIR IN PUNAN AREA
    DUAN Xin-guo LI Zhong-quan JIANG Fu-cong
    2009, 31(3):  23-28.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.006
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    Generally,the shallow gas reservoirs refer to what are buried in the shallow with complex origin,not rich reserve,low abundance,wide distribution,low pressure and so on.In this article,the authors research the the controlling factors of shallow gas reservoir by setting a example of Heidimiao reservoir of Punan area,northern Songliao Basin.In this area,rich hydrocarbon source in the area provides a resource base,qualitified cover conditions and stable groundwater conditions for preservation of natural gas play an important role,T1-T06 or T2-T06 fault development and distribution are the necessary conditions for the Heidimiao oil and gas accumulation,the evolution of tectonic deformation before and after Mingshui inversion plays a further role in the transformation of the distribution of oil and gas,the high palaeostructure bands also are favorable,which gas migrated and accumulated to,Heidimiao oil layer is of good reservoir conditions,which provides a favorable environment for oil and gas reservoir,match of the sand bodies,structure and fault control the hydrocarbon accumulation and is the key.The authors sum up the accumulation model of Heidimiao oil layer on the basis of the research above.The research results can guide the exploration and development of the similar shallow gas reservoirs to a certain extent.

    THE WAVELET MULTIPLE SCALE MARGINAL DETECTION TECHNOLOGY FOR ZHUANGHAI 10 BURIED HILL RESERVOIR
    GAO Xi-long SHI Pi-tong FU Zhao-hui ZHANG Wei-ping CHEN Tao
    2009, 31(3):  25-48.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.010
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    Fractures are characterized by the multiple scales,and the seismic wave attributes such as velocity,amplitude and attenuation etc.change with the different fracture level.There are lots of similarities between the fracture-detecting in buried hill reservoir and marginal detecting in image analysis.According to Canny marginal detection definition,the multiple scale marginal detection to the horizon slices f(x,y) of 3D seismic data is equal to the local extreme of wavelet transform modulo,then,the obvious changing points or the edge points of f(x,y) can be determined by the local maximum.In this paper,based on wavelet multi scale boundary detection theory and seismic wave field multi scale characteristics for fracture,a new method of multi scale boundary detection in seismic record prediction is proposed.The result of the application in Zhuanghai 10 buried hill shows that the reservoir predicting results by using wavelet multiple scale marginal detection technology is compatible with the drilling data; it is an effective way in buried hill reservoir predicting and is of guiding significance to the exploration.

    EVOLUTION OF STRUCTURAL STYLE IN WUXIA FAULT BELT IN JUNGGAR BASIN
    WANG jun DAI Jun-sheng FENG Jian-wei HUO Li-li SHEN Da-yuan
    2009, 31(3):  29-33.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.007
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    Based on fault,folding mechanism and the tectonic style distributing laterally and vertically,six sequences of structural styles and three evolution stages are induced in the Wuxia fault belt.The evolution of structural style is similar in east and west parts and different in middle part of the fault belt.The piggyback strong compression structural style was developed in the Permian stage,the overstep compression structural style in the Triassic-Jurassic stage and the tensional structural style in the Cretaceous-Tertiary stage.The basic control factors to the regular evolution of the structural style are regional geo-tectonic environment,basement nature,stress state,physical nature of rocks and stage of tectonic evolution.

    THE ORIGIN OF RESERVOIR OVERPRESSURE AND ITS IMPLICATION IN HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION IN THE PALEOGENE OF DONGYING DEPRESSION
    CAO Ying-chang;XU Tao-yu;WANG Yan-zhong;LIU Hui
    2009, 31(3):  34-38.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.008
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    Based on the measured fluid pressure data,the origin of reservoir overpressure and its relation with hydrocarbon accumulation of the Paleogene of Dongying depression are systematically analyzed and the distribution model of overpressure hydrocarbon reservoirs is summarized.Mechanism for reservoir overpressure includes overpressure transference (divided into overpressure contact transference and overpressure connect transference),uncompaction and oil cracking.The hydrocarbon reservoirs with high yield and overpressure formed due to the function of overpressure contact transference distribute in the third member and the fourth member of the Shahejie Formation and Kongdian Formation in the center of each sag,northern slope zone and the rim of the central uplift belt.The deep hydrocarbon is brought into the shallow strata and forms the shallow hydrocarbon reservoirs with high yield and medium overpressure by the effect of overpressure connecting transference,which distributes in the first member and second member of Shahejie Formation of the central uplift belt and Es3 and Es4 of the southern slope.the function of uncompaction develops in the strata of gypsum and salt rock of Es4 and Ek and is unfavorable to the formation of reservoirs.The process of crude oil cracking usually develops below the depth of 4000m and has not inevitable relation with the reservoir formation.

    DEVELOPMENT OF THE FAULTS AND ITS CONTROLLING TO THE DEPOSITION IN THE EAST AREA OF LINQING DEPRESSION
    LI Wei LI Wen-tao LIU Jun
    2009, 31(3):  39-44.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.009
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    Based on the detailed interpretation of the seismic profiles,the activities of the main faults in the east area of Linqing depression are analyzed by using the fault activity velocity,furthermore,the development characteristics of the faults are discussed.Based on the research above-mentioned,combined with the lateral distribution characteristics of the main structural layers of Mesozoic and Cenozoic,the fault controlling on the deposition of the strata is analyzed.The results show that the faults are the most important structure styles in Mesozoic and Cenozoic in the area of Linqing depression.According to the fault activities in each period,the development of the faults can be divided into four periods,late Jurassic to early Cretaceous,late Cretaceous,Paleogene and Neogene to Quarternary.The development characteristics of the faults are different in different periods,and the present pattern finalized in Paleogene.From late Jurassic to early Cretaceous,the east area of Linqing Sag was a large NE rift

    lacustrine basin The characteristic of the remnant strata is the superimposed

    outcome of the deposition controlled by the extension faults from late Jurassic

    to early Cretaceous,the denudation was controlled by the regional rise,the thrust

    faulting in late Cretaceous and the extension faults in Cenozoic.The NE and EW

    distribution and the thinner thickness of the Paleogene strata are the outcome of

    the deposition controlled by the extension faults in Cenozoic.

    ORIGIN IDENTIFICATION OF LOW RESISTIVITY RESERVOIRS IN E1f13 SHA 19 FAULT BLOCK
    LIU Qiang ZHANG Ying ZHANG Li-qing
    2009, 31(3):  49-52.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.011
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    It′s very difficult to distinguish hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs from water bearing reservoirs electrically because there is the similar resistivity between them.The analysis on lithology,physical property,clay minerals,heavy minerals,salinity of formation water,thickness of reservoirs,well logs and well testing for E1f13 reservoirs in Sha 19 Fault Block of Shanian Oilfield shows that there are low resistivity reservoirs there,and fine grain lithology,high salinity of formation water,thin interbedding sandstone and mudstone are dominant factors resulting in low resistivity reservoirs in Shanian Oilfield.With BP artificial neural network,five logs which can reflect the property of low resistivity reservoirs is taken as input parameters to establish systematical learning samples and forecast unknown reservoirs.This method is successively applied to identify low resistivity reservoirs in Shanian oilfield.

    APPLICATION OF RESISTIVITY LOGGING IN MEASURING WATER SATURATION
    HE Jun-ping CHEN Xing-long QIN Ji-shun
    2009, 31(3):  53-56.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.012
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    Restricted by measuring method and accuracy,it is difficult to measure water saturation in rock porosity in Lab,the ways,such as CT,NMR are costly and not suitable to be applied frequently,After comparing resistivity logging and practical measuring data,it is found that in a certain range of concentration,there is a linear relationship between solution resistivity value and ion concentration,under the condition of reservoir,there is a linear relationship between rock resistivity value and the distance among probes,the water saturation value can be calculated by measuring the resistivity value.Research indicates in order to improve accuracy,two kinds of correcting,the relationship between solution concentration and resistivity value and the relationship between CT imaging value and resistivity value,must be carried on prior to experiment.The flooding experiment of plate model is conducted,which verifies the way can clearly reflected water-containing variation in different stage.Compared with other measuring ways,the way presented in this paper is easy to carry on and safer.

    SEDIMENTARY CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBLACUSTRINE FAN OF TAOQIHE FORMATION OF LOW CRETACEOUS IN SUNWU-JIAYIN BASIN
    ZHANG Lei;LIU Zhao-jun YANG Ting DU Jiang-feng HOU Wei
    2009, 31(3):  57-61.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.013
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    The Taoqihe formation of Low Cretaceous of Zhanhe Rift in Sunwu-Jiayin Basin develops typical Sublacustrine fan sedimentation.According to geochemistry,core and well log information,combining with the grain analysis data,it is confirmed that the Sublacustrine fan develops in the hydrogenate fresh water environment.Also,the Sublacustrine fan is divided into three subfacies,inner fan,middle fan and outer fan furtherly,six microfacies are recognized in this region.The Sublacustrine fan in this region develops near the steep slope controlled by the syngenesis fault and is dominated by the fault episodic tectonic activity.The Sublacustrine fan,which is conserved in the semi-deep lacustrine-deep lacustrine perched water environment,pertains to surging sublacutrine fan.The conglomerate and sandstone in the fan is favorable to form lithologic trap,the turbidities of braided channel microfacies in middle fan has the best storage condition.

    THE HYDROCARBON GEOLOGY CONDITIONS OF KASHAN AREA IN CENTRAL IRANIAN BASIN
    XU Xi-kun;LIU Shu-gen SHI Hua-xing XU Guo-qiang ZHOU Wen
    2009, 31(3):  62-68.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.014
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    Central Iranian basin is one of the main overseas hydrocarbon exploration areas,in which,Kashan area is the first SINOPEC hydrocarbon exploration one.Based on the fieldwork and the comprehensive research on geology,geophysics and geochemistry,the authors of this paper study the hydrocarbon geology conditions of Kashan area in Central Iranian Basin.The main

    reservoir rocks in the area are middle-late Oligocene to late Miocene Qom Formation,which is a typical porous-fractured carbonates with terrigenous and volcanic fragments.Central Iranian basin is a retro-arc foreland basin,in which,there are many structural traps.The maintenance condition is very good because of the huge thickness of mudstone and gypsum in Kashan area.There are three sets of source rocks of Jurassic Shemshak Formation,Cretaceous mudstone and Qom Formation.However,the quality of the source rocks is not good enough.The fluids containing hydrocarbon filled into Qom Formation in wells Arn-2 and Fkh-1 3 or 4 times respectively.The fluids,filling Qom Formation in wells Arn-2 and Fkh-1,are different from the fluids in well Arn-1.The fluids in well Arn-1 is oil,and the fluids in wells Arn-2 and Fkh-1 are gas with or without nitrogen.At last,it is suggested that the quality evaluation,estimation of hydrocarbon resource quantity and prediction of fractures should be deeply studied firstly in the process of the petroleum exploration in Central Iranian Basin.

    TOPOGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTAL STYLE OF CONTINENTAL SLOP IN NIGER DELTA AND NORTHERN SOUTH CHINA SEA
    ZHOU Rong-fu ZHANG Lian-mei WANG Ying-min LI Lei
    2009, 31(3):  69-73.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.015
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    The study on topography and sedimental style of continental slop in Niger delta and Qiongdongnan Basin is important to exploration.In this paper,the seismic data are used to analyze topography and sedimental style of deepwater slope in Niger delta and Qiongdongnan Basin.As shown in this paper,the main reasons for the absence of gravity thrust folds on continental slop in Qiongdongnan Basin are there are less plastic shale and relative scarce sources;there are differences in structure style and sedimental pattern between the two areas.The structural traps or structure-subtle traps will become main targets of the deepwater exploration in Niger delta.But,attention should be payed to subtle traps in Qiongdongnan Basin.Model of dichotomy in sequence evolution is built up.The model can be meaningful for hydrocarbon hunting and cap rock evaluate ration in deepwater environment.

    石油与天然气工程
    CHARACTERISTICS OF CHANG 6 RESERVOIR AND THE INFLUENCE ON WATER INJECTION PRODUCTION IN YAN AN AREA
    FU Guo-min SUN Lei LIU Rui MIAO Qing LI Lei
    2009, 31(3):  74-77.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.016
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    The characteristic of Yanchang reservoir and the influence on water injection production are systematic researched by means of outcrop,rock core and thin section inspection,as well as plate magnetism and dip log data.It is indicated that the macroscopic fractures in the reservoir are dominated by EW orientation,and SN orientation comes secondary,locally,the fractures with NE and NW orientation develop.The microscopic fractures are made up of tectonic ones and digenetic ones,parallel to macroscopic fracture orientation.On the setting of the present greatest stress being NE80°,outer force induces the fractures with E-W orientation to open and connect first,which makes oil wells improve,water cut increases quickly an dis easy to be flooded,and the fractures with S-N orientation are compressed and closed,with poor connection,oil wells are slowly improved.The technical method of diamond-shape inverted nine-spot well pattern.Non fracturing injection,different direction water injection and production well taking different fracturing parameters are the key to improve water injection effectiveness of super-low permeability reservoir.

    THE PRODUCTIVITY AND INFLUENCING FACTORS OF FINITE-CONDUCTIVITYVERTICAL FRACTURE
    WANG Hai-tao ZHANG Lie-hui
    2009, 31(3):  74-77.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.017
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    On basis of the theory of mechanics of fluid flow through porous media,by applying the instantaneous source,continuous source,convolution formula and Laplace transformation method,a productivity calculation model of finite-conductivity vertical fracture is set up.The derived integral equation is soluted with the boundary element method (BEM) in Laplace space.By using of Stehfest numerical inversion,the solution of real space is obtained and thus an accurate method is given for calculating the productivity of finite-conductivity vertical fracture.In addition,by quantitative calculation,how various parameters affect the productivity is analyzed.By analyzing,it can be seen that the productivity increases when the fracture length,fracture permeability and fracture width increase,but the increase rate gradually slows down.So in the design of hydraulic fracturing for actual reservoir,reasonable parameters should be designed by considering fracturing cost and benefit.The results in this paper have certain value for predicting productivity of fracturing well and designing the reasonable parameters on the process of hydraulic fracturing.

    THE EFFECTIVE IMPACTED SCOPE OF INJECTED WATER INLOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR
    TANG Hai YU Bei-bei LV Dong-liang LI Dong-lin ZHU Wei
    2009, 31(3):  83-86.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.018
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    The low-permeability reservoir is remarkably characterized by threshold pressure gradient,which makes high filtration resistance,declines sweep scope of injected water,owing to the threshold pressure gradient in the process of the fluid flow through porous media,how to confirm the injected water effective scope is one of the key techniques to develop the low-permeability reservoir effectively.According to the theory flowing through porous media for the iso-production one source-one convergence point,the maximum compression gradient isarithmic line equation of flooding unit is obtained.On the basis of certain reasonable injector and producer distance,in this article analytic theory and method of determining the injected water effective incidence with the consideration of the influencing of the threshold pressure gradient is established and plate of injected water effective incidence under different obtained.

    DELIVERABILITY CHARACTERIZATION OF M and N GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIR IN INDONESIA
    ZHAO Chao-bin;XIA Zhao-hui;WANG Hui;GUO Chun-qiu;SHI Li-yong
    2009, 31(3):  87-90.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.019
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    Integrating geology characteristic and fluid property of M and N gas condensate fields,the reasons for abnormal turbulent flow equation are analyzed and correction is made.Then 21 deliverability equations of 24 deliverability tests are set up.Absolute open flow rates are calculated,ranging from (3~192)×104 m3/d and most wells are of medium or high productivity.The relations between permeability from well logging and permeability from well testing,between absolute open flow rate and well testing KH,between absolute open flow rate and reasonable deliverability are obtained.Integrated with minimum liquid carrying rate chart,technically reasonable deliverability is determined.In practice,reasonable production rate can be adjusted with practical demand,which can provide technical evidence for scheme design and production planning.

    INFLUENCE OF GAS INJECTION WAY ON OIL DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY OF SHAN-SHAN LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR IN LABORATORY
    DU Jian-fen GUO Ping WANG Zhong-lin SUN Yu-kai LIU Bin
    2009, 31(3):  91-94.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.020
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    Gas injection is an effective way to increase oil recovery in low permeability reservoir,especially in ultra-low permeability reservoir.But if the sizes of gas injection slug are different,the effects of enhanced oil recovery are also different.The authors of this paper study the influence of three sizes of gas injection slug for enhanced oil recovery on Shanshan low permeability reservoir.There are associated gas flooding after water flooding,0.3HCPV associated gas is injected after water flooding then water flooding adopted again and 0.6HCPV associated gas injected after water flooding then water flooding adopted again respectively.The results show that the breakthrough time is earlier in the second step than in the first and third steps,however the breakthrough time in the first and third steps are similar,the GOR under the first condition is much higher than that under the second and third conditions,and the GOR under the condition of re-injected 0.6HCPV associated gas after water flooding is higher than that under the condition only re-injected 0.3HCPV associated gas injection after water flooding;the displacement efficiency are 6.41% and 13.61% respectively under the second and third conditions.The oil recovery ratio of continuous associated gas injection after water flooding increase by 0.79% on the basis of re-injected 0.6HCPV associated gas after water flooding.But the increase is only modest,so the 0.6HCPV injection is the appropriate amount.

    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT AGENT ON ARGILLUTITS′ COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 
    HUANG Jin-jun YANG Xiang-li WANG Fu-lin LI Chun-xia LIU Xiang-jun
    2009, 31(3):  95-98.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.021
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    The study provides a new approach to improve the penetration rate and reduce the collapse pressure by researching the impact between the drilling mud component and the compressive strength from the standpoint of choosing the excellent optimization of the drilling fluid system and components.The experiment choose the different concentrations of inorganic salt,the musingly of agent and polyethylene glycol ether to compound various drilling liquids,test the compressive strength of rock with the triaxial rock strength tester RTR-1000,inspect the effect of the drilling mud component and the compressive strength.The experiment shows that adding the inorganic salt to the drilling liquid can highly improve the compressive strength value.Adding the mssingle of agent that provides the softening particle to the drilling liquid can increase the residual strength of rock and the compressive strength.Adding polyethylene glycol ether to the drilling liquid that makes the same compressive strength of the original shape and the excellent stop up effect can not only verify the obvious existence of the sealing ability of cloud point,can also effectively improve the compressive strength.With the fact that the experiment and theory study,experimental consequences obtained the affecting factor and law of the compressive strength and a new approach to reduce the collapse pressure and improve the penetration rate.

    PRODUCING WITH LIMITED SANDING APPLIED IN OFFSHORE HEAVY OIL FIELDS
    LIANG Dan ZENG Xiang-lin FANG Mao-jun
    2009, 31(3):  99-102.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.022
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    Through theoretical calculation and in-door sanding simulation,the ways producing with limited sanding are studied from the aspects of formation sanding,sand-controlling near well bore and production with sand in well bore.The results show that formation sanding can improve the physical properties,sanding 1% in different grain size,permeability increases by some 20%,and fine sands(<39μm)contribute to the increase of permeability the most,by 21.07%~37.06%.Sand accumulation in screen pipe and annulus impacts deliverability badly,the deliverability will increase 1.71 times when there are no sands in annulus,but only 14.7% when annulus is filled with sands,can the sanding be carried out well bore only when the flow velocity of fluid is greater than or equal to the sinking speed of sands.The production way is successfully applied in Bohai in heavy Oilfield operation.

    PROBE INTO REASONABLE SAND PRODUCTION APPLIED IN NB35-2 HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR
    BAI Rong TANG Hong-ming;SUN Fu-jie ZENG Xiang-lin XIE Xiao-yong
    2009, 31(3):  103-106.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.023
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    According to the problem of largely enhancing well production and primary oil recovery by a reasonable sanding,the authors of this paper research and compare well completion methods from sand prevention theory and the optimal completion methods.NB35-2 oilfield is taken as an example and a conclusion that metal kapok screen pipe is more suitable to reasonable sand production in open well completion through a series of simulation experiment as gravel pack completion,metal knit net screen pipe completion and metal kapok screen pipe completion is obtained.Moreover,metal kapok screen pipe intensity is ensured,micro pores and middle-large pores are properly increased,production pressure is heightened,which can bleed formation fines validly and ordinal,and formation penetration capability in immediate vicinity of wellbore can be improved to enhance oil production.The study places theory foundation for optimizing completion methods of reasonable sand production exploitation in oilfields,at the same time,the result can guide oil exploitation of such heavy oil reservoirs.

    THE RESEARCH ON CONTINUOUS SAND WASHING TECHNOLOGY IN MULTILATERAL HORIZONTAL WELL
    LIANG Hai-bo CHEN Yong-heng ZHAO Jin-zhou
    2009, 31(3):  107-109.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.024
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    The disadvantage using coiled tubing for continuous sand washing in the multilateral horizontal wells is that the diameter of coiled tubing is small,borehole size is big,the return speed of sand washing liquid is low while washing sand,and it is not easy to sand out to the ground.The efficiency using conventional service rig for continuous sand washing in the multilateral horizontal wells is low,and it easily leads to sanding in.In this paper,continuous sand washing technology in the multilateral horizontal wells and borehole protection technology are proposed,which achieve the purpose using conventional string for effective continuous sand washing.It not only significantly reduces the duration of the washing sand,but it is safe and reliable.This technology does not need to use coiled tubing operation machine,and it is economical and reliable.

    INDIVIDUAL WELL MANAGEMENT AND DYNAMIC PRODUCTION ANALYSIS OF SULIGE GAS FIELD
    ZHANG Xiao-feng TANG Jun-wei WEI Yun-sheng JIA Cheng-ye
    2009, 31(3):  110-114.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.025
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    Sulige gas field is characterized by complicated geological settings,poor physical property,low gas abundance,low individual well productivity,no natural deliverability without being fractured,rapid productivity decline,short period of stabilized production,low productivity and recovery ratio and low economic benefits.And there is no mature development technology available all over the world for the field like this one.According to this kind of situation,individual well classification criteria suitable for Sulige Gas Field is formed based on the characteristics of the gas well production history,production history and decline principle of different kind of gas well are analyzed synthetically by utilizing the technology of gas reservoir engineering,precise evaluation to the dynamic recoverable reserve is carried out with the method of pressure drop,production decline and cumulative production.And corresponding measures are proposed,such as flow restriction in the bottom hole to stabilize the production,reasonable allocation to improve the recoverable reserve and individual well management of batch production in the later stage toemploy the reserve of the peripheral zone.And all the measures above would provide theory basis and technology supports to the efficient and reasonable development of low permeability and high heterogeneity gas reservoir similar to Sulige Gas Field.

    MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION FOR GAS RESERVOIR WITH HIGH SULFUR CONTENT
    FU De-kui GUO Xiao DU Zhi-min DENG Sheng-hui LIU Lin-qing
    2009, 31(3):  115-117.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.026
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    The material balance equation for gas reservoir has been used to determine reserves and OGIP of gas reservoir, judge its driving type and predict its production performance.Gas reservoir with high sulfur content is a special type of reservoir.During the course of development of gas reservoir with high sulfur content,as formation pressure falls continually,deposited sulfur will result in reduction of formation porosity and permeability,which affects the production of gas reservoir with high sulfur content.The material balance equation for common gas reservoir has not taken the sulfur deposition into account.Therefore,it can not be used to accurately describe the production performance of gas reservoir with high sulfur content.Authors of this paper deduces the material balance equation with high sulfur content considering the sulfur deposition for the closed gas reservoir with high sulfur content,which is helpful to predict production performance of gas reservoir with high sulfur content.

    THE CORRECTION OF CALCULATION IN FORECASTING THE HYDROCARBON LIQUID PHASE DENSITY BASED ON SRK STATE EQUATION
    LIANG Ping WANG Zhi-hong LI Zhi-ming TANG Ke CHEN Ke
    2009, 31(3):  118-120.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.027
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    The Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) state equation is widely used in hydrocarbon system to calculate the other thermodynamic properties in thermodynamic equilibrium state,but the error is big in calculating the saturated liquid volume,resulting in forecasting less accurately the density of the saturated liquid.In this paper,on the basis of SRK equation of state,the authors put forward volume translation method,and apply Rackett equation parameters to achieve the linkages between relevant parameters,thereby more accurate calculation results of the density of saturated liquid are obtained.The results,contrasting with the measured data,show that the calculation results of saturated liquid density by using volume translation method are more accurate than those by using the SRK equation of state,and the scope of the application of SRK equation of state is improved.

    油气化学工程与化工
    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPANE HYDRATES DISSOCIATION IN PRESENCE OF ETHYLENE GLYCOL SOLUTION
    DONG Fu-hai;ZANG Xiao-ya;LI Dong-liang;FAN Shuan-shi LIANG De-qing
    2009, 31(3):  121-125.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.028
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    The simulation experiment is carried out with different concentration of ethylene glycol solution(60.1%,69.8%,80.2%,99.5%) by a self-made visual equipment.At the beginning of the dissociation,the pressure increases rapidly and liquid temperature decreases quickly.As the dissociation processes,pressure tends gradually to be a definite value and the grades of liquid temperature are gentle.The computation shows that average dissociation rate is 3.59~7.67(mol&#8226;min-1&#8226;m-3).The change of average dissociation velocity rate with different concentration assumes the linear growth approximately.The calculated energy efficiency is 61.8%~81.5%.The calculated energy ratio is 4.89,5.73,5.97 and 6.49 respectively.Energy efficiency increases along with increase of concentration of ethylene glycol solution,but there is an inflection point during

    the process.Compared with injection of pure water,the injection of ethylene

    glycol reduces the dissociation heat of natural gas hydrate,accelerates the

    dissociation of natural gas hydrate and increases energy efficiency and energy

    ratio.Compared with injection of low concentration of ethylene glycol

    solution,energy efficiency and energy ratio increase,too.

    INFLUENCE OF PETROLEUM SULFONATES ON MICROBIAL GROWTH AND OIL-DEGRADATION
    LU Mang ZHANG Zhong- zhi WANG Han MA Dao-xiang
    2009, 31(3):  126-129.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.029
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    Influence of two kinds of petroleum sulfonate (PS) on the growth of three strains of Pseudomonas marginata and on the biodegradation of crude oil are investigated.The elementary chemical structures of the two PS are determined by

    infrared spectra.The results show that,influence of the two PS on the three strain is significant,owing to the structure difference between the two types of PS.Microbial growth is completely discouraged spiked with 5mg/L of PS-B,whereas the growth is observed even spiked with 50mg/L of PS-A.As increasing of PS concentration,bacterial growth reduces more slowly in oil than in sucrose condition,for some PS in the water phase diffuses into the oil phase and so the PS concentration in the water decreases.Despite high toxicity to bacteria,the two types of PS contribute to crude oil biodegradation.In the presence of PS-A(<30mg/L for strain DY-A,20mg/L for strain H,15mg/L for strain I,respectively),biodegradation rates are gradually enhanced as increasing of PS-A concentrations from 55.4% to 74.2%(for strain DY-A),48.3% to 59.5%(for strain H) and 43.1%to 49.4%(for strain H) after 5 days,due to enhanced solubility of crude oil by PS.Spiked with low concentration of PS-B (<10mg/L),degradation is discovered to a certain degree,and in some cases,oil degradation rates are not

    directly proportional to bacterial growth.Dehydrogenase activity is boosted by 5mg/L of PS-A.

    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE REACTION BETWEEN KAOLINIT AND ALKALINE FLOODING AGENTS
    XIONG Sheng-chun;LIU Wei-dong;YANG Ye CHEN Quan-sheng HAN Zhong-lian
    2009, 31(3):  130-133.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.030
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    Polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon inertia reactor is used,(under the conditions of 25℃ and 45℃,the 20g/L ratio of solid to liquid),to study the reaction between kaolin and NaOH and Na2CO3alkaline flooding agents with different concentration,the duration of reaction is 0~600h,according to silicon and aluminum standard curve,the spectrophotometry is done to concentration parameters of silicon and aluminium in liquid phase after reaction,based on the variation of alkaline concentration before and after reaction,the absolute alkaline loss is calculated under different conditions,the variation of kaolinit sand-filling pipe permeability and inflow pressure is measured during the process of 5%NaOH solution flooding.Experimental result indicates kaolin dissolves in alkaline solution,under the electronic scanning microscope,apparent dissolution can be observed,in the first 120h while dissolution reacting,the aluminum and silicon ion concentration increases remarkably.Under the condition of same temperature,kaolin will consume more alkaline in 1.2% NaOH than in 5% Na2CO3.During the process of alkaline flooding,permeability,after fluctuating,will tend to stability,after stability,the migration of the new minerals derived from alkaline dissolving kaolin results in the decrease of permeability in sand-filling pipe.

    EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE ACTIVITY AND INHIBITATION OF SEVERAL TYPES OF ORGANIC SALT SOLUTION
    LI Fang PU Xiao-lin LUO Xing-shu LI Chun-xia XING Jin-sheng
    2009, 31(3):  134-137.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.031
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    Wellbore Wellbore instability happens commonly in shale,salt rocks,noncementated sandstone or other fractured strata,it is most common and serious in shale.Shale hydration is an important factor for the instability of wellbore.The extent of hydration in aqueous solution of shale lies on the activity of aqueous solution.So,it is important to prevent shale wellbore instability by analyzing relationship between the activity and shale hydration swelling.Authors of this paper measure the activity of Weigh2,Weigh3,YJS-1,YJS-2,KCOOH,NaCOOH,NaCl,KCl,and CaCl2 by adsorption isotherm.The capability of restraining swelling and restraining dispersion is determined.The relation between the activity between salt solution and inhabitation is analyzed.The results show that it can meet the requirement of wellbore stability to control shale hydration by adjusting different salt and salt concentration in drilling fluid.

    石油机械工程及其它
    TRANSMISSION VELOCITY MODEL IN FREQUENCY DOMAIN OF DRILLING-FLUID CONSECUTIVE PULSE SIGNAL
    WANG Xiang
    2009, 31(3):  138-141.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.032
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    In the measurement while drilling system,the transport method of consecutive pulse is phase modulation.Considering viscosity and frequency feature of transmission system,the model in time domain is not suitable for the phase modulation.In this paper,starting with the analysis of transient flow,combining with the theory of transmission line,the concept of complex frequency is introduced,the calculating model of frequency domain for the pulse velocity in drilling fluid built and the impendence and transmission operator of drilling fluid obtained.With the hypothesis of linear friction,the calculating method for the frequency domain model is obtained.

    IMPROVING THE RATE WHILE DRILLING DEEP,OR ULTRA DEEP WELL IN THE COMPLEX GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF EAST SICHUAN
    QI Lin AN Xian-bina HUANG Zhi-qiangb FAN Yong-taob
    2009, 31(3):  142-145.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.033
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    The drilling speed while drilling deep,or ultra deep well in the complex high steep geological structure of East Sichuan is low.Well-constructing period is long and the cost is excessively high,the reasons for the low drilling rate in East Sichuan is analysed.In this paper,the nature of the various rock, the basis of bit type selection and how to judge the use of drill bit are introduced, the method of properly using bits is stated.Three measures toincrease drilling speed in the complex high steep geological structure of East Sichuan are proposed.A pendulum and eccentric shaft bottom hole assembly are used to drill.The drilling speed is increased by jet drilling,the thruster is popularized in the application.Through the above measures and constantly optimizing the drilling technology,drilling speed is increased and the quality of well ensured.

    DECISION OF OPTIMAL SCHEDULING SCHEME FOR GAS PIPELINE NETWORK
    LIU Wu ZHANG Peng LIU Yi WANG Deng-hai YANG Guang
    2009, 31(3):  146-149.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.034
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    A mathematical model of decision of optimal scheduling scheme for gas pipeline network is established,it takes minimum annual operating cost of compressor station as objective function after comprehensively considering the resources of gas field,operating parameters of compressor station and work condition of pipeline system.Combing the reproduction strategy of differential evolution algorithm with the cross and variation of genetic algorithm,a new hybrid genetic algorithm is presented to solve the optimal model,and which avoid the premature convergence problem effectively.The analysis of an example in a certain pipeline network system with 12 nodes,11 pipelines and 2 compressor stations demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the established model and algorithm.The optimal scheduling scheme can be adapted to daily operation and future retrofit of gas pipeline network.

    AHP METHOD OF THE SYNTHETICAL EVALUATION MODEL OF RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT
    XIE Xiang-jun QIU Quan-feng LU Liu-li
    2009, 31(3):  150-153.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.035
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    After many years practices,reservoir management has come to be a fundamental method to manage the effective development of an Oilfield.But it is difficult to do a programming on a reservoir management as usual because there are different kinds of indicators,complex index and quantitative and qualitive analysis.However,AHP can work well on these problems.In this paper,the first,a serial of evaluation indicators is generated,the second,a synthetical evaluation model of reservoir management is presented based on AHP.Practice shows that the AHP can solve problems of reservoir management simply,quickly and effectively.

    博导论评
    VARIATION LAW OF PRESSURE DROP AND PRODUCTIVITY RATE IN HORIZONTAL GAS WELL
    LI Xiao-ping LI Yun
    2009, 31(3):  154-157.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.036
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    As for the gas reservoirs developed with horizontal wells,the production system is consisted of the flow through porous media in the gas reservoirs and the flow in the wellbore of the horizontal well.Pressure drop in horizontal well used to be ignored which results in bigger error in analyzing production system of horizontal wellbore.In this paper,mathematical models of flow through porous media and the flow in horizontal gas wellbore are established by using the concept of production index,then,by means of the volume balance principle,the flow in the gas reservoir is correlated with the flow in the horizontal wellbore,in case of covering flowing states of laminar flow,velvet turbulence and granulate turbulence,the relational expression of pressure drop and productivity with position variation is derived for horizontal wells of the gas reservoir.As an example,the variation law of wellbore pressure and productivity for a horizontal well in a gas reservoir are calculated and analyzed.This article presents a theoretical basis for analyzing production system of horizontal well.

    探讨与争鸣
    THE METHOD OF CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF TPG FOR ORDINARY HEAVY OIL
    TIAN Ji XU Jia-feng CHENG Lin-song
    2009, 31(3):  158-162.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.037
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    Based on the pipe flow model and rheological principle,the experiment programme about five different viscosity is designed,and the relationship between threshold pressure gradient and viscosity under the condition of diameter 1mm and the viscosity 340 to 44500mPa&#8226;s is acquired,which demonstrates the TPG macroscopically.Meanwhile,the sand packed model,with the permeability about 186.4 to 6698.0×10-3μm2,and the viscosity about 10 to 450mPa&#8226;s, considering the microcosmic structure of pore and throat,is designed.The result shows that firstly,the lower the viscosity is,the smaller the TPG will be under the condition of the same gas permeability,secondly,with the same viscosity,initially the TPG decreases sharply as the increasing of gas permeability,but when the permeability exceeds 600×10-3μm2,the increasing velocity slows down gradually.And the last,initially the TPG decreases sharply as the increasing of mobility but when it exceeds 25μm2/Pa&#8226;s,the speed slows down gradually,while the relationship shows power function.

    THE PRODUCTIVITY CALCULATION FOR WELL PATTERN OF LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR CONSIDERING THRESHOLD PRESSURE GRADIENT
    HE Ying YANG Zheng-ming LIU Xue-wei WANG Xue-wu
    2009, 31(3):  163-166.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.038
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    In view of the issue on the low permeable and low abundance reservoirs being difficult to develop,the deliverability calculation model of different well pattern under the condition of non-Darcy flow law is used to the optimal design of well pattern in low permeable reservoirs.The producing index is taken as the indicator evaluating the producing degree of low permeable reservoir and to provide reference for optimal well pattern design.A certain low permeable reservoir is taken as example,combining with threshold pressure gradient,the relationship among the well pattern,the pressure different between production and injection,deliverability and producing coefficient.Results show because of the existence of threshold pressure gradient in low permeable reservoir,the greater the well spacing is,the more the pressure depleted in overcoming threshold pressure is required and smaller the producing coefficient is.In that reservoir,effective flooding system can not be established under the current condition of 300m well spacing,so the spacing should be shortened.