Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science & Technology Edition)

STUDY ON THE TECTONIC ORIGIN OF LUOJIAZHAI STRUCTURE IN NORTHEAST SICHUAN BASIN

CHEN You-fu;SU Pei-dong QIN Qi-rong FAN Xiao-li

2009, 31(2): 1-5. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.001

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Based on the a lot geological data，the authors of this paper analyze the structure characters of the Loujiazhai

Structure in northeast Sichuan Basin.The results show that the formation of the Loujiazhai Structure is affected by the

steep structure belt of East Sichuan Basin and the Dabashan arc structure belt.The Loujiazhai Structure experienced four

major tectonic periods，the middle and the late Indosinian Movement，the Yanshan Movement，the middle Himalayan Movement and

the late Himalayan Movement.Among the four periods，the middle Himalayan Movement and the late Himalayan Movement are the

most important periods to the formation of the Loujiazhai Structure.

REEF RESERVOIR PREDICTION IN CHANGXING FORMATION OF HUANGLONGCHANG REGION

JIANG Dong GAO Pei-cheng CAO Gang ZENG Ling-ping

2009, 31(2): 5-7. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.002

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Complexity and diversity of reef reservoir leads to great difficulties to the reef reservoir prediction.After

recent years research，Huanglong reef reservoir prediction has been made some progress.Study suggest that reef reservoirs

prediction can not simply rely on one method，and must be closely integrated with geological，seismic，logging features，

reefs with the favorable development environment are studied and the seismic attribute analysis，natural gamma，speed，

density，porosity and other methods are used to predict reef reservoir development，make relevant and comprehensive fine

interpretation and recognition and demonstrate the laws of reef development.Results indicate that the Huanglongbing

Changhsingian reefs wear developed in the Huanglongchang and Fujiapo areas with beltlike shape，and extended to the

north Qili area.The prediction method provides an important means to Northeast Sichuan Changhsingian reef exploration and

development plays an important role.

RESEARCH ON DIAGENESIS OF JIALING RIVER FORMATION，LOWER TRIASSIC IN SICHUAN BASIN

LIN Xiong;HOU Zhong-jian TIAN Jing-chun

2009, 31(2): 8-12. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.003

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RESEARCH ON DIAGENESIS OF JIALING RIVER FORMATION，LOWER TRIASSIC IN SICHUAN BASIN
LIN Xiong1，2，HOU Zhong-jian1，TIAN Jing-chun1(1.State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and
Exploitation，Chengdu University of Technology，Chengdu Sichuan 610059，China；2.College of Earth Sciences，Chengdu
University of Technology，Chengdu Sichuan 610059，China)
JOURNAL OF SOUTHWEST PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY(SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITION)，VOL.31，NO.2,8-12,2009（ISSN 1674-5086，in Chinese）

Abstract：On the basis of the recognition of the sedimentary backgroud of Jialing River Formation in Sichuan Basin，by means of massive cores observation and rock thin sections inspection，the types of rocks are accuratly named，diagenesis is grouped into two categaries，i.e.，constructive one(dolomization，dissolution including gypsum dissolution，casting and tectonic cracking)and destructive one(compression，shrinkage and pressure dissolution，cementation，strong recrystallization ，the formation of new minerals and the filling of dissolved pores and fractures).The cause of pore formation is analyzed and the evidence of lithology is figured out，According to thin section inspection and oganic geoshemistry research，the diagenesis of Jialing River Formation of lower Triassic in Sichuan Basin is studied in detail and the diagenetic evolution history is reduilt.Based on multi-factors，diagenetic stages and pore space evolution，the diagenesis of the Jialing River Formation is correctly and wholly recognized，which provides a solid foundation for understanding the accumulative spaces of the Formation.

THE GAS HYDRATE ABNORMALITY IN THE MOVABLE ZONE OF THE QINGHAI-TIBET PLATEAU PERMAFROST

JIAN Run-tang LI Feng WANG Zao-cheng

2009, 31(2): 13-17. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.004

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The study on the hydrocarbon geochemical profile of Xidatian-Anduo area indicates that comprehesive interetation to acidolysis hydrogen，acidolysis methane，dciaolysis propane，acidolysis ethane and heat-releasing mercury abnormability will be helpful to forecast if or not the hydrate exists in underground.When "negtive abnormability" occurs in hydrocarbon，it is possible that hydrate occurs in underground.According to existing literatures，the model of the formation of gas hydrate in movable zone of plateau permafrost and geochemical survey is primarily established.Analysis shows that soil geochemical survey can be used to inspect hydrate in movable zone og plateau permafrost，but in interpreting abnormability，the model of oil and gas reservoir chemical survey can not be used directly，the influence of plateau permafrost with very low permeability on gas migrating towards surface must be taken into consideration.

STUDY ON DIAGENETIC SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY IN TRIASSIC RESERVOIR OF THE KEBAI REGION，JUNGGAR BASIN

JIANG Xiang-qiang LI De-jiang ZHU Xiao-min LIU Guang-di YANG Jun-sheng

2009, 31(2): 23-27. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.006

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Diagenetic sequence stratigraph is a branch of sequence stratigraphy.It is a new

mean in studying diagenesis and the reservoir may be analysed more thoroughly with it.In this article，the identification of sequence with diagenesis is researched，which includes organic carbon，carbonate cements and clay minerals.The characteristic of diagenetic evolution in different sequence is also given.The aggregative model of diagenetic sequence in Triassic reservoirs of the Kebai Region is deeply studied.Especially，in the identification of interface of sequence，it provides useful evidences for identifying and classifying sequence interface microscopy.

QUANTITATIVE OIL-BEARING PREDICTION OF STRUCTURAL TRAP IN WEST SAG OF LIAOHE DEPRESSION

ZHANG Feng-qi PANG Xiong-qi LENG Ji-gao WANG Peng-wan FENG Xin

2009, 31(2): 27-30. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.007

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To solve the quantitative characterization whether structural traps contain oil

or how much they contain in west Sag of Liaohe Depression，133 structural traps are researched on the basis of statistical geologic analysis and R-factor analysis，the results show that the distances between the center of hydrocarbon expulsion and trap，the fluid potential energy，the depth of caprock，the depth of sand bodies and the numbers of the faults cutting the reservoirs are the controlling factors influencing the fullness degree of structural trap.The comprehensive quantitative prediction models between the fullness degree and the controlling factors of structural traps are established.They are examined through selecting 16 structural traps.The validation results of the forecasting models indicate that the value of 85% forecasted fullness degree of the trap is consistent of the factual value，implying that the forecasting method can be used in oil prospection.

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTARY FACIES OF THE SHA 3 LOWER SUBINTERVAL IN CHENJIA DEPRESSION

FAN Chun-hua;WANG Ying-min;CHEN Zhen-yan ZHANG Wen-ming;

2009, 31(2): 31-35. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.008

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There is a good oil geological condition in the Sha 3 lower subinterval in Chenjia Depression，western Liaohe Sag.Based on seismic，drilling，logging and core data，combined with the distribution of depositional systems and oil geological condition analysis，the sequence stratigraphy and sedimentology characteristics of the Sha 3 lower subinterval are researched to predict favorable subtle traps.The conclusions are as the following，the Sha 3 lower subinterval can be divided into three four-order sequence，and fourth-order sequences are further divided into transgressive and highstand system tracts，there are four kinds of sedimentary systems identified in thtarget layers，including fan delta，nearshore subaqueous fan，lacustrine and deep lacustrine turbidity sedimentary systems，controlled by fault systems and palaeogeomorphy，there are two depositional systems，i.e.，fan delta-shallow lacustrine-deep(hemideep) lacustrine in northern area and nearshore subaqueous fan- deep(hemideep) lacustrine in Southern area，finally，according to the plane distribution，evolvolution features of sedimentary systems and the subtle pool-forming condition，a potential exploration prospect is proposed，which is formed by fan delta front updip pinchot.

THE MAIN CONTROLLING FACTOR OF THE SHAXI N¹-N¹₂ RESERVIOR

MU Zhong-hai MA Li-ning XIN Yan-peng QU Xin-Zhong

2009, 31(2): 36-40. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.009

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It is recognized that，by means of researching the characteristics of the structure，fault sealing properties，sedimentary facies，reservoir and interlayers thickness of Shaxi N¹-N¹₂ beds，the Shaxi N¹-N¹₂ structure is a complex nose-like one，there are 15 faults in target beds，among which，，faultⅡ，(2)，(7) and ( 9) are better in sealing properties than others，the main active period of the fault were N²₂-N³₂，upwards，Shaxi N¹-N¹₂is a set of reserve cycle deposition composed of lacustrine transmitting braided river delta，the deposits were mainly from west and northwest area，and controlled by north Alar River sedimentary system，the reservoir in hanging wall of fault Ⅱ belongs mid-porosity and permeability and the reservoir in footwall to low porosity and permeability，the amount of cements and grain maturity in reservoir in hanging wall are worse than the one in footwall，and the intergrain porosity in hanging wall are much higher than the one in footwall.It is concluded based on the evidence mentioned above that the main controlling factors that hydrocarbon productivity in hanging wall of fault Ⅱ is higher are structural faulting，reservoir porosities and the types of porosity，that main controlling factors that hydrocarbon is rich in Ⅵ-Ⅷ pay zones are structural characteristics，fault sealing properties，interlayers thickness and sedimentary characteristics.

THE RECOGNITION AND APPLICATION OF LACUSTRINE FACIES IN GUANTAO FORMATION OF GUDAO OILFIELD

WANG Dai-liua;b;a WANG Jiaoa;b

2009, 31(2): 41-44. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.010

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The viewpoint that Guantao Formation of Neogene in Jiyang depression developed alluvial facies has been for a long time，in this research，by means of core observation from continuous coring wells and such analytical information as well data，well logging and paleontology，as well as the application of sedimentology theory，the sedimentary viewpoint that the formation developed only alluvial facies is nodified and enriched，it is recognized that at the lower section of the formation develops not only rudaceous braided river sedimentation，also braided river delta-infilling shallow lacustrine sedimentary system，at the begining of late Guantao period developed，braided and meandering river deposition developed，and at the mid-late stage of the late period，shallow water delta-oxidizing shallow water lacustrine and shallow oscillating lacustrine depositional system developed.In beds correlation and hydrocarbon exploration tightly related to oilfield production，the lacustrine sedimentary facies model is widely used.

APPLICATION OF FORMATION THICKNESS COEFFICIENT TO STUDY TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF CHAGAN SAG

XU Hui-yonga;b JIANG You-lua ZHANG Li-qianga WANG Jin-youa OUYANG Rui

2009, 31(2): 45-48. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.011

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Based on the rule of sedimentary compensation，the formation thickness coefficient is applied to study tectonic movement.The artical gives the procedure and the range of application.This new method is used to study tectonic movement of Chagan Sag in Lower Cretaceous.The result shows that in this area，a tectonic movement which is named "seesaw" developed.The critical time of this tectonic movement was between the first period of Suhongtu Formation （K1s1） and the second period（K1s2）.Based on the conclusion above，characteristics of structural evolution is studied and four stages are involved，faulting stage，rifting and depressing trasmitting stage，depressing stage and reversing stage.This conclusion can provide suggestions for studying structural evolution and future exploration.

STRUCTURE MAPPING BY VARIABLE VELOCITY BASED ON SYNERGETIC ACOUSTIC LOGGING INFORMATION

XU Feng WANG Ren-fu MAN Yi-zhi ZHANG Yao-tang

2009, 31(2): 49-52. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.012

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Usually，the interval velocity is computed with the stacking velocity in the structure mapping by variable velocity.When the formation velocity changes dramatically in lateral orientation，the wisdom of the use of the stacking
process is questioned.In the event that the interval velocity contains rapid lateral changes，the travel-time curve isn′t a hyperbolic curve again.The interval velocity computed with Dix interval velocity formula isn′t precise.The discrepancy increases with the degree of lateral changes.Synergetic acoustic logging velocity is precise，which is inversed by seismic data under control of acoustic logging data.At the same time，it can provide the detail of lateral velocity changes.It is interested that the relationships of different strata in the depth.Generally，roundtrip travel-time has been known.If the Interval velocity is computed，the depth of strata will be known.This paper illustrates the relationship between synergetic acoustic logging velocity and seismic velocity by the theory of wave mechanics，and the exact interval velocity for structure mapping by variable velocity is computed.

TIME-LAPSE SEISMIC MONITORING STUDY ON HETEROGENEOUS THIN RESERVOIRS FOR ENHANCED EXPLOITATION

ZHANG Shao-hong;

2009, 31(2): 53-55. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.013

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In the course of petroleum exploitation，it is often necessary to do the study of gas-drived enhanced exploitation to improve the development efficiency in thin sand-mudstone reservoir.The seismic data acquired from the heterogeneous thin sand-mudstone reservoirs containing oil or gas are migrated and stacked and are processed by using cross-equalization method.The different characteristics，such as frequency，amplitude，etc.，of different liquids are concluded，more over，the features of time-lapse seismic difference are analyzed.The result of the study can present the gas-injection advancing-frontier sweep zone and the distribution of residual oil，and can be used to define the amplitude of elastic difference between different liquids（e.g.gas，and oil，etc.）The results show that the seismic responses of the heterogeneous thin reservoir is obviously different when the different fluids，such as gas or oil，are stored in the thin reservoir，and the time-lapse seismic difference-attributes are different.The result can provide the evidence to recognize the fluid features of thin reservoir and to guide the exploration and development of petroleum.

THE GRAVITY FIELD MODEL AND DEM IMPROVING THE GPS ELEVATION CONVERSION ACCURACY

SONG Lei;HUANG Teng FANG Jian JIANG Min-wei

2009, 31(2): 56-58. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.014

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In order to fully utilize the elevation information of GPS observation date and to improve the precision of normal height of observation point that are converted from GPS ellipsoid height in mountainous area，the gravity field model and
Digital Elevation Model（DEM）that are published recently are used to convert GPS elevation with the remove-match-restore method.The matched elevation is compared with that of three-grade leveling measure.The statistical results show that high-precision gravity field models can improve the accuracy of GPS elevation transformation up to 50% in mountainous area.In a certain extent，the terrain correction can improve the accuracy of GPS elevation conversion.The correction of elevation anomaly induced by terrain are relevant with undulation of terrain and elevation difference among GPS observation points.The conclusion is important to get high-precision normal elevation from the GPS observation information in mountainous area where the leveling is difficult to carry out.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN WELLBORE DURING FOAM FLUID LIFT ACID DRAINAGE

LI Song-yana LI Zhao-mina LIN Ri-yib

2009, 31(2): 59-63. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.015

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Foam fluid lift can effectively drain the residual acid in acidizing treatment wells.According to energy conservation equation，mass conservation equation and momentum conservation equation，an array of ordinary differential equation for calculating the temperature and pressure distributions of foam fluid in the wellbore is established in consideration of the heat exchange between the foam fluid in the annular space and the injected fluid from tube.Boundary and
limited conditions are provided.Coupled solve of temperature and pressure distributions by using numerical method is conducted.Distribution of foam temperature，foam quality and pressure in wellbore is obtained.The results show that as the increase of well depth，foam pressure and foam density increase.Threshold pressure and balance pressure of foam fluid lift are both lower than that of nitrogen gas lift.As the increase of acid flow，the depth of circle point，threshold pressure and balance pressure are all increasing.

IMPROVED NON-DOMINATED GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING GAS LIFTING ALLOCATION OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM

LUO Yin-fu;HUANG Bing-guang WANG Nu-tao XIE Jian-fei YI Ga

2009, 31(2): 64-66. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.016

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Authors of this paper clarify the developing situation of gas lifting allocation optimization.A new gas lifting allocation technology of single and multi-objective optimization are developed by using piece-wise linear function.The single objective model takes maximun deliverability as objective function and multiple objective function takes maximun oil deliverability and minimun gas deliverability as objective function.Taking gas lifting oil wells of block four in Zhongyuan Oilfield as an example，the gas lifting allocation optimization is verified with the optimal solution of single objective model and non-dominated solution sets of multi-objective model.Results show that the proposed method is effective for gas lifting allocation optimization.The oil deliverability and gas injection amount are acqured under the condition of optimal gas lifting allocation.

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACID-FRACTURING DELIVERABILITY AND GEOLOGIC CHARATERISTICS OF BURIED HILL RESERVOIRS

TANG Hong-ming;JIANG Tong-wen SHI Hong-xiang LIU Ping-li

2009, 31(2): 67-70. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.017

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Taking buried hill reservoirs in Lunnan，Tarim area as an example，the relationship between such geologic characteristics as lithology，physical property，structure，dissolution of carbonate buried hill reservoirs and acid
fracturing deliverability are comprehensively analyzed.The research indicates that firstly，the rock types are the fundamental factors to control oil and gas production，karst types and their development degree are the main factors.Yijianfang Formation and Yishan Formation which are mainly shoal sedimentation，various limestone deveolps，and primary pores which are in favor of karstification develop，so the reservoirs with good acid fracturing response are in these formation，secondly，reservoir types and fracture development degrees are the key to control oil and gas production.The influence of reservoir types on acid fracturing deliverability are cavity，fracture-pore and fracture orderly，thirdly，different lithostratigraphic distribution and geomorphic karst unit directly influence longitudinal distribution of high production formations.A lot field experiment of acid fracturing indicates that high production wells locate in buried hill peak and depth range changes a lot，the distribution depth is different in different areas，but mostly in 200m，especially in 100m.The dominance of buried hill vertical depth on reservoir quality is still under the control of rock types and longitudinal distribution of karst phase belt.

DELIVERABILITY ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL FRACTURE WELLS IN LOW PERMEABILITY DUAL POROSITY RESERVOIR

ZHAO Hai-yang;a JIA Yong-lub CAI Ming-jina LI Dong-mei WU Yu-jun

2009, 31(2): 71-73. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.018

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According to finite conductivity vertical fractures derived from hydraulic fractured in low permeability dual porosity reservoir，based on the Warant-Root model in dual Porosity，elliptical flow model of finite conductivity fracture in low permeability dual porosity reservoir is built by using mass conservation equation and elliptical flow method.Furthermore，based on the model，through Laplace Transform，the formula of dimensionless rate in Laplace Space to finite conductivity vertical fracture model in dual porosity reservoir can be obtained.By using Stefest Numerical Inversion of Laplace Transform，the type curves of dimensionless rate change as time can be drawn and the dynamic and influence factors can be discussed.It is shown that the effect of threshold pressure gradient on dimensionless rate will increase as time goes.

ANALYSIS ON DELIVERABILITY PREDICTION THEORETIC CURVE OF FRACTURED WELL

DAI Qing DAI Jiang ZHOU Hong-quan

2009, 31(2): 74-76. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.019

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Hydraulic fracturing has become a common and quite effective well stimulation technology to explore and develop low permeability reservoirs.The deliverability prediction theoretic curve of fractured well in low permeability reservoirs with threshold pressure effect is studied in this paper.The result shows that the skin factor has a relative big effect on the initial output of a fractured well，the bigger the skin factor，the lower the initial output is.However，the effect of
skin factor will disappear gradually with the increase of production time.The threshold pressure gradient affects mainly the middle-late period output of a fractured well，the higher the threshold pressure is，the faster the output declines.As a result，the effect of threshold pressure gradient must be considered when the deliverability analysis is carried out on a vertical fractured well in low permeability reservoirs.

IDENTIFY THE KEY PAY ZONES BY COMBINING GAS CHROMATOGRAM AND MASS SPECTROGRAPHY

LIU Chun DAI Hong-ming HUANG Dong PEI Sen-qi YANG Yi

2009, 31(2): 77-80. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.020

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For the high viscosity of the heavy oil，the high content of the non-hydrocarbon and asphaltic bitumen and the low saturated hydrocarbon and aromatic hydrocarbon，it is difficulty to identify the difference of each pay zone and the
well head heavy crude oil with chromatogram.By using reservoir bitumen of each layer and the well head heavy crude oil from certain multilayer heavy crude oil wells（Liaohe Oilfield）as experiment analysis samples，the samples are researched and analyzed by means of the fingerprint feature of gas chromatogram-mass spectra（GC-MS） of saturation hydrocarbon and the aromatic hydrocarbon.According to the technologies such as fingerprint correlation star picture，clustering analysis and factor analysis，the key pay zones of multilayer heavy oil wells are identified.Effect is obvious from actual enforcement result.This technology is applicable，costs less with short period，high accuracy and quickly putting into use，and there is the prospect of popularizing application.

BIOTITE HYDRATION MECHANISM AND THE INFLUENCE ON WATER INJECTION PRODUCTION

XING Xi-jin ZHAO Feng

2009, 31(2): 81-84. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.021

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Biotite is a common rock - forming mineral and widely exists in reservoir，it is stable in solution rich in K
+ and easy to hydrate in solution poor in K+，biotite hydration may transform into hydrobiotite，vermiculite，montmorillonite，chlorite，kaolinite and so on.Based on chemical structure and crystal form of biotite，the authors of this paper analyze mechanism of biotite hydration，biotite hydration in essence is a procedure of releasing K+ interlayer.Hydration falls into edge stage with the characters of cleavage dehiscence and complete stage with features of cleavage disappearance.Once biotite hydrate occurs in reservoir，crystal structure will swell，particles on the edge will gradually drop off，migrate with hydrodynamic dispersion，block the throat and damage reservoir.Thus，water injection in reservoir with biotite minerals is suggested to boost concentration of K+，avoid water and flow velocity sensitivity due to generation of biotite hydration and protect reservoir.

VARIATION LAW OF PARAMETERS OF RESERVOIR PHYSICAL PROPERTY IN OLD OILFIELD

LI Hao WANG Xiang-wen LIU Shuang-lian;

2009, 31(2): 85-89. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.022

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Old oilfield is taken as an example to study different variation characteristics of reservoir permeability and porosity parameters which are closed to rational exploitation of remaining oil around water injection in old oil fields.On the comparing of coring parametric variation around water injection，three types about the special variation on parameters of reservoir physical property are presented，i.e.，the main frequency gets narrower，the main frequency aggrandizement and constringency to its high value region，both of them aggrandizement evenly.The relationship among sedimentary rhythm， containing water characteristics and three types of reservoir parameter variations are discussed.According to the change of porosity and permeability，which is affected by practice of water injection，the temporal variation of parameters of reservoir physical property is discussed.The research shows that the effective ways of reasonable tapping the remaining oil potential are to determine different types of reservoir parameters and design pertinence scheme for injection and production.

INFLOW PERFORMANCE AND AFFECTING FACTOR OF HORIZONTAL WELLS IN LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR

ZHAO Jing;

2009, 31(2): 90-92. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.023

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Based on non-Darcy flow and existing threshold pressure in low permeability，a theoretical model of horizontal well oil-gas flow through porous media is developed，which supports application of horizontal well IPR analytical technique in low permeability reservoirs.The affecting factors of horizontal well IPR，such as threshold pressure gradient，boundary pressure，boundary radius，straight slope of，straight intercept of are analyzed.The results show that when the smaller the threshold pressure gradient is，the higher the horizontal well production is，and when the bigger boundary pressure is，the higher the horizontal well production is，and when the smaller boundary radius is，the higher the horizontal well production is，and when the bigger straight slope of is，the higher the horizontal well production is，and when the bigger straight intercept of is，the higher the horizontal well production is in the same bottom hole flowing pressure in low permeability reservoirs.

DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF HIGH WATER CUT STAGE IN JIN 99 AREA

HU Shu-yong ZHANG Lie-hui YIN Yan-fang

2009, 31(2): 93-96. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.024

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Jin 99 Dujiatai reservoir is the water flooding heavy oil reservoir with the edge and bottom water and complex faults，blocks as well as better reservoir properties，but the heterogeneity is strong.In the end of 1993，Jin 99 Dujiatai reservoir was at high water cut stage，and low level of reserves control.Based on analysis of reservoir development，and full use of performance reservoir monitoring technology，the distribution of the remaining oil is researched.The main jobs are the logging，neutron lifetime logging and inter-well tracer technology.According to the result of dynamic monitoring
，in view of the main issues，a series of measures are implemented and good result is achieved.Water shutoff is taken，water -producing rate and oil recovery are decreased and enhanced respectively，water injectors are adjusted and applying efficiency of injected water is improved，which is a meaningful reference for the production of the high water cut reservoirs.

THE EFFECT OF PUMP SETTING DEPTH ON DEVELOPMENT BY WATER INJECTION SUBSTITUTING FOR OIL

WU Ying-chuan TU Xing-wan

2009, 31(2): 97-99. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.025

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The Ordovician carbonate rock reservoirs in Tahe belong to fractured-vuggy ones，the differences of reservoir volume and aquifer volume cause a big difference in natural drive energy in different types of fractured-vuggy units.Some oil wells lack natural energy，which leads to rapid decline of production and the low recovery.Water injection substituting for oil，as a new approach to exploit the carbonate rock reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield，has achieved good results.In view of the fast increased water cut caused by the rising of WOC in the late period of flooding，through comparative study on the effects of depletion drive，flooding and artificial lift，increase of the pump setting depth shows that increase of the pump setting depth can enhance the reservoir recovery and improve the development，so as to provide the basic concept for field operation.

IMPROVING RECOVERY VIA CO₂ HUFF AND PUFF IN COMPLEX FAULT BLOCK OILFIELD IN SUBEI AREA

LIU Wei QIN Xue-cheng TANG Jian-xin LI Shi SUN Lei

2009, 31(2): 100-104. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.026

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Complex fault block reservoirs in Subei presents the features of small，broken，deep，thin and low ones，prominent problems of production is low degree of production，high water cut，quick decrease of reservoir pressure，and two thirds of geological reserves that is in low permeability and high viscosity reservoirs are undeveloped yet.Because of the small oilbearing area and low reserves abundance，the method of improving recovery used in big oilfield is not suitable for small complex fault block oilfield.In the light of above mentioned situation，by using abundant CO₂resources in Subei area，research and application of improving recovery rate by using CO₂ huff-puff is carried out.Through experimental simulation，numerical simulation and compositive analysis，a set of improving recovery technologies via huff-puff suitable for complex fault block oilfield are developed and good results through field application are obtained.

THE METHOD OF PILOT SCREENING AND EVALUATING RESERVOIR WITH CO₂ INJECTION

DENG Bo LI Hong CAO Jian ZHOU Jian LI Qin

2009, 31(2): 105-108. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.027

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The indicator system of screening and evaluating reservoirs prior to CO₂injection is a very important research target，because of the heterogeneity of reservoir property and human factors，in order to screen and evaluate the selected reservoirs with CO₂ injection，the comprehensive evaluation method which can reflect the potential of CO₂ injection reservoirs with dual uncertain condition is set up based on the gas injection evaluation indicator system established with reservior geology and fluid property etc.，and the multi-factor decision-making method under the dual uncertain condition is introduced，the method can be used in screening and evaluating the reservoirs prior to injecting different media to improve CO₂flooding and enhance recovery.

A NEW AND LOW-COST COMPLEX INHIBITOR FOR NATURAL GAS HYDRATE

TANG Cui-pinga;b;LI Qing-ping DU Jian-weia;FAN Shuan-shi LIANG De-qinga

2009, 31(2): 109-112. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.028

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A new low dosage hydrate inhibitor GHI is proposed，which is composed of polyvinlypyrrolidone(PVDK90) and ethylene glycol monophenyl ether with a 1∶1 ratio.Through changes of temperature and pressure，the inhibition of GHI is investigated and compared with polyvinlypyrrolidone and commercial inhibitors Inhibex100，Inhibex501 at 4℃ and 8.5～9.0MPa in a 1.027 liter reactor.The commercial price is also compared.The results show 0.5% GHI can inhibit gas hydrate agglomeration for more than 2400min，under the same condition，the inhibition time for Inhibex100，Inhibex501 and PVDK90 are 1000min，1800min and 600min respectively.The commercial price of the GHI is 22.5 percent lower than that of Inhibex501 and 34.7 percent lower than Inhibex100.

STUDY ON THE ANTI-CO₂/H₂S CORROSION OF LOW-CARBON MICROALLOY STEEL

2009, 31(2): 113-116. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.029

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To address the CO₂/H₂S corrosion of low-carbon micro-alloy steel which is used in expandable tubular，based on electrochemical experiment，weight loss method and SEM，the authors of this paper research the corrosion performance and the law of the low-carbon micro-alloy steel under the conditions of H2S only(pH=2.9)，CO₂/H₂S ( 1∶1，pH=2.9) and CO₂/H₂S (1∶1，pH=5.3).The experimental result indicates that the corrosion rate of low-carbon micro alloy steel will increase at the condition of H₂S only，as the sulfide of iron is yielding.The corrosion rate reduces when CO₂existence，because CO₂ is adsorbed in the steel surface and the compact protective film is formed.As
the uneven organization and the Segregation of MnS，sample surface is roughness，corrosion product films exist microcracks，pH value lowers，the rougher specimen surface is after corrosion，the more serious corrosion is.

IMBR-A/O FOR OIL REFINING WASTE WATER TREATMENT

LI Zhi-dong ZHANG Yong ZHANG Ling-ge XIAO Xin-cheng QU Dan-dan

2009, 31(2): 117-120. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.030

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In this examination，the experiment with a period of 55 days is carried out for studying on the oil refining waste water treatment by IMBR-A/O(integrative membrane bioreactor-anaerobic/aerobic).The results show that the average removal rate of COD and BOD5 are all over 92%，the removal rate of NH3-N，oil and turbidity are 88%，95%，75% respectively，the removal rate of TP，SS，TSS and phenol are over 85%，98%，99%，79% and 99.9% respectively，which explains IMBR has very good treatment effect on above contamination.

COMPARISON ON MANNICH BASE AND QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALT HIGH-TEMPERATURE ACIDIFICATION CORROSION INHIBITOR

YANG Yong-fei YAO Jun ZHAO Xiu-tai ZHAO Xiao-ke

2009, 31(2): 121-124. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.031

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Two corrosion inhibitors，YSH-05 and JAY-01，are synthesized respectively with ketone，aldehyde，amine and quinoline，benzyl chloride.Their performance is studied by using static weight-loss method，electrochemical polarization curve and scanning electron microscope.The results show that corrosion inhibitor JAY-01 outweighs YSH-05 and JAY-01 can efficiently be used in acidizing operation at 135℃.YSH-05 is a mixed mode corrosion inhibitor mainly repressing negative pole process and JAY-01 is a negative pole mode corrosion inhibitor.The adsorption of YSH-05 and JAY-01 fits Bockris-Swinkels adsorption isotherm on the iron and steel surface，and corrosion inhibitor molecules form protective layers on the surface of N80 steel，which can restrain acidic component erodes N80 steel.

THE PROGRESS OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR VISCOELASTIC SURFACTANT FRACTURING LIQUIDS

WANG Jun HE Xing-gui ZHOU Xiao-ping WANG Ping GUAN Xing-hua

2009, 31(2): 125-129. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.032

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The progress of viscoelastic surfactant fracturing liquids study is grouped into four parts，they are the study
and acknowledge of gel-forming and gel-breaking mechanism of the viscoelastic surfactant fracturing liquds，R and D
and optimization of the surfactant，the property evaluation and research on the liquids and the last，the development of
modifying hydrophobic (associated) polymer and the viscoelastic surfactant multiple fracturing liquids.The liquids contain
no polymer，in salty agent，they can form gel automaticly and no crosslinker is needed，when oil，gas and water are produced
from formations，the gel will be broken automaticly and no gel breaker is needed.There are only several types of additives，is convenient to formulate the liquids and is operable，the height of the fracture can be effectively controlled with low friction in operation in tight reservoir.There is low leak-off quantity and minor formation damage.After fracturing，the recovery is enhanced considerably，is suitable for the fracturing of the reservoirs with the permeability，lower than 5×10^-3 靘2.the enhancement of modifying hydrophobic (associated) polymer preperation and application can decrease the
cost of viscoelastic surfactant fracturing liquids which is the research direction of the liquids.

APPLICATION OF WAVELET THRESHOLD DE-NOISING IN FLUE GAS TURBINE SIGNAL ANALYSIS

WANG Hao ZHANG Lai-bin WANG Zhao-hui DUAN Li-xiang LIANG Wei

2009, 31(2): 130-134. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.033

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Because of the influence of the noise contained in vibration signal，the nonlinear characteristic parameters of flue gas turbine are usually extracted incorrectly.In order to eliminate the noise，the wavelet threshold de-noising is applied in this paper.Firstly，the algorithm of this method is introduced.It is based on the theory of wavelet transform.The threshold and threshold function are selected and improved.By wavelet decomposition，the wavelet coefficients of the original signal and the noise on different scales are obviously different.According to this，the scale of decomposition can be chosen properly.Secondly，this method is tested by the signal of Lorenz attractor and the flue gas turbine signal.The result shows that this method can reduce the noise effectively and the local feature of the original signal is well reserved.Compared with the pseudo-phase portrait reconstructed from signal contained noise，the pseudo-phase portrait reconstructed after the wavelet threshold de-noising is more regular.By this method，the correlation dimension，which can reflect different fault condition for nonlinear system，is estimated accurately.It is proved that this method can improve the accuracy of signal analysis.

THE SCHEME DESIGN OF A MOBILE AND MULTISTAGE SEPARATION METERING DEVICE

LIANG Zheng;WANG Hui-ming;LIANG Chun-ping

2009, 31(2): 135-138. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.034

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A mobile，multistage and skid-mounted oil well metering device is developed for the traditional measurement can ′t meet the needs of yield test of each oil well in the process of production，especially，it can′t survey or record gas production at test stage and is difficult to implement accurate measurement in rather wide measurement range.The structure，operation principle，key technical indexes，systematical composition，key problems in technology and consideration for design are introduced.Based on the traditional technology and empirical foundation，several key technologies，such as high efficient gas-liquid spiral flow and separation，high efficient multistage liquid-liquid spiral flow and separation，emulsion breaking technology，improving the pure oil measuring accuracy by multi- time settling out，the unload technology of the metering separator and the selection criteria of the optimum flow measurement are presented.Two issues are studied in detail，which are how to improve measuring accuracy by exploding emulsified water to enhance separating effect at the series cyclone time，the problem of the parameter control mode is seriously considered，the primary factor is either underset or overfall.

MECHANISM ANALYSIS OF BHA EROSION WEAR IN AIR DRILLING

ZHANG Xiao-dong JIA Guo-chao WU Chen-de

2009, 31(2): 139-142. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.035

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Air drilling technology is being concerned more and more，aiming at the phenomenon of serious erosion-wear of drilling tool（BHA erosion） in air drilling，in this article，explaineding the essence of erosion is firstly done，
subsequently，comparative analysis among the influential theory models of erosion-wear carried out，then，three erosion theories for BHA erosion in air drilling educed，with explaining these theories detailedly.These three pieces of theories from different aspects are used to interpret the mechanism of BHA erosion during air drilling.Micro-cutting theory is suitable for explaining cutting condition of low impacting-angle bitcuttings.Deformation wear theory，from the angle of changing energy and deforming process，is used to discusses the mechanism of erosion.The secondary erosion theory interprets the erosion mechanism more overall because it considers the influence of bitcuttings′ breakage to erosion on the surface of drilling tool.At last，a qualitative analysis of main external factors，such as bitcuttings diameter，bitcuttings shape，impacting velocity，impacting angle，downhole temperature，which have great effection on BHA erosion is conducted.

THE HIGH-SPEED ROLLER BIT BEARING SURFACE STRENGTHENING TECHNOLOGY

HUANG Zhi-qiang TU Xiao-fang WANG Xiao-feng DI Fu-chun PENG Shi-jin

2009, 31(2): 143-145. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.***

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In view of the problems the roller bit bearing resistance to wear bearing bad，the life short and not able to adapt high speed well drilling，in this article，the surface engineering technology and the friction study are used，the roller bit sliding bearing surface strengthening craft is developed，series experimental study of the material is carried out and the performance is tested，organizational structure analysis，resistance to wear and bears experimental study are conducted，the result indicates that by using the plasma deposition DH-60 powder，bearing surface coating becomes tight，porosity is low，the organizational structure is tight，the flaw is less，the coating and the body material are highly homogeneous，after worn，the tested specimen presents no any flaw，the resistance to wear is enhanced by 30%，which effectively prolongs the life time of the roller bit wearing.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EFFECT OF DIESEL DILUTION ON FLOWABILITY AND WAX PRECIPITATION PROCESS OF CRUDE OIL

JING Jia-qiang HUANG Min YANG Li LU Ping WANG Yu

2009, 31(2): 146-150. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.037

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Taking Linyuan crude oil of Daqing oilfield and the diluted 0# diesel as the research object，the rheological behavior，freezing point，static yield stress and wax precipitation process of the crude oil diluted with 10%，20% and 50% diesel at 65℃ and / or 50℃ are measured and analyzed by using a HAAKE RS600 Rheometer and XP-300C Image Analysis System，and the dynamic viscosity-temperature characteristics at 15s^-1 during the temperature dropping and the wax crystal microstructure at the final testing temperature of 20℃ are also evaluated.The numbers and symmetry of wax crystal particles are analyzed by using Ncmivnt software.A method for the symmetry of the crystal particles characterized by the ratio of the average of their short-axis length to that of their long at the same visual field is presented.The experimental results indicate that the wax appearance point and precipitation peak temperature of Linyuan crude oil with and without dilution is 50～45℃ and 40～30℃ respectively；the wax precipitation process and behavior of the diluted crude can not be changed by the diesel treatment，the more the added diesel is and / or the higher the temperature is，the fewer the number of the wax crystals is，and the higher their symmetry is and the lower their dispersion extent is，therefore，the better the improvement of the low-temperature flowability for the treated crude is.All of these provide a basis for the further investigation to the synergetic effect between PPD and the diluent.

A NEW ALGORITHM OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR TRANSIENT FLOW IN GAS PIPELINE

TIAN YuanXIE Ying HE San YUAN Zong-ming LIU Xue-mei

2009, 31(2): 151-154. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.038

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The nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws of the transient flow of the media in gas pipeline are hard to be solved，so，the control conservation laws are constituted of mass，momentum and energy conservation laws，TVD/Godunov hydrid algorithm is used to simulate the transient flow in gas pipeline，and the traditional splitting approach processing nonlinear convection in momentum equation is dismissed，the convection term is directly processed，in the way，the stablization of the algorithm and emulating accuracy of the transient flow are greatly improved.The time splitting approach is used in the algorithm to describe not completely blocked pipeline，the computing result of ideal accuracy is obtained.

DYNAMIC IMAGE RECOGNITION MONITORING SYSTEM FOR OIL FIELD PRODUCTION

LI Xiao-ling

2009, 31(2): 155-158. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.039

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Aimed at field operation such as oil field and gas well，a monitoring aptitude system is designed and USB camera
is used for image acquisition to set up embedded video monitoring system for dynamic monitoring.Alarm and control signals of dynamic images are obtained by using dynamic image analysis and processing technologies，and real-time video images are transmitted on-line.This system is fastly responsed，which is lower than 100ms；high-precision with the dynamic
image area less than 1% of background region；the fire hazard inspection is realized by images，which constitutes a multifunction monitor system that can be used in remote monitoring for fire and the environment，it is operated with the temperature sensors so that reduces the false alarm rate greatly.Experiment shows that this system is simple，relocated
easily and wide-range applicability.

THE STUDY ON STEAM FLOODING FRONTIER PREDICTION MODEL CONSIDERING PSEUDO MOBILITY RATIO

CHENG Lin-songa;b LIU Donga;b GAO Hai-honga;b ZHOU Feng-juna;b

2009, 31(2): 159-162. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.040

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Van Lookeren studied the steam flooding frontier prediction model when the pseudo mobility ratio was zero，and
proposed the steam injection parameters were optimal，while the shape factor got its maximum value.But in actual reservoirs ，the pseudo mobility ratio was usually not zero but greater because of higher oil viscosity or lower injection rate.In this case，the optimal method of steam injection parameters was limited.In this paper，the steam flooding frontier prediction model considering pseudo mobility ratio is studied，the charts among shape factor，pseudo mobility ratio and steam injection rate are drawn.It can be concluded from the charts that increasing steam injection rate can increase shape factor，so as to decrease the pseudo mobility ratio，reduce steam override and increase sweep efficiency.For steam injection rate was limited by pressure，the correlation among them was studied.Through the correlation and frontier model，the optimal method of steam injection parameters was modified.

LOW-SPEED AND NON-LINEAR FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR LOW-PERMEABILITY GAS RESERVOIR

XUE Guo-qing LI Min LUO Bi-hua WANG Yong-hong

2009, 31(2): 163-166. DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.02.041

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A lot experiment indicates that low-speed flow through porous media in low-permeability gas reservoir should overcome not only threshold pressure gradient but also slippage effects.Abase on the characteristics，a non-linear flow through porous media mathematical model and finite difference equation with considering threshold pressure gradient and slippage effects are established and numerical simulator is developed，then four conditions are studied and compared，1，without considering threshold pressure gradient and slippage effects，2，only considering threshold pressure gradient，3，only considering slippage effects，4，considering both threshold pressure gradient and slippage effects.The numerical simulation results show that the cumulative gas production of condition 3 is the best，condition 4 is the second，condition 1 is the third，and the second is at the least.Therefore，threshold pressure gradient and slippage effects impact a big effect on the production of low-permeability gas reservoirs，so the model is validable and applicable.

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