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    20 August 2009, Volume 31 Issue 4
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    地质勘探
    FEATURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CARBONIFEROUS SURFACE FAULT IN DIFFERENT TECTONIC MOVEMENTS IN JUNGGAR BASIN
    ZHOU Lu WANG Chang-ming LEI De-wen ZHANG Bo-xin YANG Fei
    2009, 31(4):  1-7.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674
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    With many faults in Carboniferous，the styles of the faults are diversity，there are thrust fault，back fault and flushes fault.As a zonality of plane distribution，the faults spread in five directions，i.e.，northeast to southwest， northwest to west and northeast to east， northeast to east and northwest to west， northwest and northeast，and near east to west.The characteristics of the fault development period are very obvious，and the different tectonic movements effected differently on the fault development and on the fault distribution.The present faults in Carboniferous are as a result of many stacking tectonic movements.According to faults analysing in seismic profiles and reflection characteristics of neighbor strata，based on deformation characteristics between the above and under formations，changes in the thickness and difference of time faults cutting strata，the periods of fault development and fault duration are judged.So the faults in Carboniferous were separated by the the fault development period，and the plane distribution of faults in very key tectonic movement time is clear.The Carboniferous faults of Junggar basin are divided by its times into Hercynian fault，Indosinian fault and Yanshanian-Himalayan fault.The Hercynian fault is the foremost Carboniferous fault，and this kind fault continues to act in the last time.In general，the Carboniferous fault just growing in Hercynian mainly distributes in the hinterland of Junggar basin，in Indosinian mainly distributes in the northeast margin of Junggar basin and in Yanshanian-Himalayan mainly distributes in the east area of Junggar basin.

    DISCUSSION ON THE “MACRO-MICRO HOMOLOGOUS” LAW IN GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE DEFORMATION
    WANG Hai-qiao ZHONG Jian-hua;
    2009, 31(4):  8-12.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.002
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    Based on some subtle analysis on the macro and micro structure deformation in ChaoHu shearing zone，combining the previous study on the fractal of fracture system，the macro-micro homologous law in geological body fracture system is put forward，there are fine comparability and homologous of the kinds and characters of the deformation in geometry between the macro and micro scene are recognized.The kinds and characters which are derived from one deformation are very variable and not all deformation have the characters of macro-micro homologous，but the deformation with the character of macro-micro homologous are very important for the whole deformation system.The "macro-micro homologous" law is universal in geological body deformation and can be used as an academic measure to forecast macro and micro structure deformation in one deformation system，what is more，it also can be used to forecast the distribution of some minerals having tight relationship with the structure deformation.

    EROSION THICKNESS RECONSTRUCTION OF SANDUO FORMATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN JINHU SAG，SUBEI BASIN
    LU Xue-song MA Shu-fang YANG Gui-li
    2009, 31(4):  13-17.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.003
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    By means of the methods of sonic time difference and Easy%Ro modeling based on vitrinite reflectance，the erosion thickness of Sanduo Formation is reconstructed in Jinhu sag，Subei basin.It is pointed out that the fundamental reason for the "shallow matured" phenomenon in the uplift zones and outer-slope area is due to the particular geological setting of the ancient burial depths which was greater than the present ones (or called degenerative thermal history).As a result of the ancient burial depth larger than the present，and the paleo-temperature gradient larger than the present，source rock in Funing Formation reached its maximum thermal evolution degree at the end of Sanduo Formation sedimentation period.Based on the reconstruction of erosion thickness of Sanduo Formation，the paleo-structure of main carrier beds and hydrocarbon generation status of Funing source rocks in the end period of sedimentation of Sanduo formation are reconstructed，and petroleum migration and accumulation units are divided and evaluated.

    FORMATION MECHANISM AND FACIES ARCHITECTURE OF GRAVITY CURRENT OF DONGYING FORMATION IN LIAOZHONG SAG
    WU Xiao-honga;b LV Xiu-xianga;b JIA Dong-hui TENG Yu-bo LAI Wei-cheng
    2009, 31(4):  18-23.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.004
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    Slump turbidite fans，nearshore subaqueous fans and offshore subaqueous fans developed in Dongying Formation of Jinzhou area in Liao zhong sag.On the basis of classification and correlation of the high resolution sequence stratigraphy and analysis of depositional system，forming conditions and development models are discussed.The coupling relationship of sedimentary source system，types of slope-break zones and lacustrine level fluctuation affect the characteristics of gravity current，such as types，sequence position，development area and scale.After comparing and summarizing，it is recognized the type， association and styles of slope-break zones control facies architecture.In detail，scale and complex conditions dominates spatial variations of sand bodies，type and gradient determines whether channel develops，and sub-slope-break zones composed of micro-physiognomy affect distribution of sand bodies，especially enrichment location.Channel system developing in faulted basin differs from it in marine and the reason is summed up.The study and cognition will be used for improving the exploration of lithologic trap.

    ASTRONOMICAL PERIODS AND STRATIGRAPHIC BASE-LEVEL CYCLES AND ITS IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
    WANG Qi-cong
    2009, 31(4):  24-30.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.005
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    In this article，the control of astronomical periods on the basal-level cycles，as well as methods of the identification of astronomical periods and the division of cyclic sequence by discrete wavelet transformation and spectrum analysis are probed.Stratigraphic basal level cycles are controlled by internal and external dynamic geologic actions resulted from celestial body movement and are consistent with astronomical periods.Cyclic sequences are the response of basal level cyclic movements.Discrete wavelet transformation and spectrum analysis technique are used in signal decomposing，reconstructing and filtering.Fourier transform technique is used in spectrum analysis of DWT detail components to confirm the master frequencies and the ratios.The relationship between sedimentary and astronomical cycles is ascertained according to the consistent relationship between master frequency ratios and astronomical frequency ratios.The geologic age of sedimentary cycles are defined by the absolute geologic age.The results indicate that periods of sedimentary cycles divided on the basis of detail components are twice of astronomical periods and can be divided into two cyclic sequences.Boundary surfaces and flooding faces of cyclic sequences locate at switch points of formation stacking pattern.The research shows that the division of stratigraphy sequence can be carried out reasonably and effectively with discrete wavelet transformation and spectrum analysis technique on the ground of the astronomical cycles.

    STUDY ON THE STABILITY IN HIGH-FREQUENCY COMPENSATION WITH PHASE SHIFT METHOD
    DU Zeng-li;XU Feng LIU Wen-ge JIANG Qing-guo
    2009, 31(4):  31-34.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.006
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    The great difference exists between the propagation of wave motion in elastic media and the real media，the mechanic energy associated with the wave motion is absorbed by the media and the frequency dispersion happens as the wave motion passes through the media，the affection is intense in loose media.To improve the resolution of seismic data efficiently，the compensation to the absorption of the loose media should be applied.The phase shift compensation procedure may cause instability and generate undesirable artifacts in the solution as the compensation factor is an exponential function of frequency and travel time.The mechanism of the instability is studied by mathematical modeling，and the stable condition of the calculation is pointed out.The mathematical modeling of seismic energy absorption and compensation of wave propagation in loose media is studied with the phase shift technique in F-X domain based on the propagation mechanism of wave motion in elastic-viscid media.The results of modeling and real seismic data show that the absorption of energy of high frequency can be recovered and the temporal resolution of seismic data is improved efficiently without the aberrance of high frequency signal with the method presented in the paper.

    STUDY ON PRESTACK DEPTH MIGRATION AND THE APPLICATION
    LIU Su-qin HE Xu-li HE Chao-guan TONG Zhao-qi
    2009, 31(4):  35-37.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.007
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    In complex geological structure area，high precise underground structures can′t be gained only by prestack time migration.Prestack depth migration is an effective way in gaining accurate image of complex structure.To gain accurate prestack depth migration velocity is a key technology of prestack depth migration.Because there is close relation between velocity and depth，the velocity can′t be calculated directly，and it is only calculated gradually.The process of calculating the velocity includes three times migration velocity scanning and eight types of velocity calculating，which is a gradually convergent process.Whether the velocity is correct is judged with stability and validity.Some existing seismic data of Renqiu buried hills are processed for prestack depth migration with self-developed BGSS System.Prestack depth migration image can display a clear internal structure of the buried hills.Compared with actual drilling information，the maximal relative depth error of prestack depth migration sections is 1.29%.
    ANALYSIS ON FREQUENCY PROPERTY IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW IMAGING WELL LOGGING
    WANG Xiao-xing WU Xi- ling
    2009, 31(4):  38-41.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.008
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    Flow Electromagnetic Tomography is based on the electrical property differences between oil，gas and water to scan，inverse and show the distribution and condition of multiphase flow.The influence of frequency on it is presented in two ways，electrical properties (conductance and capacitance) and measured values.Through theory and numerical simulation，the discussion on how to choose a proper frequency of the alternating signal is made.The results show that the frequency should be changed according to flow types，when it is between 10kHz and 10MHz，the electrical properties of oil，gas and water can keep steady with remarkable difference.At the same time，both the real parts and the imaginary components of measured valued for every pole are steady with great differences.Hence，the sensors can obtain the highest sensibility.The analysis provides an effective basis for choosing optimal frequency during the actual measurement.
    STUDY ON IMPROVEMENT OF THE WELL LOGGING INTERPRETATION METHOD WITH MULTI-FINGER IMAGING TOLL
    HUANG Zhi-jie HAO Xiao-liang ZHANG Lei SUN Jian-meng
    2009, 31(4):  42-46.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.009
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    MIT(Multi-finger Imaging Tool) is a tool for detecting trifle deviation and inner corrosion of the case and tube.MIT evaluation system is divided into data processing，interpretation and imaging software.Based on the processing of MIT data，a detailed analysis is carried out for modal line analysis and modal ID in the interpretation software of MIT evaluation system，and a new method based on least square polynomial fitting is proposed to calculate actual diameter without damage.The result shows that the actual diameter is consistent with modal ID calculated with MIT interpretation software.Meanwhile，area loss and weight loss of the case can be calculated by using actual diameter.The method is improved by using WATCH production logging platform，and good result is achieved by processing of MIT data.
    SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS BY USING IMPROVED SELF-ORGANIZING NETWORK
    DING Feng YIN Cheng ZHU Zhen-yu SANG Shu-yun WEI yan
    2009, 31(4):  47-51.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.010
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    The self-organizing neural network technology，combining with seismic attribute，is often used in the automatic identification of seismic facies，but in practical applications，this method has some problems to solve difficultly，such as the classification and recognition of neural network，the selection of seismic attributes and the resolution of the Clustering self-organizing image in an orderly manner and so on.In this paper，some improvement on Kohonen self-organizing networks is made，and the sensitive attribute analysis techniques are used to solve the problem of the choose of seismic attributes，and finally，combining self-organizing network clustering parameters，using of RBF reservoir parameters，the multi-attribute reservoir prediction accuracy is predicted and improved more effectively.
    SEVERAL KEY PROBLEMS OF SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM APPLIED IN SEQUENCE CORRELATION
    YANG Hai-zhang ZHOU Yu
    2009, 31(4):  52-57.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.011
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    In correlating sequence by synthetic seismogram，wavelet，polarity and time-depth relationship are very important，but they are usually simplified by interpreter.Ricker wavelet，statistical wavelet and deterministic wavelet are used commonly.The domain frequency of wavelet can be ensured by extracting statistical wavelet，then，initial correlation can be made by using Ricker wavelet of known domain frequency，at last，based on the two steps just mentioned above，fine correlation can be finished by extracting deterministic wavelet.For the long section or big distance deviation well，time-varying wavelet is necessary in correlation.It is significant recognizing correctly the seismic polarity for right correlation and interpretation.The method of judging seismic polarity includes Synthetic Seismogram correlation，seismic characteristic identification and seismic wavelet verification.In correlation time-depth relationship，there are two sources，they are VSP and integral of AC.Some problems which is caused by AVO，well logging environment and dispersion should be noticed in using time-depth relationship.
    石油与天然气工程
    THE φ FUNCTION METHOD FOR PREDICTING THE REMAINING OIL BY VISCOELASTIC POLYMER FLOODING
    MU Wen-zhi SONG Kao-ping GAO Ming XIAO Hong-wei
    2009, 31(4):  58-63.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.012
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    Based on the ideas of a paper named the  function method to predict the remaining oil saturation distribution in water-flooding reservoir，considering the fluid characteristics in polymer flooding reservoir，such as polymer visco-elastic，shear thinning，non reached pore volume，permeability decline coefficient and other factors，on the basis of establishing the mobile plane saturation equation in polymer flooding，the changes of the viscosity of polymer solution and water permeability and the influence for polymer flooding function are analyzed.By using this method and numerical simulation software eclipse，the comparing calculation is carried out，the results show that the difference of polymer concentration distribution between them is small after polymer flooding，the value of the distribution of water saturation calculated with this method is relatively high，which shows that the tensile viscosity caused by the visco-elastic of polymer in the process of flooding acts.It is proved that the method can accurately reflect the flooding situation of the viscoelastic polymer in the formation.
    A NEW CALCULATION APPROACH OF MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION FOR FRACTURED GAS CONDENSATE RESERVOIR
    LI Yong LI Bao-zhu HU Yong-le PENG Hui XIA Jing
    2009, 31(4):  64-66.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.013
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    The fractured gas condensate reservoir is very complicated gas reservoir，its material balance equation differs from that for conventional gas reservoir greatly.Based on the principle of material balance，the new material balance equation for fractured gas condensate reservoir is established by considering dual-porosity system，as well as the difference of the compressibility between rock block system and fracutre system and irreducible water saturation，the diagnostic plot from the equation can be used for calculate the gas condensate geologic reserve of fracture system and rock block system.By means of establishment of the concept model of single well numerical simulation，the pressure and deliverability data are calculated by using the model，the comparision of the gas condensate reserve of fracture and rock block systems calculated with the method and the practical reserve proves the correction of the method.The practical production data from a certain fractured gas condensate reservoir is used for calculation by applying the new material balance method，result indicates the method can be used for calculating the fractures of fractured gas condensate reservoir and the gas condensate reserve of rock block system accurately.
    THE RESEARCH ON ENGINEERING RISK IN COMBUSTION ASSISTED GRAVITY DRAINAGE BASED ON INDOOR EXPERIMENT
    GUAN Wen-long WU Shu-hong LIANG Jin-zhong ZHANG Xia-lin
    2009, 31(4):  67-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.014
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    Gravity drainage can be realized in the process of in-situ combustion by using a horizontal well as producer.The process has the similar mechanism as steam assisted gravity drainage （SAGD），which can be called combustion assisted gravity drainage（CAGD）.3D experiment results show that CAGD has high vertical sweep efficiency and relatively stable oil production rate at the earlier stage.However，at the middle and later stage，it is much more difficult than SAGD to control the relationship of injection and production for maintaining stable drainage.Experimental results also indicate that the combustion front will break through along horizontal wellbore in case of high temperature and high oxygen concentration in the horizontal well because of improper regulation of injection and production.After combustion front breakthrough，a considerable bypassed oil area will be left in the reservoir which results in low recovery efficiency.In the same time，the combustion front breakthrough along horizontal well may also lead to damage of the wellbore because of high temperature oxidation（combustion）which will result in considerable engineering risk.
    ENHANCING OIL-DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF COMBINATION CO2／N2SLUG INJECTION IN LOW PERMEABILITY OIL RESERVOIR
    LIU Xiao-jun PAN Ling SUN Lei ZHANG Xin-wen CHAO Zhong-tang
    2009, 31(4):  73-78.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.015
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    Based on preceding researches，the displacing mechanism of CO2 pad slug and the N2 post slug injection about Gao ji low permeable reservoir in Jiangsu is studied for enhancing displacement recovery efficiency of gas displacing oil.This displacing process is different from conventional flue gas displacing oil.Enhancing displacement efficiency mechanism of CO2／N2combined slug injection is estimated and analyzed carefully after several times of important experiment，such as CO2／N2 intermiscible dilatational experiment to crude oil of Gao ji Oilfield，multiple-contact extraction experiment，MMP test in slime tube experiment of alternating CO2／N2slug injection，long core displacing experiment.Therefore，a profitable conclusion can be obtained that the displacing method of CO2 pad slug and the N2 post slug injection can improve dissolved expandability and displacing oil advantage of CO2 under near miscible phase with N2，displacing efficiency can be equal to or exceeds that of pure CO2 injection.This method can not only benefit displacing efficiency of non-hydrocarbon injection，but also lessen producing strings and equipment corrosion problems when gas breakthrough of production well happens.On the other hand，it also can be used in displacing progress of injecting CO2 pad slug before flue gas to increase oil recovery and realize CO2 stored underground.
    STUDY ON FRACTURED HORIZONTAL WELL PROPPANT MIGRATION AND THE PRODUCTIVITY
    GUO Jian-chun ZENG Fan-hui YU Dong-he ZHAO Jin-zhou LIN Huai-jing
    2009, 31(4):  79-82.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.016
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    According to the fractured well actual condition,in the paper,propping agent migration distribution in three dimensional fracture and fractured horizontal well production model are set up，and combining fracture three-dimensional model,temperature field model and optimal fracturing design，fractured horizontal well software is developed.Propping agent migration distribution model is adhibited to propping agent migration mass transfer equation，propping agent migration and fracturing fluid filtration effect on fracture dimension are considered,in fractured well production,fractures disturbance，fracture numbers,fracture conductivity,azimuth angle and so on on are considered.Through one fractured horizontal well calculation,the software reliability is indicated.
    AN INVESTIGATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF ACID-ROCK REACTION OF CARBONATE ROCK GAS RESERVOIR IN NORTHEAST SICHUAN
    CHEN Ji-mei LEI Ming ZHAO Li-qiang LIU Ping- li
    2009, 31(4):  83-86.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.017
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    The acid solution capacity and solution behavior are tested for the carbonate rocks in Feixianguan，Jialingjiang and Changxing Formations in Pu guang gas reservoir.Acid/Rock reaction kinetics is investigated by using rotating disk system.The experimental results show that acid/rock reaction characteristics and reaction kinetics equation have an apparent difference in different formations because the components of rocks are heterogeneous.The characteristics of acid/rock reaction is studied carefully in this paper and it is important that the research results can be applied for acidizing design for gas reservoir in northeast Sichuan.
    STUDY ON MECHANISM OF GAS AND LIQUID INTERACTION IN COMPLEX PERFORATION
    ZHAO Xu LIU Gong-hui;XIANG Zhong-hua
    2009, 31(4):  87-90.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.018
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    In complex perforation operation，one of the most important factors that influence the bottom hole pressure and the effectiveness of high energy gas fracturing is the interaction between control fluid and high energy gas.The precise design of the height of control fluid determines whether or not complex perforation can success.In this paper，the flow characters of control fluid from the ignition of gunpowder to fracturing completion is simply analyzed，the motion differential equation is derived，the change of bottom hole pressure is comprehensively studied，upwelling of control fluid，and energy loss in the process of complex perforation separately are studied，too，thus，the judgment method of composed perforation effectiveness is put forward.Last，case study proves that the rational design of control fluid is the critical factor in the complex perforation design.
    STUDY ON INFLUENCING FACTORS OF WATER BLOCKING EFFECT ON TIGHT GAS RESERVOIR
    TANG Hai LV Jian-jiang LV Dong-liang WU Xiao-qing PENG De-bing
    2009, 31(4):  91-94.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.019
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    Water blocking generally exits in tight gas reservoir，which impacts production severely，water blocking experiment is carried out by using real rock core to study influencing factors，which includes average pore throat radius，drawdown pressure，the sort and content of clay mineral and relative permeability curve conformation.The conclusions show that reservoir permeability and the sort and content of clay mineral are the most important factors impacting exploration.
    Key words：tight gas reservoir;water blocking damage;reservoir
    ANALYSIS ON FLUID INTERFACE STABILITY OF STEAM FLOODING IN MONOCLINAL HEAVY OIL RESERVOIR
    WANG Li- qiangWANG Hong- hui TU Jian-hua XIA Li CHEN Jie
    2009, 31(4):  95-98.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.020
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    For solving the problem that steam channeling mechanism is not understanded well，starting from geology and physics model of steam flooding，issue of steam flooding stability is converted to one of gas-liquid and liquid-liquid interface stability.Based on general Darcy′s law flowing through porous media which includes the threshold pressure gradient effect，stable critical pressure drop and critical flowing velocity two kinds of interfaces are determined in monoclinal heavy oil reservoir.Furthermore，sensitive research on some factors affecting interface stability is carried out.The results show that these factors，namely，mobility ratio，gravity，threshold pressure gradient in heat condensate zone and accumulation zone，producer-injector spacing are significant effect on two kinds of interface stability.Especially，the kind of effect is different to two kinds of interfaces.This research can provide successful empiric on preventing and improving steam channeling with theory base.
    地质勘探
    THE DIAGNOSE MODEL FOR THE AFFECTING FACTORS OF PRODUCTION DECLINE RATE IN WATER FLOODING RESERVOIRS
    ZHAO Xiao-yan CUI Chuan-zhi WANG Hong-bao YANG Yong NIU Shuan-wen
    2009, 31(4):  99-102.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.021
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    The model analyzing production decline and deciding the main factors is helpful to the development of oilfield.The reservoir production rate is composed of such parts as the production rates of measured wells，old wells and new wells.And the production decline rate is the production rate weighting sum of every part decline rate.The main part which affects the production decline rate is decided according to the contribution values of every part.Then the production decline rate of every part is grouped into four factors as liquid rate，oil cut，well-opening numbers and producing time,which can be easily controlled in the field.The diagnose model between production decline rate and the four factors is set up.According to the model the main factors which have great effect on the production decline rate can be easily decided.This research can provide criteria to take steps to slow down the production decline rate.
    石油与天然气工程
    STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF INTERLAYER ON THE RECOVERY OF THICK RESERVOIR
    LIU Rui JIANG Han-qiao LIU Tong-jing CHEN Min-feng
    2009, 31(4):  103-106.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.022
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    There is obvious rhythmicity in thick reservoirs，therefore，it becomes more difficult in forecasting the development index when interlayer exists in thick reservoirs.The functional relation of layer-to-layer conductivity correction factor is derived based on the fundamental principle of fluid flowing through porous media.It not only quantifies the intrinsic relationship between interlayer parameters and vertical flow capacity of thick reservoir，but also quantifies the influencing law of water flooding recovery factor.The influence of different type and thickness of interlayer on the development index is studied.The findings indicate that the degree and effectiveness of keeping out liquids crossing flow between oil layers for different type barriers are different during zone by zone up-going production，the mudstone is the best，the second is sandy shale in which，the effect of keeping out liquids crossing flow between oil layers is limited by thickness，the last is shaly sand，in which，zone by zone up-going production is already not a applicable development mode，therefore，commingled production is proposed.The research result offers a guideline to correctly understand the influence of interlayer on thick reservoir.
    2D EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON HYDRATE SYNTHESIS ELECTRIC CAPACITY CHARACTERISTIC AND PRODUCTION BY DEPRESSURIZING SYSTEM
    DU Yan HE Shi-huia;b HUANG Chonga;b FENG Zi-pinga;b
    2009, 31(4):  107-111.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.023
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    Variation of pressure，temperature and electric capacity is discussed by the experiment of the synthesis and dissociation of NGH based on the two-dimensional experimental system.Furthermore,the experiment on hydrate production by depressurization is carried out.An understanding about dynamic characteristics of parameters and influencing factors are achieved.In the synthesis experiment，electric capacity becomes lower as water volume decreases because of synthesis of NGH.Pressure and temperature difference can be observed during the production by depressurizing，meanwhile，the degree of temperature decrease is higher as the increase of the producers′ spacing.Three parts are observed in the process of production by de
    PROGRESS IN RESEARCH ON SPONTANEOUS CAPILLARY IMBIBITION OF OIL AND GAS RESERVOIR ROCKS
    YOU Li-jun;KANG Yi-li
    2009, 31(4):  112-116.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.024
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    Spontaneous capillary imbibition is main recovery mechanism in water driving especially in fractured oil and gas reservoirs，also，is the dominate factor causing water phase trapping damage in tight gas reservoirs.The authors of this paper discuss the mechanisms of spontaneous imbibition in detail and conclude that increasing of the wetting phase saturation and the redistribution of wetting phase are main factors causing spontaneous imbibition.The paper focuses on the progresses in experimental research and scale methods on effects of initial water saturation，physical property，facture parameters，fluid properties and rock interface on spontaneous imbibition rate.Low initial water saturation and fracture in reservoirs can accelerate water spontaneous imbibition，while formation damage can restrain water spontaneous imbibition into reservoirs.Spontaneous imbibition can be controlled by the change of interfacial tension alteration and/or rock surface modification.The advantages of spontaneous imbibition have been showed in application of core analysis，enhancing oil/gas recovery，formation damage evaluation and optimizing working fluid.Spontaneous imbibition provides important data for water or polymer injection to increase oil/gas recovery，and will be an important tool to research on tight gas reservoirs.
    STUDY ON GAS/LIQUID SLUG FLOW IDENTIFICATION AND PRESSURE DROP MODEL FOR DEVIATED WELLBORE
    HAN Dan-xiu LI Xiang-fang YIN Ke-tao SUI Sheng-li
    2009, 31(4):  117-121.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.025
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    The slug flow model is set up for deviated wellbore，the flow pattern map is plotted and a new way for calculating the pressure drop of slug flow is put forward，The real gas-containing rate and the foam flowing velocity in annular are modified according to experiment，the equation of modified annular slug flow porosity is presented.The comparision of measured result and the calculated value with the new model pressure gradient from 40-time wells of 8 oil wells in a certain field shows the average absolute error of pipe flow and annular slug flow is 5.5% and 6.5% respectively，compared with Beggs-Brill and Ansari models，the error is lower，the model can not only meet the need of engineering calculation，but there is no problems of convergence and religion limit.
    MICROSCOPIC MODELLING OF POLYMER FLOODING RELATIVE PERMEABILITY CURVE AND ITS INFLUENCE FACTORS
    LI Jun-jian JIANG Han-qiao CHEN Min-feng GAO Hui-mei
    2009, 31(4):  122-126.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.026
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    Based on percolation theory and oil/water two phase 3D network pore model,with the consideration of the rheological properties of the polymer，the adsorption and the depleted layer effect，a oil/polymer pore model is established.The validity of network model is testified by the comparison of simulation and experiment of polymer-oil relative permeability steady flooding.Then the effect of pore-throat ratio,adsorption，rheological properties and the depleted layer effect are studied by means of microscopic simulation，which shows that residual oil saturation and water relative permeability are larger as pore-throat ratio becomes larger，the water relative permeability smaller as the power index become larger.The thickness of depleted layer is not sensitive to oil relative permeability while water relative permeability becomes larger as it increases.The less the adsorption is，the less residual oil saturation is produced.Compared to other idea models ，the 3D network model is more veritable for studying oil and polymer flow mechanisms.
    PRESSURE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF BEADS SHAPED RESERVOIR BASED ON BOUNDARY ELEMENT METHOD
    LIU Bai-fenga LIU Yang-ming CHEN Weib DUAN Yong-gangc
    2009, 31(4):  127-130.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.027
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    Most conventional analytical methods used in reservoir pressure behavior analysis are based on regular geometry reservoirs.But the actual carbonate rock reservoirs are almost irregular with different size fractures and vug，which makes pure analytical method helpless.Boundary element method (BEM) is a boundary type numerical method，it changes governing differential equations to integral equations of boundaries.In this paper，BEM is established on the basis of single phase，homogeneous and compressible fluid flowing mathematical model by Laplace alteration.Several pressure behaviors are analyzed with different fractures and vug array mode by associating with curve charts worked out with this method.It offers technical support for resolving reservoir parameters，deliverability evaluation and more flexible theory method for well test analysis.
    油气化学工程与化工
    NEW TYPES OF THICKENER USED UNDER THE CONDITION OF ACIDITY IN LOW TEMPERATURE,LOW PERMEABILITY GAS RESERVOIR
    ZHOU Ji-chun YE Zhong-bin LAI Nan-jun
    2009, 31(4):  131-133.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.03.028
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    According to the situation which is low formation temperature and permeability，serious water and alkaline sensitivity of reservoir in shallow layer gas reservoir in the west of Sichuan，new types of thickener used under the condition of acidity is developed by leading sodium carboxymethyl and hydroxyl propyl which are hydrophilic group into normal guar gum.Usage amount of this thickener is fewer，and character of tackify is very good，sediments is little after breaking gel，all of above are very favorable for breaking gel and flowback.Through testing base fluid and gel made up with this thickener，it is proved that the fracturing fluid which is made up with this thickener has good rheological properties and breaking gel capability，so the damage to reservoir is little.It provided very important foundation to fracturing technical study for the shallow layer oil and gas reservoirs in the west of Sichuan and oil-gas reservoir.
    APPLICATION OF HYDROPHOBIC ALLY ASSOCIATING POLYMER GELLING FLUID FOR PROFILE MODIFICATOR IN LU9K1h RESERVOIRS
    CHEN Lun-jun JI Cheng-wei WANG Jie ZHANG Ying-shana XING Jin-shengb
    2009, 31(4):  134-137.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.029
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    According to 9K1h reservoir with complex oil/water layers，high permeability and fast water cut increasing，hydrophobic associating polymer with strong viscosity increasing and anti-shearing capacity is screened out as main agent and phenol-formaldehyde is used as crosslinking agent.Thus，a weak gel is developed.The strength of AP-BC gel is up to 11×104mPa·s.After porous media shearing，the gelation time is prolonged by 50% and the strength of the gel is reduced by 10%，and the stability of the gel is much better.The dehydration phenomenon is not observed after 5 months.An experiment using two sand packs in parallel connection is conducted and the two sand packs with the same permeability which is saturated with oil and water respectively.The results show that this gel is more likely to block water layer.According to the 9 K1h reservoir with bottom water and thin formation，multi-slug in-depth plugging technology is utilized，which includes gradually improve the strength and puts the gel with high strength in suitable allocation.High capacity channels can be plugged by using this technology so that displacing efficiency of water flooding can be improved.Field test shows that obvious oil increasing effect is realized by applying profile control in oil wells from second month to sixth months.
    THE LAB TEST OF A NEW TYPE SELF-GENERATED FOAM GEL COMPOUND WATER-CONTROL AGENT
    XU Chun-bi WANG Ming-jian WU Wen-gang ZHU Gui-juan WANG Shu-kun
    2009, 31(4):  138-140.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.030
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    Aiming at the bad stability and limited blocking effectiveness of conventional foam system,the self-generated foam gel compound water-control agent is proposed.In this system，NH4Cl-NaNO2 is chosen as the self-generated gas agent，sodium silicate is chosen as the gel agent,acid-catalyst is a kind of Alkalescent-strong acid sodium salt,foam agent is sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.By means of high-temperature and high-pressure reaction vessel,the properties of self-generated gas system is researched，the result indicates that this system has the characteristic of delayed gas generation，it can react violently after 12hours；the jellification time is 16hours，it has a certain compressive strength after jellification which can enhance blocking ability;core flow test shows that the system can block aquiferous core effectively,the efficiency of shut off is 88.1%,the plugging performance to oily core is noneffective,so it is a kind of well selective water-control agent.
    STUDY ON THE CORONA-BIOCHEMICAL COOPERATIVE TREATMENT OF THE DRILLING WASTE WATER
    HUANG Wen-zhang YANG Lan-ping WANG Yong CHEN Shuang-kou LIU Cheng-lun
    2009, 31(4):  141-145.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.031
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    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THERMOPHILIC ANNEROBIC DIGESTION TREATMENT OF PETROCHEMICAL PLANT EXCESS SLUDGE
    LI Zhi-dong;WEI Li;LIN Li;SUN Na;XIAO Xin-cheng;
    2009, 31(4):  146-149.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.032
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    In this paper，semi-continuous flow experiments on an aerobic digestion in middle temperature for excess sludge from wastewater treatment plant of Jinzhou petrochemical plant of china petroleum is adopted.Fluctuation conditions of pH,VFA，alkalinity，COD of solid-liquid and degradation mechanism of COD、VSS are all examined in the process of quantified input raw sludge daily and sludge retention time respectively.It can be learnt by the experiment that sludge retention time has an effect on anaerobic digestion mechanism experiment and reaction outcome.The result shows that: removal ratio of COD is 70.3%，removal ratio of VSS is 55.6%，and gas
    production is 0.33m3 per kg COD sludge mixture.Mixed anaerobic digestion treatment of excess sludge achieves reduction of volume and resource recovery of excess sludge.However，both removal ratio of organic materials and sludge decomposition rate are much lower than those in the process of single digestion.So，more pilot study is needed，and cultivation and acclimatization of spawn preceded，so that dominant spawn can be used to improve treatment efficiency and gas rate of excess sludge.
    石油机械工程及其它
    STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF ABNORMAL WELL BORE ON BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY STRESS IN GAS DRILLING
    CUI Shun-xian LIAO Ling YE Ding-peng LIAN Zhang-hua YUAN Zhong-hua
    2009, 31(4):  150-152.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.033
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    The research on the influence of abnormal well bore on bottom hole assembly(BHA) in gas drilling with bore hole collapse is carried out，according to the shape of the collapse，the abnormal well bore is simplified into the collapsed hole with ellipse-shaped section，the mechanical model of finite element analysis for bottom hole is set up and the ANSYS-APDL programe is developed which can be used for analyzing finite mechanics of the assembly conveniently.The BHA stress is studied under the conditions of four types of abnormal well bores，the deformation displacement of the assembly adjacent the collapsed bore，assembly moment，the stress distribution inside the assembly and the deflexion angle of the bit are obtained，which provides the theoretical evidence for the well deviation mechanism of collapsed bore，preventing deviation and increasing drilling rate.
    STUDY ON THE INCLINED PLATE GAS-LIQUID GRAVITY SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY
    LIANG Zheng WANG Hui-ming LIANG Chun-ping
    2009, 31(4):  154-158.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.034
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    The authors of this paper investigate the process of separation of single drops flowing off inclined plate in separator，analyze the process what is actually happening and give some proposal.The mathematical model of gas-liquid separation and the computational formula of configuration design are developed based on the design criteria of the ordinary horizontal type gas-liquid separator.By comparing calculation and analysis，the practical popularization the inclined plate gravity gas-liquid separator is given.
    COLLABORATIVE SYSTEM SIMULATION OF BRAKE CHARACTERISTIC FOR PDB BASED ON AMESIM
    WANG Yu LIN Li JIANG Jian-sheng
    2009, 31(4):  159-163.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.035
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    There are some problems in use of PDB in oilfield in China，the structure and working principle of the pneumatic disc brake are analyzed and the brake stroke model is built.The collaborative system simulation of pneumatic，control and mechanical system is achieved with AMESim.On the basis of the multiphase coupling model，the jumping trace of torque and velocity of the braked shaft are worked out in the course of braking.And effects on different parameters of brake system，such as brake pressure，friction coefficient and stiffness of restoring spring are also discussed.The simulation results show that the pneumatic disc brake has the merits of sufficiently braking abilities and rapid response，air pressure shock and vibration effect may happen to braking course，which can provide a valid theoretic basis for design and technique alteration of the pneumatic disc brake.The method of AMESim modeling provides a simple，effective approach to study pneumatic disc brake system.
    OPTIMAL DESIGN ON CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATED AND RECYCLED PARAMETER OF DRILLING FLUID WEIGHTING-MATERIAL
    ZHANG Xiao-dong WHANG Fu-gui
    2009, 31(4):  164-167.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.036
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    In the modern drilling operation， the separation and recycle of weighting-materials become more and more important.Through theoretical calculation and experimental analysis and according to the graphic processing and optimal algorithm，the distribution curves of solid-phase recycled rate and granularity distribution are obtained.The determination of the relation between solid-phase granularity distribution and recycled rate is favorable to research the solid-liquid-phase separation mechanism of centrifuge，which provides credible basis for recovering weighting-material and saving resource.
    NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF RESPONSE OF UNDERGROUND EXPLOSION GROUND SHOCK TO BURIED GAS PIPELINE
    YAO An-lin ZHAO Shi-ping YAO Hui-quan ZENG Xiang-guo LIU Yong-jie
    2009, 31(4):  168-172.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.037
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    In this paper，by using non-linear dynamical theory and Arbitrary Lagrange-Eulerian(ALE) algorithm in LS-DYNA 3D finite element program and selecting proper material constitutive relations，a method of numerical simulation is used to study dynamical response of buried gas pipeline under ground shock wave of underground explosion.By numerical calculation and mathematical analysis of buried gas pipeline in 10 load cases of two data groups，the relationship between dynamical maximal responses of buried gas pipeline and the mass of detonator or the distance between the center of pipeline and the detonator including velocity and dynamical stress is fitted respectively.The simulation results agree with the regularity of empirical equation，which shows that it is feasible for the numerical simulation method in this paper to study dynamical response of buried pipelines under ground shock waves from explosion.The method of numerical simulation in this paper provided a calculation platform for the risk evaluation of buried gas pipelines during third-party damage and the conclusion in this paper may provides significant reference for the risk evaluation and disaster prevention of buried gas pipeline.
    DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF GAS PIPELINES INFORMATION SYSTEM
    LU Zheng BI Xu-dong
    2009, 31(4):  173-175.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.038
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    As the development of information technology，GIS is widely applied in pipeline planning，operation monitoring and emergency management which are related to gas transportation.Among the modes of GIS being developed currently，the quadratic development model based on commercial GIS components is becoming the orientation considering the development cost and efficiency.The authors of this paper discuss the ArcGIS platform which is in the leading situation in the industry，in the design thought and development method of gas pipeline information system.The system uses three-layer C/S structural model，and the visible management，variety of spacial information checking ways and related spacial function analysis of gas pipeline are realized，and also，through the competence management of multiple users，the safety of system data is secured，the system is characterized by centralized management and distributed application，and is useful for improving the working efficiency of the gas transportation management development.
    DISCUSSION OF THE CHINA’S OIL COMPANIES PARTICIPATING IN INTERNATIONAL OIL INVESTMENT
    GAN Sai-yi
    2009, 31(4):  176-179.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.039
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    Aiming at the issue of energy security China is facing at the present，it is discussed in this paper that the oil companies in China must carry on international management to ensure the stable and long-term supply of overseas energy，as well as enhance the companies development.It is recognized the China′ companies have successfully gone“cross the border”，but a lots difficulties are still faced in the overseas expansion，in order to take a certain position in the severer international energy competition，the flexible policy and strategy must be taken.Under the current condition of low loan rate，China′s oil enterprises should actively but carefully implement overseas strategy.
    博导论评
    SIMULATIVE EMULATION OF DEFLAGRATION IN WELL BLOW-OUT BASED ON CFD
    AI Zhi-jiu WU Guang-wu WANG Qi-hua LEI Wen-zhang;DING Shu-cheng
    2009, 31(4):  180-183.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.040
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    In order to acquire a mathematical model which can be adapted to unrestricted flammable vapor cloud deflagration，the research on vapor cloud explosion together with the diffusion calculation is carried out.In this paper，computational fluid dynamics method based on simulating the vapor cloud diffusion and deflagration calculation is used.The optimal ignition region is obtained by comparing the results of deflagration pressure and temperature varying with time which are ignited in different fuel concentration.The results of calculation are well in agreement with experimental data，it can be used to predict the hazard-range of vapor cloud explosion and determine the optimal ignition region.
    探讨与争鸣
    THE STRUCTURAL PATTERN AND OIL-GAS EXPLORATION DIRECTION OF NORTHEN SECTION OF LONGMEN MOUNTAIN
    DENG Shao-qiang HU Ming YAN Qi-bin XIAO Li
    2009, 31(4):  194-188.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.04.041
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    According to the field geology survey of northen section of Longmen mountain，the Qing Chuan~Mao Wen fault ，Bei Chuan~Ying Xiu fault and Ma Jiao Ba fault are used as the boundary，the mountain can be divided to back belt ，front belt and foothill belt.Combining the surface geology survey and comprehensive interpretation of seismic data，three structural units are divided in the subsurface of northen section of Longmen mountain，they are surface and shallow layer structural units，imbricate unit in subsurface and monocline unit in foothill belt.Based on the analysis of field survey and the drilling data in this area,it seems that there are several suits of source beds，reservoirs and cap rocks in the vertical direction in northen section of Longmen mountain.The thrust movement can provide dynamic force and trap for oil-gas migration，on the other hand，the overlay structural movement can also destroy the early oil-gas reservoir.Combining the affection of structural movement，oil-generating condition，reservoir condition and capping formation condition to the oil-gas aggregation in northen section of Long men mountain，it seems that，the imbricate unit of permain layer in subsurface is a favorable zone for oil-gas accumulation，the buried faults zone in foothill belt are the future exploitation direction in this area.