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    20 August 2004, Volume 26 Issue 4
    地质勘探
    THE RESERVOIR TYPE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METAMORPHIC AND VOLCANIC ROCK OF CHINA
    WU You-jia LUI Da-lin
    2004, 26(4):  1-4.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.001
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    There are a series of metamorphic and volcanic rock reservoir in China. They can be divided into four types that are basment rock weathering crust type, basement rock fracture belt type, volcanic rock eruption in sedimentary rock type and intrusive volcanic in sedimentary rock type. The characterizations of
    the metamorphic and volcanic rock are:①The reservoir is multi-type, but the basement rock weathering crust is principal type.②There are gas accumulation and gas cap oil accumulation, but the oil accumulation is principal.③The small scale of oil accumulation is principal, but there is the big scale sometimes.④The reservoir of volcanic rock is more multiple than metamorphic rock..⑤The production is very different. The production of some well is very high, but some production is low. The well of high production lies in near the fracture.⑥
    The effect of the water injection isn’t good. The water breakthrough of the well of high production is very fast and there isn’t water absorption of the well of low production.⑦The production decline of oil well and oilfield is very great.⑧The recovery isn’t high, they are 8%-15% or so, the principal recovery is 11%-13%.
    STUDY ON THE HETEROGENEITY OF FROM ONE TO SIX SAND BEDS OF THE E13IN THE WEST TRACT OF GASIKULE OILFIELD
    MA Da-de MU Zhong-hai HE Yan WU Qing-peng TAN Kai-jun
    2004, 26(4):  5-9.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.002
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    By the analysis of sources direction, sedimentary microfacies, sandstone distribution, adopting qualitative parameters,i.e., permeability mutation coefficient, permeability dash coefficient, permeability graded difference, permeability equal coefficient etc., the heterogeneity of from one to six sand beds of the E13in the west tract of gasikule oilfield is systematically studied in this paper. The results of study show that the vertical and horizontal heterogeneity in the main belt of interdistributary river area is stronger than the heterogeneity in the marginal and the front and the intersection areas of interdistributary river area. Moreover, there is the vertical heterogeneity in the positive rhythmic reservoir which has binary structure.

    PREDICTION OF FRACTURE IN THE BOTTOM LAYER OF SHAXIMIAO RESERVOIR IN GONGSHAMIAO STRUCTURE IN THE MIDDLE OF SICHUAN BASIN
    LIU Li-ping QIN Qi-rong LI Le
    2004, 26(4):  10-13.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.003
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    The proximity coefficient of destructiveness of rock in the bottom layer of Shaximiao reservoir can be calculated basing on numerical simulation of the palaeotectonic stress field in Gongshamiao structure and the theory of rock strength. This coefficient and the productive materiel of oil wells have been comparatively analyzed, then the threshold level of the coefficient and
    the corresponding grade of the fracture development have been confirmed. Appling this standardization and the theory of lithomechanics and structural geology, combining the observation about fracture in the field and the productive materiel etc.,a comprehensive analysis and prediction of the developmental situation of fracture in the bottom layer of Shaximiao reservoir
    have been made.

    石油与天然气工程
    STUDY THE CHARACTER OF DYNAMIC VARIETY OF CONTAINER ROCK IN WATERFLOODING OIL RESERVOIRBY TRANSIENT WELL CURVE
    HU Shu-yong ZHANG Lie-hui LIU Cheng-lin ZHANG Ji LIAO Qing-bi LUO Ze-bin
    2004, 26(4):  14-17.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.004
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    In oilfield development, the reservoir performance information which the transient well test reflects is very abundant, however, at present, the employment of well test data is only individual well and single well test. The author have had rich well test experience over the past years, investigating lots of datum, analyzing the transient well test datum, focusing on analyzing the reservoir geological model which is reflected by the transient well test curve, thereby, the author thinks that studying the formation dynamic by analyzing reservoir model variation is a efficient method, and analyzing the reservoir performance, at the same time, it is no doubt that the formation pa-
    rameters obtained by well test datum, but what’s important is that the reservoir characteristics information attained by it. So,we should analyze adequately reservoir model variation and study formation dynamic, accordingly, recognizing reservoir better, enhancing reservoir management, instructing reservoir development, which should be attached importance to in view of the investigators for analyzing the well test datum and reservoir
    development managers.

    STUDYING THE PILOT PRODUCTION PATTERN WELL SPACING IN THE DA NIUDI LOWER PERMEABILITY GAS FIELD
    WANG Zhou-hua GUO Ping HUANG Quan-hua HE Shu-min CHEN Zhao-you WU Dong-ping ZHANG Jian
    2004, 26(4):  18- 20.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.005
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    Da NiuDi field is a lower permeability gas field. This paper calculates ultimate interwell distance and technical rational spacing between wells by different ways;on the base of the economic assessment method ascertain the rational spacing between wells in the field. Based on the study, we think that t it is reasonable that the technical rational spacing between wells is more than
    the economical ultimate interwell distance. Then it has been put forward to deploy the close-spaced well in the relative high permeable bed to get high product produce, and to deploys the light-spaced well in the lower permeable bed to get good economic effect. Finally combining the study and the numerical simulation to ascertain the interwell distance in the high permeable bed is 1000m,the one is 1500m in the lower permeable bed.

    THE ARCHITECTURE OF RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
    XIAO Wen-jie CHEN Xiao-fan XIAO Yi-jun LUO Li-qiong
    2004, 26(4):  21-24.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.006
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    In reservoir management system, in order to ensure the security and integrality of reservoir management database, to enhance the extensibility and reuse of reservoir management system as well as reduce the development cost. The conventional distributed architecture including threetier distributed architecture of Application Server needed to be rebuilt and improved, it indicated that the reasons of three-tier distributed architecture in
    reservoir management, the design of three-tier architecture and
    its realization.

    CASE ANALYSIS ON HYDROCARBON ALTERNATIVE GAS MISCIBLE FLOODING IN PUBEI OIL FIELD
    GUO Ping DU Zhi-min ZHANG Mao-lin WANG Zhong-lin SUN Yu-kai TAN Guang-tian LIU Bin
    2004, 26(4):  25-27.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.007
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    The oil field in China with the method of development by miscible flooding is scare, to sum up the experiences, this paper analyses the developments of Pubei oil field which is the first sand oil reservoir to perform hydrocarbon miscible flooding in China. It has integrated, good connecting formation with undeveloped cracking system and permeability of 110.5×10-3μm2.
    It is a typical volatile oil reservoir. The minimum miscible pressure (MMP) is 33MPa. The Injected gas is the by-produced gas in the oilfield. The results of core flooding experiments showed that oil recovery by primary gas injection is higher than primary water injection. To chose one best method, the field
    was developed by primary water injection at east and primary gas injection at west, keeping formation pressure at 35MPa. At early exploration time, there were seven injection wells and eight production wells. Now, there are nine production wells and two gas injection wells, seven water injection wells. The
    velocity of oil production is 44t/d, gas injection is 14.55×104m3/d, water injection is 144m3/d. It has developed for three years till October 2001; the oil recovery is 19.05%, the synthetic water saturation is 3%. There are certain increases of GOR in some production well but no obvious gas breakout. Pri-
    mary water injection well cannot change to gas injection since gas cannot be injected after water injection, so cannot perform GAW in east area. This paper introduces general geometry character, basic experimental study, exploration performance, and existing problem of the reservoir and gives some proposals,
    which is helpful in exploration the similar oil reservoir by miscible flooding.

    APPLICATION OF DRILLING FLUID TECHNOLOGY IN KENKYAK OILFIELD
    DENG Xiao-gang
    2004, 26(4):  28- 30.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.008
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    The reservoirs in Kenkyak oilfield are deep and high pressured reservoirs with complicated geological condition. Themain characteristics of formation are :the salt formation is so developed that may reach about to 3000 meter thickness in Per-\mian above main area of salt dome .Reservoir pore pressure coefficient of Carboniferous system is up to 1.90-1.94. Because carbonate rock which is the main reservoir developed many cracks that caused not only mud loss but also well kicked, and the safety density window of drilling fluid was narrow, first lost circulation then well blowout was easily happened. In the past
    thirty years ,many drilling accidents such as well blowout, mud loss, well slough, stick pipe were often happened .The obvious characteristic of drilling engineering was to have many accidents ,slowly pace and lower successful rate .It seriously influenced drilling works that many drilling accident happened by the complicated geological condition causing .Based on these characteris-
    tics of formation ,a series drilling fluid technologies for preventing accidents were developed by South-west petroleum institute (SWPI) ,and then used in 9 wells in Kenkyak oilfield successfully during 2002 and 2003 year. By adopting these technologies ,the remarkable application effects have been achieved ,such as the drilling accident rate greatly reduce, the drilling
    pace obviously improved, drilling successful rate was up to 100%.
    LAB RESEARCH OF DRY GAS INJIECTION IN NORTH FAULT-BLOCK RESERVIOR
    DU Jian-fen LIU Jian-yi GUO Ping HE Jian-hua LIU Yao-wen ZOU Zhen ZHAO Xiao-feng
    2004, 26(4):  31-33.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.009
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    Using synthetic fluids of separate oil and gas samples from Wangxin-10-2 well compounded according to gas oil ratio 21. 36m3/t, flooding experiments have been conducted upon long real formation core from Wangsixie-10-3 well to research flooding efficiencies by dry gas injection. The experiments have been
    done under two cases: the core is horizontal and the core has 50 degree’s angle of inclination. Results show that the recovery with the core having 50 degree’s angle of inclination is higher than that with the core horizontal when the same volume of dry gas are injected after water flooding in north fault-block of Wangchang oil field. The recovery enhanced by dry gas injection after water flooding is 5.01% when the core is horizontal;while it is 8.41% when the core has 50 degree’s angle of inclination. It is also demonstrated that the displacement efficiency by dry gas injection with the core inclination is more obvious, and the enhanced recovery is higher.

    THE DYNAMIC PREDICTION MODEL OF STARTING PROCESS OF SW-SAGD
    LIU Xue-li DU Zhi-min HAN Zhong-yan QI Zhi-lin
    2004, 26(4):  34-37.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.010
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    By using material balance equation and conservation of energy theory, an analytic solution model of steam stimulation production prediction for horizontal well in the fractured heavy oil reservoir is developed. The analytical model includes three parts: heating dynamic calculation while injecting steam, the average pressure of reservoir and production rate prediction.
    The application case of SW-SAGD in fractured heavy oil reservoir in Karamay oilfield shows that the model can be used in the dynamic prediction of starting process of SW-SAGD in the fractured heavy oil reservoir.
    PREDICTION METHOD OF RECOVERY EFFICIENCY OF ONDENSATE GAS RESERVOIR BLOWDOWN NATURAL EPLETION
    WU Yi-lu LI Xiao-ping LI Hai-tao
    2004, 26(4):  38-40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.011
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    Based on the relevant data of PVT experiment made by Eaton and Jacoby who used 27 condensate gas reservoirs in America, and the well-complete testing data of original formation pressure, original temperature, original gas-condensate ratio(GOR) and relative density of condensate from Banqiao
    reservoir in Dagang in China, Kaladage field in the former Soviet Union, the new empirical equation on predicting recovery efficiency of condensate gas reservoir’s blowdown natural depletion was presented in the paper with the multivariate statistical analysis. At the same time, the influential factors of recovery efficiency of condensate were discussed. The empirical equation
    was especially applied to Chinese condensate reservoirs whose content is under 400g/m3, and whose abandonment pressure is about 3.4MPa.
    REMAINING OIL DISTRIBUTION PREDICTION BASED ON OIL FIELD DATA
    XU Wei FENG Qing-zhong MA iu-feng
    2004, 26(4):  41- 43.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.012
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    Based on the planar radial flow equations and material balance equations, the relational expression between water cut and water saturation was derived from oil field data? and from the theory of reservoir engineering and percolate mechanics, and then the relationships between the water saturation and the water was derived. According to the water-oil discharge equation,the model may predict remaining oil saturation of single-well and the remaining oil distribution in the whole reservoir or unit.It is proved the reliable supports for the next development.
    油气化学工程与化工
    STUDY AND EVALUATION OF A NEW POLYMER FRACTURING FLUID
    JIANG Shan-quan CHEN Fu ZHANG Hong-jing HU Xing-qi
    2004, 26(4):  44-48.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.013
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    A new water-soluble polymer P(AM/AMPS) has been synthesized by the binary copolymerization of AM(acrylamide ) and AMPS (acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid), in which the synthesizing conditions have been investigated. Ef-
    fects of monomer concentration, temperature, initiator and polymerization time on the intrinsic viscosity number were discussed and a new fracturing fluid formulation was obtained. According to the standard SY5107-86, we evaluate the performance of the fracturing fluid in the lab, results show that the polymer fracturing fluid has good performance on resistance to heat, salt and shearing.
    EFFECTS OF MOLECULAR DEPOSITION FILMING LOODING AGENT AND MONO-QUATERNARIES ON INTERFACIAL ZETA POTENTIALS
    GAO Mang-lai WANG Jian-she
    2004, 26(4):  48-51.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.014
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    Molecular deposition filming flooding(MDFF) is a novel oil recovery technique. To investigate the differences between molecular deposition filming flooding agent and mono-quaternaries in interfacial interactions, microelectrophoresis method was applied in studying the electrostatic behavior of kaolinite/water
    and aspaltene p-xylene solution/water interfacial action. Results show that the Zeta potential can reflect differences between molecular deposition filming flooding agent and mono-quaternaries in interfacial electrostatic interaction and Vander Waals force interaction. The interaction of quaternaries and asphaltene pxylene solution/water interface is larger than that of quaternaries and kaolinite/water interface. The Vander Waals force plays
    more important role in interaction of quaternaries and asphaltene p-xylene solution/water interface than that of quaternaries and Kaolinte/water interface. The interfacial interaction has such a sequence as follows: MDFF agent>tetramethylammonium bromide > tetraethylammonium bromide > tetrabutylammonium bromide. MDFF agent differs from mono-quaternaries mainly because of its larger charge amount, while mono-quaternaries
    differ from each other because of the Vander Waals force between each species and interfaces.
    LABORATORY STUDY OF A SALT RESISTANCE VISCOSITY REDUCER USED IN SUPER-EXTRA VISCOUS CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION IN WELLBORE
    SHI Xue-zhi YE Zhong-bin ZHANG Ji-feng YANG Bing
    2004, 26(4):  52-55.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.015
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    In this paper a new type of water-soluble viscosity reducer in high salinity water, which can be used in super-extra viscous crude oil production in wellbore, has been demonstrated in the lab. For the lack of clean water in an oil field in Xinjiang, the technology makes it possible to make use of formation water after a simple treatment. The formulation is 0. 05% HSF +0.05%XY-1+0.05%W. The viscosity reducer has a strong salt resistance. In the experiment, if the viscosity reducer is formulated by the formation water after the simple treatment, it also can obviously reduce the viscosity of the superextra viscous crude oils. This paper also demonstrates that an oilsoluble viscosity reducer can be used to reduce the viscosity of crude oil containing high asphalt and gum.
    EVALUATION AND COMPOUNDED EXPERIMENT OF A FOAMING AGENT
    YIN Zhong CHEN Fu LIANG Fa-shu WANG Yong-yu
    2004, 26(4):  56-58.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.016
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    In this paper, we have introduced several main methods for evaluating foaming agents, compounded a few foaming agents which have different properties and measured their performance. When real foam volume (Vr) is more than foam volume (Vt) calculated practically, we think that it has the effect of increasing foam, otherwise it has defoaming effect. According
    to this criterion, nine groups of compounded system with increasing foam effect and six groups of compounded system with defoaming effect have been chosen.
    PROPANE OXIDATION ACTIVITY OF SUPPORTED NANOMETER PARTICLE CATALYST
    LU Yan KUANG Dong-ting
    2004, 26(4):  59-60.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.017
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    Propane oxidation experiments have been done with La-SrCo-Mn supported nanometer particle catalyst. By investigating he oxidation degrees of propane oxidized by the catalyst, the daptability of the technology condition of experiment equipment has been studied. Results show that the supported
    nanometer particle catalyst has good adaptability to the technology condition of equipment, and the best experiment conditions are 8-10(ratio of oxygen), 1300h-1(space velocity) and 1.1% (propane concentration). There is no change in the activity of the catalyst under 1400 hours continuous operation, and it indicates that the catalyst has better stability in the range of investigating time.

    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF HYDROPHOBIC ASSOCIATING POLYMER ON TEMPERATURE AND SALT RESISTANCE
    CHEN Hong Zhai Zhong-jun;Zhang San-hui et al
    2004, 26(4):  61-64.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.018
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    Hydrophobic associating polymer systems have better properties in viscosity increase, temperature, salt and shearing resistance because there is some physical association with strength and reversibility between molecules of the polymer. Under the conditions of high temperature and salt reservoir in Wen、Wei、Ma oilfield, we evaluate performance of the associating polymer and compare with HPAM and AMPS. Results show that the system of the associating polymer has better properties in temperature and salt resistance and shearing recovery. In 95℃,formulated by 305 Kuai injecting waste water and in 75℃, formulated by 95 Kuai injecting waste water, when the concentra
    tion is 1500ml/l, the viscosity of the system can reach 11.6 mPa.s and 16.5mPa.s. In addition, the associating polymer has perfect action on Fe3+resistance, so we needn’t consider the influence of Fe3+produced by formulating container and injecting equipment on polymer solution viscosity. At the same concentration (>1000mg/l), comparing with thickening properties of polyacrylamide and AMPS in normal temperature, the viscosity of the associating polymer is higher than the formers two orders of magnitude.
    石油机械工程及其它
    RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT OF THE PREVENTING WEAR MEASURES OF CASING
    WU Xue-fei LIN Yuan-hua SHI Tai-he et al
    2004, 26(4):  65-69.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.019
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    For the extended well, high angle drilling, horizontal drilling and deep well drilling, or in the well section of large dogleg severity, or the long open hole, casing wear often happens. As a result, the collapse resistance and the bursting pressure of the worn casing will decrease, which will affect the well
    completion, well test, and oil well life, and sometimes gives rise to the abandonment of a well section or the whole well. Hence, the scholars at home and abroad have obtained some measures to abate the casing wear. In this paper, the principle of theses measures was studied, which will help the oil field to select or the researcher to study. Because of the good effect and
    convenience of the hardbanding, it is a good method to use in the oil field.
    ANGLE DESIGN OF EXPANSION CONE IN EXPANDABLE CASING TECHNOLOGY
    LIU Yong-gang LIAN Zhang-hua KANG Xue-hai YANG Long YI Hao
    2004, 26(4):  70-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.020
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    In 1990’s, The expandable casing technology was a new drilling technology to save the hole diameter, in the world, but it is now at the stage of theoretic research in our country. The mechanics model of the expand process of the expandable casing with the elastic-plastic finite-element contact question of the ADINA software was established. Through choosing different value of the angle of the expansion cone, the detailed computer simulation analysis of the expand process that expanded the diameter of the N-80 steel tubular from 244.5mm to 298.4mm was done under the same work condition, and under the foundation of qualitative and quantificational comparison of the equivalent stress, the contact pressure, the residual stress, the expansion cone and the axial shrinkage of the tubular, the optimal angle of the cone 12.30 degree was obtained. It provided the supports for the structural design of the expansion cone.
    STUDY OF THE FAILURE MECHANISM OF THE GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION BIT
    LI Qing JIN Xin TAN Gun LI Guo-zhong ZHOU Feng-zhe
    2004, 26(4):  73-77.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.021
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    The failure analysis of the geological exploration bit body and alloy tooth(WC-Co Cemented carbides)by using scanning electron microscopy was studied. It was concluded that the failure mechanism of the bit body on impact end was the impactfatigue, and the spline failure mode was crushing spalling after severe plastic deformation. Through analyzing the three failure modes (alloy tooth shedding, fracture, wearing), the main reason of alloy tooth failure was overlapping effect of cable spalling, abrasive wear, impact fatigue and impact thermal fatigue.
    STUDY ON ADJUSTMENT TECHNOLOGY OF NATURE GAS PIPELINE SYSTEM
    XIE Ying YUAN Zong-ming
    2004, 26(4):  78-81.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.022
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    By analyzing and comparing nature gas pipeline calculation formula in common use, the adjustment and reconstruction project of the active duty of nature gas pipeline system was studied in the paper, considering the fact running status of the nature gas pipeline, the calculation formula applying the active duty of nature gas pipeline was presented. According to the mathematical model established, the waterpower calculation of the gas pipeline was done, and the gas pipeline system that needs to adjust and reconstruct or not was put forward. When the gas pipeline system need to adjust, three projects was presented in this paper: the first one is to add the compressor station to the old nature gas pipeline network, the second is to replace part of segment in the existent gas pipeline, and the last is to lay the looped pipeline. The three projects were successful to be applied in the gas pipeline at Southwest Area in Sichuan.
    DISCUSSION OF FUZZY METHOD OF COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT ON CUSTOMER-SATISFACTION DEGREE FOR PETROLEUM MACHINERY PRODUCTS
    NAN Jian-fei ZHANG Peng XIONG Zhi-jian ZHAO Li-li
    2004, 26(4):  82-84.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.023
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    In recent years, with the advancement of scientific theory of Customer Satisfaction in the whole globe, researches on the degree of Customer Satisfaction have been increasingly received much attention. This paper adopted a fuzzy method of comprehensive assessment to have a quantitative assessment of Customer-Satisfaction on the petroleum machinery products. In details it discussed the fuzzy feature of degree of Customer-Satisfaction, and then it emphasized to explain fuzzy method of comprehensive assessment on degree of Customer-Satisfaction witha definite example of certain petroleum machinery product. The definite processes are as following: determine factors and hierarchies establish different hierarchy collection; establish the collection of different hierarchy weight; establish assessment collection; have the first class analysis of fuzzily comprehensive assessment; have the second class analysis of fuzzily comprehensive assessment; figure out the average mean of total satisfaction-degree of a product and total satisfaction index of a product. In comparable view, this method will be helpful for petroleum machinery manufacturing enterprises to know clearly the status and image of the products and the services in the consumers hearts so as to continuously refine upon the process of business and improve the degree of Customer Satisfaction & customer loyalty, winning more economic benefits and social
    benefits.
    AN APPROACH ON ASSETS DEVALUING TESTING OF OIL & GAS FIELDS
    WANG Ping-xin LI Zhi-xue
    2004, 26(4):  85-88.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2004.04.024
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    We took the proper exhausting mining assets in the oil &gas field as object, aims at praxis problems in oil & gas field enterprises actualizing corporation accounting system. According to the requirements of international accounting rules and America No 19 financial accounting rule, the mining assets devaluing
    was discussed. We thought that the assets value of oil & gas field enterprises should carry through whole evaluation, and then go along ceiling test. For corporation coming into market, we must throw daylight on its reserves and value information, so that investors can estimate real value of the assets in oil & gas field enterprises.