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    20 August 2003, Volume 25 Issue 4
    地质勘探
    RECOGNITION AND INTERPRETATION OF WATER ENCROACHING IN THIN AND POOR-QUALITY PAY ZONES
    TANG Hong LUO Ming-gao YAN Qi-bin
    2003, 25(4):  1-3.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.01
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    Currently, most of the oil fields in eastern China are going into the development period of high water cut. In the period of high water cut, detailed subdivision of the reservoir is required before the technology of tertiary oil recovery is put into effect, and the thin and poor-quality layers become the aim of secondary infill and adjustment well. In fact, the recognition and interpretation of water encroaching in thin and poor-quality pay zones become a critical issue in the oil field development. Theoretically speaking, variations of lithological, petro-physical and oil-bearing property of the strata can be interpreted and identified with the log curves. As a result of small thickness of single thin-beds, high clay content and frequent intercalations of sandstones and clay-stones, however, it becomes difficult for log curves to reflect the characters of the single thin-beds. In this work, the log curves are preprocessed by using the response function to improve the discrimination accuracy of the well logs, so as to improve the accuracy in the interpretation of thin and poor-quality pay zones that are under water encroaching.

    STUDYING THE PALEO-GEOTEMPERATURE OF SEDIMENTARY BASIN BY THE USE OF APATITE FISSION TRACK ANALYSIS:AN EXAMPLE FROM DONGYING DE-PRESSION
    LI Shan-peng;QIU Nan-sheng
    2003, 25(4):  4-8.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.02
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    This article introduces the theory and present situation of apatite-fission-track-analysis (AFTA) means in studying the paleo-geotemperature of sedimentary basin, and concrete data in Dongying depression is applied to invert the paleo-geotemperature. It can be seen that the paleo-geotemperature gradient in Dongying depression has a descendant trend and an U-shaped evolvement characteristic. It can be seen that the apatite-fission-track-analysis (AFTA) means is an effective way in researching paleo-geotemperature of sedimentary basin. This means can supply reliable basis for the study of paleo-geotemperature field.

    DEVELOPMENT STRATAGEM AND GENERAL PLANNING OF GEOSCIENCES UNDER21th CENTURY
    QIN Jian-xiong LIU Jia-duo.
    2003, 25(4):  9-12.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.03
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    In view of the opportunity and challenge geosciences confronted, this paper points out that geosciences should be strategically revised depending on sustainability rule under new circumstance at present. Its main fields include environment-oriented, resource-oriented, zoology-oriented, calamity-oriented and society-oriented geosciences, in which environment-oriented geosciences deals with the geologic background and process, quality, responsibility, protecting and monitor of environment; resource-oriented geosciences advocate rational development of global natural resource and serves as a strategic guide on its effectiveness, ecology, economy and dministration; zoology-oriented geology emphasizes on global eco-civilizationality i.e. the harmonization and integration of human ecosystem with earth-system and natural ecosystem; society-oriented geosciences insists on the importance of geosciences on biological genesis and human civilization and social economy i.e. pursuing the harmonization of human subsistence and economic development with nature; calamity-oriented geosciences emphasizes human-to-earth interaction on the earth and provides geologic calamity with scientific data. As a god-given opportunity and challenge, the West Development break a new path for the practice and development of geosciences.

    STUDYING AND APPLICATION THE IDENTIFYING METHOD OF THE LOW-RESISTVITY RESERVOIR IN HUZHUANGJI OILFIELD
    JIA Jian-ming WANG Jun-feng YANG Ling ZHANG Shuo BI Hai-ling
    2003, 25(4):  13-15.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.04
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    It is difficult to judge and develop low-resistivity reservoir in term of limited geology information and logging data in the process of development of oilfield. Based on the removed formation water analysis method, the increasing resistivity and geologic log explanation, a comprehensive method of identifying the low-resistivity has been introduced in this paper. The reason why the low-resistivity reservoir is formed that the special micro-characteristic and distribution of Huzhuangji’s reservoir. In view of higher irreducible water, the increasing resistivity and higher salinity, there is a low-resistivity reservoir of the 4-6, 9-11 zone of the third section of Shahejie of low-resistivity reservoir of H5 Block, having an important guidance for rolling exploration and development of matured oilfield.

    石油工程
    APPLICATION OF PLASTIC STRAIN ON PREDICTION OF SAND PRODUCTION IN OIL WELL
    LIAN Zhang-hua YANG Long DUAN Yong-gang LIU Xiang-jun TANG Bo
    2003, 25(4):  16-18.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.05
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    FEM Model of sand production in oil well was established with plastic strain criteria, the yield stress of the rock is the Drucker-Prager criteria. According to the parameters of formation in some oilfield, the plastic stress-strain results was obtained under the difference pressure with the model in the paper, the sand production can be predicted in light of the results. The criteria production pressure without sand production was determined according to the criteria plastic strain value. It provided the theoretical data for the normal production in oil well.

    RESEARCH ON DEFORMATION MECHANISM AND PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DEFORMABLE MEDIA
    HAO Chun-shan LI Zhi-ping YANG Man-ping PENG Cai-zhen
    2003, 25(4):  19-21.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.06
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    In the process of developing deformable-media gas fields, the pore pressure decreases when fluids flow out of the reservoir, and the difference of pressure inside and outside the reservoir increases. As a result, pore volume, porosity and permeability decrease. These changes significantly affect the recovery performance. The present work discusses the mode of deformation of porous media, analyzes the influence of microscopic physical properties (material constituents, unit type and their contacting, arrangement and cementation patterns) on deformation, and experimentally studies the regularity of changes of pore volume, porosity and permeability with the variation of pressure. The experimental results show that the pore volume, porosity and permeability decrease with the increase of net confining pressure, and that permeability is more sensitive to pressure changes than that of porosity. Therefore, in developing deformable-media gas fields, maintaining the original reservoir pressure is important to stabilize and improve production and to prolong production life.

    METHOD TO REAL-TIME DETERMINE THE BIT UP-DOWN DRILLING DIRECTION AND THE POSITION IN TARGET OIL-GAS FORMATION
    XIA Hong-quan CHEN Ping SHI Xiao-bing XU Xian-guang ZHANG Wen-bo
    2003, 25(4):  22-26.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.07
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    It is an important problem of horizontal well geo-steering drilling to determine the up and down direction of bit marching and the position of the bit in the target formation. This paper introduced a practical method to solve the problem by using MWD and LWD information. Based on the geo-steering geometry theory, in terms of the relation between the formation dip angle and the angle of horizontal line to the line of two adjacent points on wellbore trace, This method can judge the bit up-down direction and determine the position by the distance of the bit from the top surface of target formation and comparing the logging curves with conventional cable logging curves from adjacent wells. This approach was applied to the practical drilling in three Horizontal wells, and then the geo-steering drilling ability was obviously improved and the result of following the tracks of geology target layer while drilling was obtained.

    ALGORITHM OF TYPICAL CURVES OF WELL TEST ANALYSIS FOR HORIZONTAL WELL IN NATURAL FRACTURED GAS RESERVOIR
    LI Xiao-ping HU Yong.
    2003, 25(4):  27-29.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.08
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    The 3-D fluid flow with box-shape-bounded gas reservoir was set up in this paper, which was involved in wellbore storage and skin effect in natural fracture for horizontal well. On the basis of solutions of mathematical model, an effective calculating method of pressure response was studied, minimum convergence item of infinite series were obtained. on the basis of minimum convergence item of infinite series, the typical curves of well test analysis and fluid flow feature by numerical integral and Laplace’s reverse, algorithm presented in this paper is of practical value for fast calculating typical curves of well test analysis of horizontal well in natural fractured gas reservoirs.

    THE STUDY AND APPLICATION OF A NOVEL IPR CURVE
    ZHONG Fu-lin PENG Cai-zhe JIA Minhui
    2003, 25(4):  30-33.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.09
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    In the oilfield where pressure is maintained by water injection, when the bottom hole pressure is below the saturation pressure, the inflow performance curve is deflected toward pressure axis and the maximum production point occurs on the curve. As such, the old inflow performance relationship (IPR) is no longer valid. On the basis of Darcy’s low, this paper firstly analyzes the factors that influence the shape of the inflow performance curve, and then discusses the influence of deformable porous medium on IPR formula, and finally establishes a new equation of inflow performance curve of oil well. Furthermore, the regularity of changes of the curve shape with individual parameters is probed, and method for calculating the maximum oil production point is provided. Analysis shows that the equation theoretically explains the deflection and the maximum oil production point, and that it can be used to predict inflow behavior of oil well under different flowing pressures.

    STUDY ON THE ANALYTICAL METHOD OF UNIT COST OF OIL RECOVERY PLANT
    CHEN Wu ZHAO Xiang-chun CHENG Guang-hai ZHAO Jin-gang
    2003, 25(4):  34-34–36.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.10
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    Abstract: In the change analysis of total average index, the traditional method is to analyze the inference of the change of group average on that of total average, and the inference of the structural change in the groups on the change of total average. Combining the compound grouping with index analysis, the inference of unit cost of the blocks or single well cost and crude productivity on the change of unit cost of oil recovery plant is analyzed, as to figure out the cause of the change of unit cost of oil recovery plant, and provide proof for cost controlling of oil recovery plant.

    A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF GAS INJECTION FOR OIL RESERVOIRS AFTER WATERFLOODING
    GUO Ping LUO Yu-qiong HE Jian-hua WANG Zhong-lin LI Min LIU Jian-yi
    2003, 25(4):  37-40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.11
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    Water injection is a commonly used method for the development of oil field. However, oil recovery by water-flooding is usually low. As such, how to enhance oil recovery after water-flooding has been a challenge facing petroleum engineers. Gas injection flooding has long been considered as a viable EOR method in the petroleum industry, but the potential of gas injection after water-flooding is still unclear. In this paper, the schemes of gas injection after water-flooding in China and abroad are analyzed, and some of the Chinese case studies are reviewed.

    WELL FLOWRATE PERFORMANCE FOR LOW VELOCI-TY NONDARCY PERCOLATION WITH FLOWING BOUNDARY
    LIU Qi-guo XIAN Guo-yong
    2003, 25(4):  41-44.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.12
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    Fluid flowing barrier extends outwards continuously, which is a feature of pressure propagation in low velocity non-darcy percolation. In views of such character, a fixed-boundary mathematical model based on the pattern of low velocity non-darcy percolation with skin effect is presented, and solutions of flow rate and cumulative production in Laplace domain is worked out with Green’s function. The radius of flowing boundary corresponding to different time intervals is determined according to the starting differential pressure needed by fluid from static to flowing condition. The analytical solution of the fixed boundary model is then used to calculate the correlation of flow rate and cumulative production versus time, which is regarded as a numerical approximation of flowing boundary model. Stehfest method is used to obtain the flow rate and cumulative production curves. Discussion is presented on the influence of flowing boundary, starting pressure gradient, skin effect and difference between darcy percolation and nondarcy percolation.

    RESEARCH ON IMPROVING OIL RECOVERY BY ZONAL PRODUCTION IN MAZHAI OILFIELD
    FANG Cai-xia TAN Wen-ning MENG Jian-hua YING Bin CHEN Yong ZHOU Lin-hai
    2003, 25(4):  45-47.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.13
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    Mazhai oilfield is a strongly water-wet reservoir with low-permeability, low oil-viscosity, highly variable inter-formational permeability and large well spacing. Up to now, the recovery is only 76.6% of the reserves while the comprehensive water-cut has reached 92.9% as a result of commingled production in the past years. In this paper, the reasons of low recovery in Mazhai are discussed, and the potential of improving oil recovery by zonal production is shown. Experiments on core samples indicate that improved oil recovery could be realized by separate zone production, and the experimental results have been proven in the oilfield practice. Zonal production provides an effective development mode for keeping a high oil production in the oilfield.

    RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF PRODUCTION TUBING ACIDIZATION TECHNOLOGY IN GAS LIFT WELLS
    JIA Chang-gui YANG Zhao-zhong LI Zong-tian WANG Xin-ying REN Feng-ze
    2003, 25(4):  48-51.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.14
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    According to the characteristics of gas lift wells at Wendong oilfield, production tubing acidization technology in gas life wells can remove formation blocks and dredge formation channels to increase production and efficiency without damaging down hole valves and without moving the production string. The indexes of the new unblocking agent,QJ-99, are better than those of conventional acid. The maximum pumping pressure equation is strongly practicable and can ensure the normal operation of each down hole gas lift valve after acidization stimulation. After applications, it has brought well economic efficiency and supplies Wendong oilfield a new stimulation technology.

    INFORMATION INTEGRATION IN RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT GIS
    HUANG Cheng CHEN Wei DUAN Yong-gang
    2003, 25(4):  52-54.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.15
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    Many different types of information hierarchical involved in reservoir exploitation have typical 3-D distributing features and various data types. Traditional database techniques organize information into tabular form. Hardly represent distributing of spatial objects. Although GIS can effectively describe the problem in 2-dimensional space, lack of abilities for describing and analyzing 3-D reservoirs. The data of reservoir management GIS and relations among these data was analysed in this paper, a method based on hyper-map model and its implementation in reservoir management GIS was presented. A GIS system involved with hyper-map can flexibly manage and retrieve dynamic or static data of filed exploitation, it provided a comprehensive data support for reservoir exploitation decision.

    油气化学工程与化工
    SOLIDIFICATION TREATMENT OF OILY AND SOUR SLUDGE FROM REJECTION STATION OF WELL NO.72 IN MOXI
    ZHU Lin ZHANG Guang-jun MO Zheng-ping LI Jing
    2003, 25(4):  55-57.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.16
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    All kinds of oily and sour sludge are produced in the production of oil and gas and have brought contamination in the oilfield. Oily and sour sludge from rejection station of well No.72 in Moxi gas field has been studied by means of solidification method. Result shows that application of suitable hardener can solidify the sludge and both the strength of curing substances and

    PROGRESS IN NON-HYDRODESULFURIZATION OF DIESEL FUEL REFINING
    TANG Xiao-dong WANG Hao ZHOU Jian-jun SUN Jian-hua XIA Rong-an
    2003, 25(4):  58-58–61.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.17
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    Low sulfur content and gradual strict sulfur specification of diesel have become the trend of diesel fuel quality and standard all over the world. Using hydro desulfurization process to produce low-sulfur diesel, for it exists some problems such as large investment of facilities, expensive operating-cost, drastic operating-conditions which made great rise in production cost of diesel. So, non-hydrodesulfurziation technique gathered people’s attention and became a researching focus. The domestic and international researching progress of non-hydrodesulfurization process has been summarized, the results of the author’s study about a catalytic oxidation desulfurization method (non-hydroperoxide) which is used in straight run diesel has been introduced. It is considered that there would be three main diesel desulfurization techniques including oxidation desulfurization, bio-desulfurization and hydrodesulfurizaton and they will become primary process of producing ultra low-sulfur clean diesel in the future.

    石油工程
    PRESENT SITUATION OF RESEARCH IN POLYMER SURFACTANTS
    HAN Li-juan CHEN Hong JIANG Zhen-ju LUO Ping-ya
    2003, 25(4):  62-65.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.18
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    Polymer surfactant has recently received a lot of attention because it is a kind of substances with both high molecular weight and high surface activity and has great prospect in oil recovery, paint industry, bionics filming and so on. This paper reviews their development and status quo about recent years, including modified natural substance polymer surfactants and synthesized polymer surfactants. The modification of cellulose is grafting the hydrophobic groups onto cellulose to improve its surface activity. Up to now, the method of ultrasonic irradiation is an efficient way. There are large amount of species of synthesized surfactants. The main synthesized methods are homopolymerization of amphiphilic monomers, copolymerization of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomer and grafting the amphiphilic monomer onto high molecular. It is shown that some advances in synthesizing high molecular weight and high surface activity polymer surfactants are made in the last more than five years. But at present, there is no polymer surfactant that has both a super high molecular weight and high surface activity. A lot of works need to be done about the polymer surfactants.

    油气化学工程与化工
    TECHNOLOGY OF THE GAS TO LIQUIDS
    HUANG Yu-zhong ZHU Lin LIU Jin HE Hong
    2003, 25(4):  66-68.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.19
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    Abstract: A brief introduction of the development of the technology of the Gas to Liquids(GTC) and the technique which is been developed both at home and abroad is given in the paper, and it is pointed out that the technology has long way to go in development because of investment cost, construction size and the price of gas, so, it is necessary, on the bases of considering the factors above, to study highly effective synthesize catalyst and reactor and to make the technique industrialized and nationalized.

    石油机械工程及其它
    FEA OF STRESS CONCENTRATION COEFFICIENT OF PERFORATED CASING
    TANG Bo YANG Long LIAN Zhang-hua HUANG Sheng-yuan ZHANG Ping YANG Jun-xiao
    2003, 25(4):  69-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.20
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    The finite element mechanical model of perforated casing was established in the paper. Under the out pressure condition, the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of Stress Concentration Coefficient (SCC) in perforated casing was studied with the different perforating diameter, shot density and phasing. The objective is to discuss the effects of SCC and collapse strength of perforated casing in the elastoplastic range. It provided the detail data for the effects of SCC and collapse strength, and presented the optimize scheme for perforating.

    THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO STRENGTHEN THE GEARRIM OF DISK BIT BY SINTERING METALLURGY BLENDER TO FIX TEETH
    HUANG Zhi-qiang LIU Qing-you GUO Zhao-hai LI Qin LIU De-min TAN Jun
    2003, 25(4):  73-73–76.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.21
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    Based on analyzing the failure mechanism of the gear-rim of disk bit, the strengthened methods of the antifriction alloy welded on the surface of the gear-rimand hard-alloy gear-rim inlayed. By experimental study and contractive analysis, the disk bit is strengthened through inlaying gear-rim of hard alloy, it was determined to use sintering metallurgy blender to fix teeth for the strengthened disk bit inlaying gear-rim of hard alloy. Because the result of further experimental study show that the combined situation of gear-rim and bit is very good. After being sintered, the hardness of the gear-rim of hard alloy, the ability of antifriction of abrasion and impact attrition of abrasion was improved. It is available that disk bit is strengthened through inlaying gear-rim of hard alloy by means of sintering metallurgy blender to fix teeth.

    RESEARCH ON THE ENHANCED ACTIVE GAGE PROTECTION ROLLER CONE BITS
    CHEN Zhi-hua ZHANG Fu-run YANG Chu-min
    2003, 25(4):  77-77–80.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.22
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    Based on analysis of gauge wear and cutting structure of conventional bits and research of gauge structure of bits, a design scheme that enhances the function of active gage protection of roller cone bits is disclosed. Design, trial production and field test of the roller cone bits that strengthened the function of ac-tive gage protection were fulfilled according to the result of thstudy. The field test results indicated that the technology of enhanced active gage protection can increase the ROP of the roller cone bits.

    CONFIGURATIONS OF DRILLING STRING STABILIZER
    LU Rui-dian XIAO Xiao-hua HE Lin CHEN Yu
    2003, 25(4):  81-84.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.04.23
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    Stabilizer is an important component in BHA of hole deviation control. Up to now, the conventional and nonadjustable stabilizers have been still used widely in the many drilling operations .The information of this type stabilizer is too little to reflex design of all the stabilizers. However, the American stabilizer has the varied style and the plentiful information, especially, there is much reference worth in their integration construction and thee style of stabilized section .Through the information of drilling string stabilizer from USA has been sorted and synthesized, their design types and configurations of stabilized section were described in the paper in details. It provided references for the stabilizer design, manufacturing and application.