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    20 June 2003, Volume 25 Issue 3
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    地质勘探
    DISCUSSION OF THE METHODS OF USING LOGGING CURVES TO RECOGNIZE SEQUENCE BOUNDARIES
    WANG Wei-hong JIANG Zai-xing CAO Ying-chang et al
    2003, 25(3):  1-4.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.001
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    The recognition of sequence boundaries is a key problem in Sequence Stratigraphy. Seismic data, core and logging data are often applied to recognize them. But because of the limitation of seismic resolution and the length of the cores, a lot of logging data are needed in order to improve the accuracy of recognition of sequence boundaries. In this paper, four methods are introduced to recognize sequence boundaries: (1) method of the
    combination of SP (spontaneous potential) and Ra (apparent resistivity), (2) AC (acoustic time) method,(3) TOC (total organic carbon) method, (4) accumulation angle method. Finally, some examples have applied to prove that these methods are feasible.
    IMPROVING THE SIGNAL-NOISE RATE OF SEISMIC RECORD WITH K-L TRANSFORM
    ZHOU Jie-ling
    2003, 25(3):  5-7(11.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.002
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    The basis principle of Karhunen-Loeve (K-L) transform is sketched out in this paper. On the basis of this, the theoretical foundation of inhibition the noise and increase signalnoise rate of seismic record is expounded. And based on the theoretical models, the test research and analysis has been done.
    The results show that the effect of inhibition the noise with K-L transform has relation to the closely relevant event on the seismic record and the number of characteristic value. When K-L transform was done for the record of the closely relevant event is better, and the number of characteristic value is chosen
    at the inflection point of the curve, the effect of transform isachieved. Otherwise, the number of the number of characteristic value can not be defined exactly. Thereby the effect of inhibition the noise will be decrease.
    THE RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS AND EVALUATION OF CHANGXING FORMATIONIN THE MIDDLE AND SOUTH SECTION OF TONG LUO XIA STRUCTURE
    CAI Zheng-qi LIU Qi-ming ZHANG Ting-shan et al
    2003, 25(3):  8-11.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.003
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    The Changxing Formation in the middle and south section of Tong Luo Xia Structure was located from deep ramp to shallow ramp depositional environment. There are reefs in the upper section of the Changxing Formation, but not the reef combination. The reservoir pores are dominated with secondary ones, with apparent low porosity and low permeability. The
    partly dissolved pores and holes, as well as structure fractures develop well, with strong heterogeneous characteristics. The reservoirs are fractured carbonate rocks. The property of reservoir and the location of the well-developed reservoir are controlled by multi-factors. With the help of seismic velocity inversion and finite element stress modeling, it is found that
    reservoir distributes laterally with patch pattern, and relatively develops along the small faults. Generally speaking, the reservoir in the north section of studied area develop better. In addition, it is predicted that two areas with potential reservoir exist in the sub-traps of Ming Yue Chang and Tian Kou Chang.

    DISTRIBUTION AND ACCUMULATION OF HYDROCARBON IN JIGESEN STRUCTURAL ZONE
    LIANG Guan-zhong PENG Shi-mi WU Shu-cheng et al
    2003, 25(3):  12-15.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.004
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    Through studies on a series of features in the Jigesen structural zonesuch as structural, sedimentary, reservoir property,predictive evaluation, genetic features of the reservoir beds, and control distributive trends of oil, water and gas accumulations,as well as factors, it is realized the zone is the main oil entrapment region in the Erennaor depression for its advantageous lo-
    cation with respect to the oil source trough in the depression and well developed sand bodies coupled well with structural heights of the traps. Successive exploration and development indicated this zone being of great oil reserves, and the structure group was discovered as a large scale oil field with up to 10 million tons of geological oil reserve.
    STUDY ON ARTIFICIAL FRACTURING SYSTEM OF WELL-BLOCK9IN CAINAN OIL FIELD
    DAI Jin-you ZHANG YI-wei WANG Zhi-zhang et al
    2003, 25(3):  16-18.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.005
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    The reservoir in well-block 9 is middle porosity and specially-low permeability one, fracturing was implemented in order to builds up productivity. The fracturing gave rise to the development of artificial fractures underground, water cut in reservoir increasing sharply, relationship of oil and gas getting complicated and productivity decreasing quickly. In order to identify the
    distribution and development of artificial fractures the artificial fractures system is evaluated with fracturing data, the knowledge of artificial fractures system is improved on the base of analyzing artificial fractures system on the whole area, which will guide to injection and production.
    石油与天然气工程
    HIGH-VELOCITY AND HIGH-EFFICIENCY DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY OF LOW-SUPER LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR IN BLOCK WEI-2
    MA Xin-ben CAI Gang WANG Zhi-yuen
    2003, 25(3):  19-21.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.006
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    The average permeability of block Wei-2 is (6.1~13.5) ×10-3μm2, it is a comparatively integral low and super-low permeability reservoir. In the process of developing block Wei2, we took advantage of various development technologies, including reasonable development well pattern, synchronous water injection and oil production, improving injection-production system continually, intensifying adjustment and control of injection-production and reservoir stimulation. From the beginning of development, the field maintains a very good situation of high and stable productivity. The recovery velocity keeps at 1.9%~2.0% in five years, the comprehensive water cut is well controlled below 18% and all kinds of development indexes are significantly better that what they are in development plan.This paper mainly aims at introducing the measures to attainhigh-velocity and high-efficiency development at block wei-2
    and the effect.


    NON-DARCY FLOW OF TWO-PHASE FLUID THROUGH ANISOTROPIC LOW-PERMEABILITY DOUBLE-POROSITY MEDIA FOR VERTICALLY FRACTURED WELL
    DENG Ying-er LIU Ci-qun LIU Shu-gen
    2003, 25(3):  22-25.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.007
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    Amathematical model for Non-Darcy flow of two-phase fluid through anisotropic double-porosity media with a vertically fractured well working is established. Numerical solution to the model is presented by using finite difference method. An example is given and discussed. Distribution of water saturation in the direction of radius, maximum permeability and minimum permeability and changeof iso-saturation level with time are obtained. Results show that: (1) the iso-saturation level moves faster and water breaks through the well sooner in the directionof the larger permeability than in that of the smaller; (2) the imbibition makes velocity of the level movement become smaller and time of water breakthrough get larger; (3) the level moves and water breaks through the well faster in Non-Darcy flow than that in Darcy flow; and (4) the larger the injection rate is, the faster the level moves and the sooner water breaks through the well. The injection rate mustn’t be too large before
    water breaks through the well so that the imbibition can play an important role in water-flooding development of the low-permeability double-porosity reservoir. And the injection rate should be raised appropriately after water breaks through the well in order to weaken the influence of Non-Darcy flow on the development.

    STUDY ON METHOD OF WATER QUALITY OPTIMIZATION IN WATER INJECTION TO DEVELOP OIL FIELD
    JIANG Jian-xun WANG Yong-qing LI Hai-tao et al
    2003, 25(3):  26-29.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.008
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    Water injection is an effective measure to maintain the reservoir energy and to enhance the oil recovery. It is very important, to the expected development effectiveness of Water injection reservoirs, especially to those with medium-low permeability sandstone reservoirs to ensure water injection normally.
    The study results show that the injected water quality regulation, operation and management are the main factors to affect the development effectiveness. Aimed at the development effectiveness and lowering water injection cost, a noval concept of water quality optimization is proposed in this paper, which takes comprehensive considerations of water quality compatibili-
    ty, water treatment, water injectivity, stimulation, planned volume of injected water and integration cost of water injection.This technique has a wide guideable significance and its application will result in good economic benefit and perspective future.

    THE STUDY OF THE WATER-CUT OF THE DEVELOPMENT WELLS DURING THE DIFFERENT PERIOD
    TANG Hong
    2003, 25(3):  30-32.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.009
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    The water cut is usually determined by the buckely-leverett equation, which represent water cut in certain time. with the development of oil field, the water cut varies continuously. so it is necessary to predict the water cut of well on the different location during the different period when the well pattern is ad-
    justed. in this paper, the model of the water-cut is set up by using the dynamic and static date of the well that is known by the method of fuzzy neural networks. this model can predict the water cut of the arbitrary well and period.
    NEURAL NETWORK MODEL OF DYNAMIC RESEARCH FOR INJECTION WATER OIL FIELDS
    HU Ze JIA Yong-Lu
    2003, 25(3):  33-35.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.010
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    A new dynamic research model for injection water oil fields was presented. The model contains increase production measures and it is adaptive to various random factors together in the process of oil field exploitation. In this paper, using neuron network models of nonlinear multidimensional time series predic-
    tion, neuron network predictors for the oil production and water production of oil fields were constructed. Results illustrated that the predictors were up to higher prediction precision. But this method improved the theory of the dynamic prediction of oil production and water production .Finally, an example of the dynamic prediction were given.

    PROGRESS OF RESEARCH ON GAS-WATER TWO-PHASE PERCOLATION AND APPLICATION IN WATER-DRIVE GAS RESERVOIRS
    YU Jin LI Yun
    2003, 25(3):  36-39.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.011
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    Gas-water two-phase percolation in water-drive reservoirs belongs to multi-phase flow, the flow exists in middle-late stage of developing water-drive gas reservoirs. Theories of numerical simulation and well test analysis are built up using mechanics of flow through porous media, and which are the practical applications. First, this paper comments on advances of experimental
    mechanics of water-drive gas reservoirs, then, analyzes application of gas-water two-phase percolation in numerical simulation and well test analysis, at last, prospect present research content for gas-water two-phase percolation, also, the basis for studying theory and application of gas-water two-phase percolation is provide by the paper.
    STUDY ON THE METHOD OF OIL/GAS-BEARING BLOCK COST DIFFERENCE ANALYSIS AND CONTROL
    ZHAO Xiang-chun CHEN Wu CHEN Guang-hai et al
    2003, 25(3):  40-43.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.012
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    Through the study on geologic and cost characteristics and budget of oil/gas-bearing block, as well as the difference analysis to material cost, fuel cost, power cost, salary and farewell for employees, maintain cost, crude processing cost and administration cost, it is put forward that control to oil/gas-bearing
    block production should include following: in total cost control,ABC classification method may be uses first to classify, the controllable items making up higher proportion will be sorted out to be controlled so that satisfactory outcomes are reached. In operation cost control, the sum of key items cost on all the oil/gas-
    bearing blocks will be monitored, and operation monitoring needing specially considered oil/gas-bearing blocks will be do.

    PRODUCTIVITY METHOD OF FRACTURED HORIZONTAL WELLS IN COALBED GAS
    FU Yu GUO Xiao LONG Hua
    2003, 25(3):  44-46.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.013
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    The coalbed gas is an important resources, the activities of the research and the development are very active. The main characteristics of coalbed reservoir are low permeability and low porosity, the effect that the normal method developed coalbed reservoir is not good. The technology of fracture and horizontal well is an effective method improved output of coalbed gas.
    Fractured horizontal well is a potential way developed coalbed gas, applying potential function principles, superposition principal and mathematical method for solving matrix. In the process of formula derivation, many factors, such as, anisotropy of reservoir matrix, numbers of fractures, fractured on horizontal
    well's productivity and fully or partially penetrating in the formation and so on, were considered. Finally, in the paper the calculation example was given, and a few factors have been compared and analyzed. The results show that the relation between the horizontal well's productivity and the number of frac-
    ture is direct ratio, the suitable number of fracture is no more than 10 in the horizontal length of the well, besides, the rate of penetrating of fracture should under 0.15, if the rate of penetrating of fracture overweight 0.15, it is not sensitive that the output are affect the rate of penetrating of fracture.

    NECCESSARY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN THE MIDDLE-LATE PERIOD OF STEAM CIRCLING IN GUDAO HEAVY OIL FIELD
    SU Qing-lin MAO Wei-rong ZHOU Wen-sheng et al
    2003, 25(3):  47-50.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.014
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    To resolve the problem oil reserves are developed unevenly and water invasion is getting worse in the middle-late period of steam circling productionin Gudao heavy oil field, reduce the water-cut and increase the heavy oil prodution recovery, by the technology of adjusting well pattern densely and injection section with foam to ameliorate the situation of oil reserves employ with asymmetry in the parallel and vertical plane. The water invasion rate is controlled effectively by combining"employing,drainage, cease, shutoff, shun"with other coordinated measure of geology and technology, oil production period is prolonged and the oil-gas rate increased by thermodynamic production preventing sand、chemical dredge and other technology, so that the necessary technology that is suitable for heavy oil production with steam circling in Gudao oil field come into being and the
    preferable result is obtained. By the time the production degree that heavy oil production with steam circling in Gudao oil field has come to14.7% and the recovery has come to 32.5%. The technology has a great significance and value worthy of being extended to the similar reservoirs with steam circling production in the middle-late period.

    NEW WELL TEST ANALYSIS METHOD OF THE DENSE WELL-PATTERN
    WU Hong-biao CHEN Qin-lei BI Yan-chang
    2003, 25(3):  51-54.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.015
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    According to the actual characteristics of the oil field developing procedure of dense wells, A new well test analysis theory model was established based on the reservoir flow mechanism and theory ,and the way to draw the build-up and drawdown theoretical type-curve was presented in this paper. The analyses of field examples proved that the well test analysis method pre-
    sented in this paper is scientific and effective.

    油气化学工程与化工
    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND FIELD APPLICATION OF A VISCOSITY REDUCING AGENT FOR VISCOUS CRUDE
    SONG Dou-gui ZHU Gui-lin NIU Guang-hai et al
    2003, 25(3):  55-57.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.016
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    Many problems such as low steam displacement efficiency,low oil/steam ratio and poor profit exist in multiple cyclic steam stimulated heavy oil or super heavyoil field. Normal steam injection can not be carried out because of especially high pressure in some districts. Experimental results show that steam displacement efficiency, oil/steam ratio and cyclic production can be
    improved by a high efficiency viscosity reducing agent CY-2.This technology has been widely applied in Shanjia Temple Oil Field and great profit has been achieved, which provides a new method to exploit heavy oil or super heavy oil field.

    A THERMODYNAMIC MODEL OF VAPOR/LIQUID/SOLID THREE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM AND ITS MOLELING TECHNIQUE
    BI Jian-xia LI Ming ZHANG Mao-lin et al
    2003, 25(3):  58-61(8.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.017
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    There exists many organic solid substance with high molecular weight in crude oil. Therefore, in order to describe phase equilibrium appearing in oil/gas system accurately, it is essential to study vapor/liquid/solid three phase equilibrium. On the basis of understanding to asphaltene precipitation mechanism, the paper comes up with the view that the incompatibility between asphaltene components and light hydrocarbons can be described
    with larger interaction coefficients. The present paper also puts forward vapor/liquid/solid material balance equations which has their own characterization in line with the generic opinion and the method for characterizing asphaltene components.With three phase algorithm which takes asphaltene precipitation into account, the technique can model asphaltene precipitation quantitatively. Moreover, by examples described in the paper, calculation method of reference fugacity and matching method of
    saturation pressure and amount of precipitated asphaltene have been presented.

    STUDY OF ADSORPTION OF CONDENSATE GAS MIXTURE ON SURFACE OF POROUS MEDIA
    DU Jian-fen LI Shilun SUN Lei et al
    2003, 25(3):  62-65.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.018
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    Because the porous media have very large specific area, adsorption of fluid of gas condensate reservoir in porous medium are is in reality, so that it will affect the problems of gas reservoir engineering, such as reserves calculation, phase behavior simulation and gas well production calculation etc. On the basis of analyzing the mechanism of porous medium adsorbing gas
    condensate reservoir fluid and according to the theory of gas-solid adsorption, adsorption mathematics model of condensate gas in porous medium has been developed. By case calculating, adsorption amount and the composition of the adsorbed fluid of condensate gas in porous medium have been analyzed. Results show that the adsorption amount decreases with temperature
    rising, and increases with pressure going up. At the same time,in the same porous medium and under the same temperature and pressure, the system with high heavy component cut has high adsorption amount. Finally, it is concluded that the order of the adsorption amount of reaches 10-2mol/kg and it should be taken into account in the practical engineering.
    SELECTION OF ELECTRON-TRANSMITTER IN DYE DEGRADING BY PHOTO-CATALYTIC OXIDATION
    FENG Min CHEN Ji RAO Xiao-tong et al
    2003, 25(3):  66-68.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.019
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    Two kinds of catalysts have been used to degrade methylorange and dyes under the different light-lamp and with different electron-transmitter. The catalysts have low activity when the transmitter is O2, while the catalysts show high activity when the transmitter is H2O2. After 20 minutes reaction under sun-light, the degradation of methyl-orange can reach 90% and
    the COD remove ratio of the dye can reach 50%~60% and it has little color. Results have showed that the electron-transmitter is one important factor for the process of effective photocatalytic oxidation and H2O2 is more effective than O2 as electron-transmitter.

    A NEW FOAM DIVERSION MODEL CONSIDERING TRAPPING EFFECT IN MATRIX ACIDIZING
    CHEN Ji-mei WANG Yi HUANG Ying-hui
    2003, 25(3):  69-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.020
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    Form is an excellent diverting agent in matrix acidizing for its less pollution and easy to cleanup. By analysis of foam diverting mechanism and foam flow in porous media, trapping factor considering different gas saturation before and after diverting has been established, on the basis of which, a new foam diver-
    sion model has been developed. Algorithm is obtained in example calculation. Results have show that injection amount of foam exits an optimum value and trappingfactor is the most important parameter in foam diverting.

    石油机械工程及其它
    ENHANCEMENT TEST ON THE DISC BIT
    HUANG Ben-sheng LIU Qing-you LI Xi-ping
    2003, 25(3):  73-75.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.021
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    By replacing the granular casted carbonization tungsten with spherical sintered carbonization tungsten, filling quantitative of self-fluxing nature holly, the thin metal wall welding rod was made. Meanwhile its component, the character and the wear-resisting was analyzed. Finally, the disc bit is tested that was enhanced by the welding rod. The conclusion is that the welding rod mobility and wear-resisting are better than those before, and the disc bit's well drilling effect is outstanding after the reinforcement.

    OPTIMIZATION AND CALCULATION OF OIL TEMPERATURE OF HEATING STATIONS ABOUT THE OIL PIPELINES
    XU Yan-bo ZHAO Jin-zhou LI Chang-jun et al
    2003, 25(3):  76-78.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.022
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    In order to save energy and decrease cost, the mathematical model of optimal operation was established. The minimum sum of heat and hydraulic cost was regarded as interpretational criteria. The method of MDCP was used to optimize and calcualte the temperature of heat stations. The computing speed of this method is fast and the results are accurate. The satisfied results in the practice application were obtained.

    USING FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE JUDGE TO EVALUATE CORROSION DEGREE OF INJECTING PIPELINE
    YU Xi-chong ZAO Jin-zhou WU Ya-ling et al
    2003, 25(3):  79-82.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2003.03.023
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    When corrosion mechanism was studied for injecting water pipeline, corrosion degree should be evaluated.Quantitative evaluation to injecting water pipeline was the foundation ofknowing about corrosion status and theoretical base of residual strength evaluation, residual lifetime prediction and reliability
    analysis. In this paper fuzzy comprehensive judge method was brought forward to evaluate corrosion degree of injecting pipeline and calculating steps are given. Finally, with field examples were used to verify for application of this method.