The phenomenon of merging the Zhuang group characters with inner series into the Jingzu group has appeared in the Zhongyuan Yinyun, indicating that the “Nanjing type” of the ancient Zhuang group characters, Showing opposition based on inner-outer series, is not only a characteristic of Jianghuai Mandarin and Southwest Mandarin. The mutual integration between the Northern and Southern Mandarin is the fundamental reason for the phenomenon in Zhongyuan Yinyun. The evolution characteristics of the initial consonants of the ancient Zhizhuangzhang  in the North South Mandarin are related to the underlying features of Altaic and Tai-Kadai  languages.

Nanbei Fangyin is a dialect rhyme book written by Xia Luanxiang at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the phonology of which is compound. It is necessary to clarify whether the basic phonology of Nanyin in this book is Hangzhou dialect or Suzhou dialect. After analysis on the internal and external evidences such as the Chinese phonology tradition and the nature and status of Hangzhou dialect, the phonetic notation method suggested by the general examples and the practical operability of phonetic notation work, the pronunciations of the initials of Jing（精） group and Zhi（知） series, the pronunciations of the finals of the Grade 3nd and kaikou（开口） rhymes of Zhi（止） and Xie（蟹） rhyme groups with the initials of Jing（精） group and the initials of Zhi（知） and Zhang（章） groups, and the tone systems, it can be seen that the first readings of Nanyin（南音） in this book reflect the phonology of Hangzhou dialect in the middle of the 19th century, which is a single phonology.

There are five layers of “zhi”（支）rhyme and four layers of “zhi”(脂) rhyme and three layers of “zhi”(之) rhyme in Min dialect, which correspond to the southern Fujian, eastern Fujian, northern Fujian, central Fujian and Puxian. Layer I of “zhi”(支) rhyme has the same pronunciation as “ge”(歌) rhyme, which is relic of the Old Chinese. Layer II merges into the “hui”(灰) rhymes. Layer III is related to the characteristics of Kam-Tai languages. Layer IV is vowel \[i\] and it’s variants, which are cracked into \[ie\] instead of a reflection of the “Qieyue”(切韵) system. The Layer V is the literal reading layer. It argues that the relationship of Wu-Min by using the Strata similarity degree, which of the zhi/zhi/zhi rhymes of Southern Wu and Min dialects is 64%.

In addition to being a concessional condition conjunction in complex sentences, “napa” (哪怕) can also be a focus particle in a simple sentence, which is the result of the integration of clauses. The “napa-clause” initially enters the main clause in the form of parenthesis, and becomes the dependent component after syntactic degradation. In a simple sentence, “napa” focuses on the scalar  component that follows, and forms an emphatic expression through the extreme value, showing the perspective, affect and epistmic modality of the speaker. The motivation for the integration of the “napa-clause” is the gestalt restructuring of the information structure. The adjacency of the “napa-clause” to the main sentence is an important syntactic condition for the integration, and desententialization of subordinate clause, syntactic degradation and intonation fusion are the mechanisms of such integration.

Based on the presence (absence) of speaker attitudes, Chinese polar questions (both in Mandarin and dialects) can be classified into two types：type 1 which carries the feature \[+attitude\]，including ma （吗）-questions and intonation-marked questions；type 2 which carries the feature \[-attitude\]，including A-NOT-A questions and F-VP questions. The members of polar questions show a correspondence between clause typing positions and speaker attitudes，with those typed at TP bearing \[-attitude\] and those typed at CP bearing \[+attitude\]. The above correlation is rooted in the architecture of syntax proposed in Cartographic Approach，and also evidenced by cross-linguistic data.

Taking “head” and “hair” as examples, this paper uses the geolinguistic method to discuss the contact-induced variation of the core words in Zhuang language. On the one hand, the etyma and diachronic substrata of the two concepts are determined; on the other hand, according to the geographical distribution and historical evidence, it analyzes the patterns and the era of Zhuang-Chinese language contact. And put forward the “Regional Principle”. The case implies that Zhuang-Chinese language contact has taken place in different ways and different periods, reflecting the close relationship between minority languages and Chinese.

Yuan baihua(a.k.a. the vernacular Chinese in Yuan Dynasty), the character 有(yǒu)commonly used at the end of a sentence appears in two constructions: “N+有”, which indicates “exists in N” or “possesses N”, and “V(+particle)+有(+particle)”, which conveys various aspectual information of V. In the bilingual speakers’ spoken text Zhèngtǒng Línróng Lù(正统临戎录), composed in early Ming, the usage of “N+有” to express time began to emerge marking an extension of the locational “N+有” construction in bilingual speech. The previous “V+有” construction attained new functions to indicate future tense and imperative mood, suggesting a divergence between spoken and written language, where the spoken “V+有” specifically indicates “present,” aligning with the presentfuture tense suffixes in Middle Mongolian, the former subsequently adopted the future and imperative usages of the suffixes. This case illustrates two points: first, language contact documents involving different producers and users exhibit both distinctions and connections, warranting a categorized investigation; second, the different syntactic functions of polysemous functional morphemes may also undergo semantic/functional transfer, occurring not only in indirect contact but also in direct contact.

With comparison and analysis among these character forms, it points out that the Xiaozhuan form of character “sha” (殺) in Shuowen should be analyzed as “shu ”(殳) and “shi ”.(豕) It should be transferred as “豛”, literally to slaughtering a pig with “shu” (殳). The character “ ” in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions should be interpreted as “sha” (殺) proposed by Wu Zhenwu, which literally refers to killing a person. The character “ ” in oracle bone inscriptions should also be interpreted as “sha” (殺), which means to kill a pig，a semantic variant of “ ”.The character “ (or )” in oracle bone inscriptions and the character “ ” in the Shiqi tripod (师旂鼎) should be interpreted as “bi ”(毙), literally referring to the “hui” (虫) hit by the “pu”  (攵)or “shu” (殳) and bleeding.