Table of Content

15 December 2025, Volume 10 Issue 12

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Research on Parameter Estimation Methods for the Generalized Inverse Gaussian Distribution

Zhou Guoqiong, Lin Shixun, Yang Huijuan, Han Yan

2025, 10(12):  1-5. 

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An indirect maximum likelihood estimation method is proposed for the parameter estimation of the generalized inverse
Gaussian distribution. For the case where the order parameter λ < 0, variable substitution is performed on the parameters of the generalized inverse Gaussian distribution, and a covariate following the uniform distribution U（0, 1） is introduced. The substituted parameters to be estimated are then assumed to be a parametric function of this covariate. Furthermore, maximum likelihood estimation is applied to the parameters within this function to estimate the parameters of the generalized inverse Gaussian distribution. The effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method are validated through real-world case studies.


New Exact Solutions to the（ 3+1）-Dimensional Space-Time Fractional Yu-Toda-Sasa-Fukuyama Equation

Chen Jinhua

2025, 10(12):  6-14. 

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In the sense of the conformable fractional derivative, the fractional nonlinear partial differential equation is transformed
into an ordinary differential equation. By embedding univariate polynomial functions and bivariate polynomial functions with a coefficient of 1 into rational functions, respectively, 19 new exact solutions to the （3+1）-dimensional space-time fractional Yu-Toda-Sasa-Fukuyama equation are obtained, including 10 exponential function solutions, 3 rational function solutions, and 6 solutions involving logarithmic functions.


The Application of Ethnic Mathematical Culture in Primary School Mathematics Education: A Case Study of the Naxi Ethnic Mathematical Culture

Wang Zhaochun

2025, 10(12):  15-23. 

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The study aims to construct a research framework for the application of ethnic mathematical culture in primary school
mathematics education from three dimensions: direction, methods, and carriers. This framework can promote changes in ethnic area primary school mathematics teachers in terms of "where to explore", "what to teach", "how to teach", and "where to integrate". Meanwhile, taking the Naxi ethnic mathematical culture as an example, the study conducts a specific analysis and interpretation of the application of ethnic mathematical culture in primary school mathematics education. On one hand, the framework helps further explore and organize Naxi ethnic mathematical culture; on the other hand, it guides frontline teachers in adapting teaching cases and implementing corresponding instruction based on ethnic mathematical culture.


Mining of High Average-Utility Co-Location Patterns Based on Instance Distribution

Zhao Qinyi, Li Yi, Luo Guilan, Hei Shaomin, Zhao Yunqin

2025, 10(12):  24-31. 

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High-utility co-location patterns refer to those with strong instructive value and application-driven potential. Its extraction is based on utility values associated with dataset features or with individual instances. Research indicates that the distance
distribution between feature-participating instances and neighboring instances, as well as the co-located instances formed by
participating instances, reflect the utility of feature-participating instances in the pattern. Therefore, this study defines metrics for instance participation based on row instance utility, instance participation pattern utility, feature average participation utility, and pattern average participation utility, and proposes an algorithm for mining high average-utility co-location patterns based on instance distribution. The algorithm′s effectiveness is validated using both synthetic and real-world datasets, demonstrating its ability to uncover co-location patterns with high instance participation frequency, importance, and favorable distance distribution. However, it may miss a small number of co-location patterns with lower utility.


Simulation and Research of Cooperative Learning CS-HIV Model Based on NetLogo

Zhou Yanling, Cui Jingtao, Gui Minlan, Wu Hao

2025, 10(12):  32-37. 

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With the development of the society, traditional teaching methods struggle to fully stimulate students′ learning motivation
and innovative ability. Cooperative learning, as a new teaching method, has become a hot research topic in the field of education today.This study models and simulates the cooperative learning process in the NetLogo environment, and analyzes various factors that affectstudent achievements, including personal factors, family factors, team member factors, and learning environment factors. This study compares different experimental data, analyzes the connections and influences between various factors, observes the changes in the number of top-performing and average students in the class, and identifies the optimal relationship among various influencing factors when the overall team performance is high. This study enables educational administrators and guidance teachers to allocate teams reasonably when guiding students in cooperative learning, so as to achieve optimal efficiency of cooperative learning and enhance students′ comprehensive abilities.


Exploration and Practice of a Multidisciplinary "General and Specialized" Integrated Teaching Model under the Background of "New Engineering": A Case Study of the "Python Data Analysis" Course

Zhao Yuqin, Li Xiaowei, Yang Dengqi, Huang Hefei

2025, 10(12):  38-47. 

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In response to the problems existing in the current teaching of computer-related general education courses, and combined
with the demands of different majors for such courses in the context of the "Four New Disciplines" construction, this paper elaborates on the multidisciplinary "general and specialized" integrated curriculum system characterized by "one core, two pillars, and multidimensional expansion". Taking the "Python Data Analysis" course as an example, this paper elaborates on specific curriculum development measures from four aspects: the multidisciplinary integration of course content, the integration of "general and specialized" courses, the construction of a new-form textbook system, and the diversified innovation of course assessment methods. Finally, future research directions for the multidisciplinary "general and specialized" integrated teaching model are proposed.


Improved Sliding Mode Control for PMSM Based on Disturbance Compensation

Luo Xinyan, Zhao Feiyun, Gao Kan, Zhou Zhuhai, Zhao Chunping

2025, 10(12):  48-55. 

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To enhance the performance of the conventional speed control system for permanent magnet synchronous motor （PMSM）
and eliminate the adverse effects of centralized disturbances in the system, a novel sliding mode controller （SMC） for the PMSM speed loop is proposed, which integrates a new fast exponential reaching law with an improved sliding mode torque observer. This controller achieves high-efficiency robust speed regulation while improving the system′s dynamic response and anti-disturbance capability.Specifically, the strategy incorporates a sliding mode surface function into the reaching law coefficients and replaces the traditional signum function with a hyperbolic tangent function. Finally, an integral sliding mode surface is adopted to design the speed loop SMC, leading to a significant improvement in the dynamic performance and stability of the PMSM speed control system. Additionally, the new reaching law is applied to the traditional sliding mode observer to develop an improved sliding mode torque observer, which provides feedforward compensation of disturbance information for the speed loop SMC. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control strategy outperforms the traditional sliding mode control in terms of control accuracy, robustness, and dynamic performance, while effectively suppressing the chattering of sliding mode control.


Exploration of Curriculum Teaching Reform for "Programmable Controller Technology and Application" Based on the Integration of "Posts, Courses, Competitions, and Certifications"

Luo Lin, Gao Runxia, Liu Lei, Xu Yingwu, Wang Kang

2025, 10(12):  55-63. 

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The course "Programmable Controller Technology and Application" is a core compulsory course for automation-related
majors in engineering disciplines at universities and colleges. It serves as an essential reference for obtaining qualifications such as the Electrical Maintenance Certificate and the Programmable Control System Designer Certificate, and also constitutes a key technical competence for tasks including the design, production, installation, commissioning, and maintenance of electromechanical equipment and automated production lines. Currently, the course suffers from a disconnect between its content and practical corporate applications, as well as insufficient integration of "posts, courses, competitions, and certifications". Additionally, the significant disparities in students′ foundational knowledge and their lack of initiative and motivation in learning lead to suboptimal outcomes.Based on the integration of "posts, courses, competitions, and certifications" and school-business cooperation, taking the course of "Programmable Controller Technology and Application" as an example, this paper explores teaching reform from three aspects: overall teaching design, teaching implementation process, and student learning effect. Following the implementation of these reforms, students demonstrated notable improvements in comprehensive competencies, job adaptability, competition performance, and vocational certification attainment rates, along with significantly enhanced employment quality and satisfaction.


Analysis of Bird Diversity in Green Spaces of the Central Urban Area of Huangshan City during Autumn and Winter

Liang Jinpeng, , Yao Minyan, Jiang Xiaofan, Wu Meng, Liu Ruiqi, Yu Chao,

2025, 10(12):  64-71. 

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To investigate the impact of urban green spaces on bird diversity in the central urban area of Huangshan City, a samplepoint
method was adopted to investigate bird species, population sizes, and habitats in four urban green spaces of the central district of Huangshan City, conducted from September 2023 to January 2024. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index,Simpson dominance index, and Sørensen similarity coefficient were employed to calculate the α -diversity and β -diversity of bird communities, while the BAS method was used to further decompose β -diversity. The results indicated: （1） A total of 908 birds belonging to 7 orders, 25 families, 41 species were recorded, including one species of national second-class key protected wild animal.（2） Significant differences were observed in bird species, species dominance levels, and community diversity among the four urban green spaces. （3） The overall β-diversity across urban green spaces was 0.252, with the turnover component （βsim=0.181） exceeding the nested component（ βsne=0.071）, suggesting that feature differences between green spaces significantly influenced bird communities.As a crucial migratory corridor for birds, Huangshan City′s results provide a scientific basis for the planning of urban green spaces in the region.


Analysis of Distribution Differences and Driving Factors of Soil Nematodes in Different Functional Zones of Dali University

Yi Xiulan, , Mu Yunfei, Song Zhenghua, Wang Yang, Li Yanpeng

2025, 10(12):  72-81. 

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To investigate the soil nematode diversity and community characteristics across different functional zones in the Ancient
City Campus of Dali University, fifteen 10 m×10 m sampling plots were established in the garden zone, residential zone, administrative zone, sports zone, and teaching zone in 2022. The five point sampling method was used to collect samples, and the Bellman funnel method was used to isolate nematodes and conduct morphological identification. The results showed that a total of 268 nematodes were identified, belonging to 2 classes, 6 orders, 41 families, and 61 genera. Labronema was the only dominant genus, and the dominant group was omnivorous-predatory nematodes; the soil nematode diversity index on campus is relatively high （3.63）, and the ecosystem stability is favorable （maturity index 3.29）. There are significant differences in various indices between different functional zones, with the overall performance being the highest in the garden zone and the lowest in the teaching zone. Soil nematode biomass was consistent with the results of diversity and ecosystem stability indices.The study concluded that nematode diversity and community structure in Dali University′s campus soil are generally favorable overall. However, significant variations in nematode community structure, diversity, and stability exist across different functional zones due to differences in vegetation types, surface cover, and human activity intensity.


The Toxic Effects of Two Pyrethroid and Their Impacts on the Antioxidant and Immune Functions of Juvenile Crabs

Li Xin, , Gao Yumeng, , Long Xiaowen, ,

2025, 10(12):  82-89. 

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To investigate the toxic effects and impacts on antioxidant and immune functions of deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin
on juvenile Eriocheir sinensis, a semi-static acute toxicity test was conducted, where juvenile crabs were exposed to a concentration of 0.905 μg/L for 24, 48, 72, 96 hours, respectively. The activities of total superoxide dismutase （T-SOD）, catalase （CAT）, alkaline phosphatase （AKP）, and acid phosphatase （ACP）, as well as the malondialdehyde （MDA） content, were determined in the hepatopancreas and serum of the juvenile crabs. Results showed that after 24 h of exposure, the T-SOD activity in hepatopancreas of
the lambda-cyhalothrin group was significantly higher than that of the deltamethrin group, while the MDA content in hepatopancreas of the deltamethrin group was significantly higher than the control group. After 48 hours, the T-SOD activity in hepatopancreas of the deltamethrin group was significantly higher than the control group, while MDA content significantly decreased, and serum CAT activity was significantly lower than the control group. In the lambda-cyhalothrin group, serum T-SOD activity significantly increased, and hepatopancreas AKP activity was significantly lower than the control group. After 72 hours, serum T-SOD and CAT activities of the deltamethrin group were significantly lower than the control group. At 96 hours, serum AKP activity in both groups was significantly lower than the control group. In summary, both pyrethroids significantly affect the antioxidant capacity and immune response of juvenile Eriocheir sinensis.


The Impact of Tillering Performance on Yield among Eight Barley Varieties

2025, 10(12):  90-95. 

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Objective: To compare the yields among different barley varieties and clarify the impact of tillering performance on yield.
Methods: This experiment selected 8 different varieties of barley to conduct field trials in Dali, Yunnan. A randomized block design was adopted to investigate the emergence rate and tiller number, followed by yield determination and seed quality analysis. Additionally, the correlation between each agronomic trait and yield was compared and analyzed. Results: V43 achieved the highest yield, followed by black barley and ZD9, with variety exerting an extremely significant effect on yield. The tillering within 42-58 days after barley sowing had a significant impact on the final effective tiller number. Therefore, it was recommended to strengthen field management after 40 days of sowing to increase yield. The emergence rate, effective tiller number per plant, dry weight of 10 ears, grain weight of 10 ears, and 100-grain weight all exhibited a positive correlation with yield; the dry weight of 10 ears was extremely significantly and positively correlated with the grain weight of 10 ears. The grey correlation degrees between various agronomic traits of barley and yield, in descending order, were as follows: 100-grain weight, emergence rate, effective tiller number per plant, grain weight of 10 ears, and dry weight of 10 ears. Conclusion: Effective tillering has a significant impact on yield, and strengthening field management after 40 days of sowing is beneficial for improving yield. V43 demonstrated the most favorable performance, making it an ideal superior variety, followed by black barley and ZD9.


Properties and Applications of 3-Row n-Column Determinants

Hu Siyuan, Wang Pengde, Gao Cunchen

2025, 10(12):  96-100. 

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Based on the definition and properties of 2-row n-column determinants, this paper first introduces the definition of 3-row
n-column determinants. On this foundation, it summarizes and proves nine properties of these determinants, then extends them to the general case of m-row n-column determinants. Finally, application examples are provided.