Abstract: Young Marx began to criticize the modernity after being confused by "material interest", and established the ontological status of the civil society in the dual relationship between the state and the civil society, which laid the first cornerstone of Marx's modernity criticism. Then, from the perspective of political economy, Marx inspected the alienation of civil society——the alienation of human and association,and revealed the historical basis of alienation——private ownership. This indicates that Marx integrates Hegel philosophy, political economy and communism into his thoughts. While young Marx's thinking is different from his later thinking, his thoughts in different times did not contradict. The differences are but a natural logical evolution. At that time, Marx found the object and approach for his life-long study. Throughout his whole life, Marx consistently criticized the morality, law, and state of modern society, and pursued human freedom.

Key words: Marx, civil society, the alienation of human, the alienation of association, private ownership, modernity