Table of Content

20 February 2011, Volume 33 Issue 1

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专家论坛

STUDY OF OPTIMAL PARAMETER COMPUTING METHOD IN THE PROCESS OF OIL TRANSPORTATION IN HEAT PIPE

А· А· Коршак

2011, 33(1):  1-06.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.001

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Aimed at transportation effect problem in the process of heavy oil transportation，the optimal method and choice of using heat pipe oil transporting are discussed in this paper.It shows that two basic conditions are needed in heat pipe oil transporting.Temperature，pressure，balance and cost change equation of transfer station and heating station are discussed.The optimal computing method is proposed and the optimal work condition is summarized.Also，economic benefit of using heat pipe oil transporting is discussed.This article has important implication to the heavy oil production and transportation and oil and gas economics.

地质勘探

RESEARCH OF INTEGRATED DIAGENETIC FACIES CHARACTERISTICS OF T3x2 RESERVOIR IN SICHUAN BASIN

DUAN Xin-guo SONG Rong-cai LI Guo-hui LI Nan

2011, 33(1):  7-14.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.002

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It is an important gasbearing strata in T3x2 reservoir in the Xujiahe Formation of Upper Triassic，Sichuan Basin.But the inhomogeneity of the sand bodies is serious，and low porosity and permeability of the reservoir directly influence the exploration and development effect of the oil and gas well.This paper is aimed at proposing the conception of synthetical diagenetic facies，the purpose of which is to find out an effective method of forecasting the range of profitability of the reservoir.Synthetical diagenetic facies is just a complex which takes the dominant part in the multidiagenesis folded and reformed under different diagenetic environment.Compared with unifactor diagenetic facies，synthetical diagenetic facies can reflect the diagenetic characteristic of the reservoir better，which has the analysis of the main diagenesis，also has the analysis of the strong and weak order of the main diagenesis.According to the optical thin section study，core observation and the research of unifactor diagenetic facies，the paper divides the diagenetic facies in T3x2 Segment reservoir into 7 types，and researches the synthetical diagenetic facies in the T3x2 Section reservoir in Sichuan Basin.The research result indicates that the developmental condition of the T3x2 reservoir is centralized relatively，and the reservoir develops well in the middle of the basin，and develops badly in the edge and the east area of Sichuan Basin.Therefore，the part of the middle and the west area of Sichuan Basin is the range of profitability in the exploration and development in T3x2 Section reservoir.

STUDY ON THE SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEM OF DONGHE SANDSTONE IN TABEI UPLIFT

CHU Cheng-lin LIN Chang-song ZHU yong-feng LIU Jing-yanRUI Zhi-feng

2011, 33(1):  15-20.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.003

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Based on the outcrop，borehole，logging and seismic data，the Donghe Sandstone in Tabei Uplift is defined as a thirdsequence stratigraphy.This sequence has an obvious sedimentary cycle from transgression to regression，and can be divided into transgressive system tract and highstand system tract.The major lithology of the Donghe Sandstone is detritus quartz sandstone which has a high composition and texture maturity.It develops cross bedding，parallel bedding，swash bedding，massive bedding and bioturbate structure.According to the progradational seismic facies and the core observation，wavedominated delta depositional system is developed in well Donghe 20，Saike Uplift and well Cao 4.

TO IDENTIFY THE INVERSION STRUCTURES IN JIYANG DEPRESSION WITH INTEGRATED METHODS

LIU Jian-bao;XIA Bin LV Bao-feng YUAN Ya-juan;SHI Qiu-hua;

2011, 33(1):  21-24.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.004

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Steep slope of continental rift lake basin always develops a variety of sand bodies.They interfere with inversion structure recognition because of their particularity of seismic reflection characteristics.With examples of positive inversion folds of Wuhaozhuang fault zone in Gubei Sag and GaoqingPingnan positive inversion fault in Gaoqing areas，the paper analyzes the seismic reflection characteristics of the inversion structure and formation subdivision and correlation with drilling data.The amount of erosion is calculated by acoustic time and tectonic stress characters are determined by fluid inclusions.The seismic reflection characteristics of positive inversion fold appear on the concaveconvex shape in Wuhaozhuang fault zone，and the upper strata are thick in middle，thin in wings.The top of the fold suffers erosion，and reflection events cut significantly.The lower strata preserve filling characteristics of rift basin.Drilling data also show that the anticline core is denuded and acoustic time curve changes significantly in the denuded segment.Two types of inclusions developed in tensional and pressure environment in GaoqingPingnan faults are found.The accuracy of inversion structure recognition is raised with a variety of mutually constraint methods.

MAIN CONTROLLING FACTORS ANALYSIS OF LOW PERMEABLE TIGHT RESERVOIRS OF CHANG 8 FORMATION IN ZHENJING AREA

DING Xiao-qi ZHANG Shao-nan XIE Shi-wen Yi Chao

2011, 33(1):  25-30.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.005

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Chang 8 Formation，Zhenjing area of southwest Ordos Basin is of low permeability，low abundance and rich reserves.Favorable petroleum exploration potential was displayed by many wells with high production which have been drilled in recent years.High qualities reservoirs are sheet sandstones bar in ascend hemicycle of middle period basal level cycles，and fractures with foundational faults can improve permeability of reservoirs extremely，and trend of fractures are northeast.Ferrocalcite cement of late lower cretaceous are controlled by fluctuations of lake floor shape，and weak ferrocalcite cement sandstone are distributed in ups of lake floor shape，and reservoir has fine physical property.Exploration idea and operating procedure of low permeable tight reservoirs of Chang 8 Formation are clarification on the sequence strata and high spots，tracking fractures and sedimentary facies.

SANDSTONE DIAGENESIS AND THE INFLUENCE FACTORS ON RESERVOIR OF XISHANYAO FORMATION IN YONGJIN AREA

ZHU Mei-heng LI Mao-rong ZHU Feng-yun LI Yan-li

2011, 33(1):  31-36.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.006

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Based on the data analysis of casting lamella，scanning electron microscope and Xdiffraction，the authors hold that Yongjin area Xishanyao Formation sandstone reservoir diagenesis includes compaction，cementation and dissolution.Because the plasticity lithic sandstone is the main component，the compaction lowers the reservoir porosity，which is the main damaging factor of the reservoir physical property.The dissolution improves the reservoirs physical property to some extent and could higher the porosity up to 7%.On the basis of the study above，the conclusion is reached that the facies control the distribution of the reservoir and have some influences on the compaction and dissolution，so beneficial facies belt is the base of good reservoir.On the other hand，high abnormal pressure of oil/gas generation and hydrocarbon emplacement occurred at early stage could prevent the lithologenesis，to some extent improve the reservoir porosity，and provide interspace for hydrocarbon accumulation.

EVALUATION OF SOURCE ROCKS IN MANGHAN DEPRESSION OF KAILU BASIN AND ITS EXPLORATION POTENTIAL

WU Yi-ming; YIN Zhi-jun

2011, 33(1):  37-41.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.008

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In order to determine the exploration prospect of Manghan Depression in Kailu Basin，the geochemical behavior of its source rock is quantitatively examined by sample analysis data from Well Zhecan 2 and as a result the petroleum generation potency of the source rock is comprehensively evaluated，and finally the spatial distribution of source rock is predicted with seismic inversion.According to the research result，the source rock of Manghan Depression is pelagic and mudstone with high organic matter abundance，whose kerogen is sorted as Ⅱtype and has become mature into petroleum generation threshold，so the source rock of Manghan Depression has a high potential of hydrocarbon generation.Seismic inversion shows that the source rock widely spreads in Manghan Depression with a thickness of 300 meter in center.So the study area has a good exploration prospect and the effective trap adjacent hydrocarbon generation zone center is the optimum exploration target area.

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE MODEL AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF FUSHA STRUCTURE ZONE IN SOUTHWESTERN DEPRESSION OF TARIM BASIN

ZHANG Wei; QI Jia-fu;LEI Gang-lin WEI Wei ZENG Xiang-zhou

2011, 33(1):  42-48.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.008

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Fusha structure zone in Southwestern Depression of Tarim Basin is the first row of thrustfold zones next to west Kunlun Mountain.The thick Quaternary loess in shallower level and complex thrustfold deformation in deeper level make it difficult to interpret the structure and the final structural model is of ambiguity.On the basis of areal tectonic background，geological data，drilling and seismic data，the structural interpretation model of Fusha structure zone is discussed，and conclusion is thrustfold in the shallower level detached on top of the saltgypsum rock of the Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene，but the deeper layer under the saltgypsum rock develops a set of thrusts and assembles to a wedge imbricate fan.The tailing fault in the imbricate fan is a basementinvolved thrust with middlehigh angle，and could be the master thrust as a result of preexisting regional normal fault inverted.The model of “delaminating contraction and vertically stacking” could be more reasonable to explain the acceptable and trusty structural information in the seismic profile.Inverted normal faults separate Fusha structural zone and west Kunlun folded orogenic zone in horizontal direction.Cenozoic structure in shallower level and Mesozoic structure in deeper level is separated by the saltgypsum rock.West Kunlun Mountain uplift from Neocene to Quaternary，promoting the deeper level of west Kunlun Mountain extruding to southwestern Depression of Tarim Basin，impelling the preexisting normal faults to invert and controlling the formation and evolution of Fusha structure zone.

RESERVIOR GENESIS AND EVALUATION FOR THE LOW POROSITY AND PERMEABILITY SANDSTONE IN THE DANIUDI GASFIELD

ZHU Chun-jun aWANG Yan-bin b

2011, 33(1):  49-56.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.009

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Taking the Daniudi Gasfield as an example，the genesis of the physical property of the tight sand stone reservoir is discussed in detail by comprehensively studying on these sedimentology，lithology and diageneses of the reservoir based on core，well logging，and chemical examination data.It showes that the distribution of microfacies decides the spatial distribution of reservoir property，while diageneses controls the reservoir space characteristics and capability in which compaction and cementation has damaging action on the preservation of original intergranular pore，and hence they reduce the porosity and permeability of the reservoir.While corrosion improves the physical property of the reservoir in certain extent and microcrevasse improves permeability of the reservoir and intensified the reservoir anisotropism.From the deposition，the rock，the diagenesis，physical property，choosing geology appraisal parameters，four kinds of reservoir are divided in the goal reservoir，in which prolific zoneⅠis mainly the river course granulated substance body compound belt that has the characteristics of low value GR curve，remarkably negative abnormal SP curve，thick detritus pellet，high quartz content，and remaining intergranular hole or intergranular dissolution pore.

THE ORIGIN ANALYSIS OF STRATUM WATER IN XUJIAHE FORMATION OF XIAOQUAN FENGGU STRUCTURAL BELT

LENG Ji-gao YANG Ke-ming YE Jun ZHU Hong-quan

2011, 33(1):  57-63.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.010

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Vertical variation of formation water is not obvious，with brine characteristics of water type for the CaCl2，based on the 247 analysis samples of XiaoquanFenggu structural belt.95.2% strata water chemical is Cl-，Na+，Ca2+，Cl- and Na+ have strong relationship with the TDS.The main ions in content is much higher than sea water except Mg2+and SO2-4.The formation water is a typical hypometamorphism sedimentary water，and its formation is the result of concentrated salinity，a positive metamorphose.Studies show that the syndepositional formation water of the second member is seawater，and the fourth member is mixed water.NaCl and CaCl2 are the main presentation forms.Na+ deficit and abundant Ca2+relatively to the seawater is the basic feature，calcitization is obvious，and halite dissolution and evaporation is weak.The best explanation for this relationship is that albitzation of plagioclase controls the Na and Ca abundances.Rock water interaction indicates a net cation exchange rations of 2 Na+ for 1 Ca2+.In the study area desulfated elimination is not obvious.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ON EFFECTIVE SOURCE ROCKS OF PALAEOGENE LIAODONG BAY AREA

MA Xing-zhi;PANG Xiong-qi JIANG Fu-jie MENG Qing-yang;

2011, 33(1):  64-70.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.011

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The effective source rocks were developed during geologic process，which could not only generate hydrocarbon but also expel hydrocarbon.Traditionally，the methods for analyzing effective source rocks are mainly based on determining the low limited of TOC，actual measurement data analysis and simulation experiment.So far，there is not a quantitative research method for the effective source rocks.In this study，according to the expulsion threshold theory，a new quantitative method is formed based on identifying diagram which is established with hydrocarbon potential method，and then applied into Liaodong Bay area.It shows that the study area develops three sets of effective source rocks:Ed3，Es1+2and Es3.Among them，the Es3 is the best one.Although dark mudstone is widely developed in Ed2，it is not regarded as the effective source rock as it is below the threshold situation of expulsion.

THE CENOZOIC STRUCTURAL STYLE AND ITS EVOLUTION IN HUANGHUA DEPRESSION

LI Ming-gang-; YANG Qiao ZHANG Jian

2011, 33(1):  71-77.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.012

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In order to reveal Cenozoic basin prototype of Huanghua Depression and recover its structural evolutionary history，using the theory of structural analysis，this paper makes comprehensive analysis on Cenozoic structural style and its evolution in Huanghua Depression，and two basic styles are proposed in the paper，including extensionaltype，strikesliptype.In basin scale，according to the characteristic of geometry and dynamics，extensional structure type can be divided into eight secondary styles，including extensional depression，extensional downwarpfault depression，graben fault depression，domino half graben fault depression，roll half graben fault depression，duplex half graben fault depression，seesaw fault depression and extensional faultdownwarp depression，and follows the evolutionary sequence of extensional depressionextensional downwarpfault depression extensional fault depression and extensional faultdownwarp depression.This evolutionary sequence is related to rheology feature and extension and deform of lithosphere；strikesliptype is controlled by deep fault，and can be subdivided into en echelon strikeslip structure and fastigiated fault group.

石油与天然气工程

STUDY OF NON LINEAR RELATIVE PERMEABILITY IN LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR

SHI Yua YANG Zheng-mingb YANG Wen-yu

2011, 33(1):  78-82.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.013

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la in low permeability reservoirs.There is obvious nonlinear seepage flow in the low permeability reservoir.The nonlinear seepage flow has effect on the flowing of single phase fluids or two phase fluids.The study of this paper began in the mechanism of nonlinear flow.The throat distribution density function is established by constant rate mercury injection experiment.Combining with the function，based on classic capillary model and boundary layer theory，the nonlinear relative permeability model of low permeability reservoir is established.The core data of Daqing Oilfield is analyzed by the above model.The results illustrate that bigger pressure gradient will result in higher oil relative permeability，lower water relative permeability and slower watercut rate in the range of nonlinear seepage flow pressure gradient.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF GASWATER LOGGING ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR ELONGATED BUBBLE FLOW IN HORIZONTAL WELL

LU Jing; WU Xi-ling;

2011, 33(1):  83-87.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.014

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Elongated bubble flow is one of the most common flow patterns occurring in gaswater flow in process of production logging in horizontal wells.In order to build an adequate logging analytical model for EB flow，experiments of gaswater flow are conducted on a transparent 16 meters long，inclinable test loop using air and tap water as test media.The experimental pipe inclination ranges from 75° to 90° (horizontal) and production logging toolstring measured inside the pipe while mixed fluids reach steadystate.By grasping the characteristics and mechanisms of EB flow during logging experiments，drift flux model is chosen to develop and modify a new model.The modified driftflux model verifies that experimental data obey the law of the new model.Distribution and drift velocity coefficients from experimental data reflect the influence on EB flow by production logging toolstring in horizontal or near horizontal borehole.The analytical model describes both mechanisms of EB flow and influences of measurement processing，so it is more adequate to interpret gaswater EB flow logging data in horizontal wells.

SIMULATION OF HORIZONTAL WELLS PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE IN FRACTURED RESERVOIR

LUO Zhi-feng ZHAO Li-qiang LIU Ping-li LI Nian-yin WANG Jing-bo

2011, 33(1):  88-94.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.015

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The fractured reservoir we studied includes matrix，natural fracture and hydraulic fracture and according to the flow characteristic in these system after fracturing，this paper establishes the triplemedium，threedimension，oilwater twophase flow numerical simulation model，taking into consideration the highspeed nonDarcy，the threshold pressure gradient，capillary pressure and also gravitation effect，and then obtains the numeric solution.Using the selfdeveloped low permeable fractured reservoir production performance simulator for horizontal wells，it also comprehensively analyzes the effect of the production performance leading by fracture and reservoir parameters.The analysis of simulation results show that many factors have remarkable effect on the production performance，such as the threshold pressure gradient in matrix，the conductivity decreasing over time in the hydraulic fracture，highspeed nonDarcy coefficient，the permeability of natural fracture，the fracture number and also length.For accurately evaluate the effect of fracturing in this kind of reservoir，we should pay more attention to these factors in dynamic simulation.

APPLICATION AND RESEARCH OF PREFRAC TESTING TECHNOLOGY IN ABNORMAL HIGH PRESSURE TIGHT GAS RESERVOIR

LIANG Chong SHANG Hui-chang LU Yong-jun LI Xing-chuan SUN Chun-liu

2011, 33(1):  95-101.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.016

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The application of PreFrac technology and analysis of acquired data is important to determine design principle and job size of the fracturing.Through PreFrac evaluation，stress characteristics of the reservoir can be acquired，filtration characteristics and fracture height extension feature can be recognized，and the fracture height and vertical extension also can be verified with software models.In this paper，MFO test，Step Rate test，MiniFrac test and temperature logging technology are implemented in X2S which is located in Rub Al Khali Basin in Saudi Arabia，reservoir parameters are evaluated，the physical property，rock stress property，leak off coefficient and fracture extension character are recognized，fracturing technology is optimized，and the fracturing job is improved and implemented successfully.PreFrac testing is useful for acquiring reservoir parameters and important for safety of oilfield job implementation，also gives good advisements for similar condition well′s stimulation in domestic.

STUDY ON PERFORATION TEST OF LOW PERMEABILITY CORE WITH SHAPED CHARG

LI Jun BI Sheng-yu; LIU Gong-hui; LI Dong-chuan

2011, 33(1):  102-106.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.017

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Some tests have been done on the outcrop cores with actual shaped charges.The penetration and the permeability distribution around the perforated holes have been analyzed and the results are different from the routine formation.The permeability decreases gradually along the hole axis and becomes equal to the original value at the end of hole.The permeability also decreases along radial direction of the hole.Furthermore，the crush zone is not very clear and the permeability in the special area is higher than the original value.Besides，the penetration in the tested core is lower greatly than that in routine reservoir.Because the routine perforation technology is limited to improve the low permeability reservoir，the propellant perforation technology should be applied widely to improve the effect.

INFLUENCING FACTOR ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION STUDY OF STEAM HUFF AND PUFF IN COMPLEX STRUCTURE WELL

ZHANG Xian-song;DING Mei-ai

2011, 33(1):  107-110.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.018

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Complex structure well，which increases the steam effective displacement area，can greatly enhance oil recovery by developing heavy oil reservoir.The study on flow mechanism of complex structure well is far behind the field application.It is difficult to establish the productivity prediction model and obtain analytical solution for complex structure well considering many factors.Forecasting results differ significantly from the actual production results especially for complex structure well in thermal recovery.By using gray relational approach to the initial production as a reference sequence，reservoir thickness，permeability，branch well length，well spacing，angle，injection parameters etc.are regarded as comparison sequence according to the actual data，the correlation degree and controlling factors are obtained in this paper.The main controlling factors are optimized for complex structure well of heavy oil using steam huff and puff.The research results will provide the necessary technical reference for complex structure well in thermal recovery.

THE PROFILE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH BY USING NUMERICAL SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRACTURED LOWPERMEABILITY RESERVOIR IN JINGAN OILFIELD

LIU Ya-xin ZHANG Yong-de LV Gu-xian ZHANG Kou-hong LIU Hong-min

2011, 33(1):  111-114.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.019

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Aimed at Jing′an Reservoir in Changqing Oilfield which is characterized by low permeability fracture，this paper researches the growth actuality and regulations of fractures，and analyzes waterflooding status and the reasons of producing water by using numerical simulation technology.Through field application，we have obtained obvious oil increase effect.The achievement establishes firm theory foundation for the research and field application of watercontrol and oilincrease technology of low permeability fractured reservoir，and accumulates abundant practice experiences，so it has important theory and spread application value.

THE PILOT TEST OF ENRICHEDGAS MISCIBLE FLOODING IN CERTAIN OIL FIELD OF ALGERIA

WANG Sheng-kui;WEI Xu-guang; ZHANG Feng-li

2011, 33(1):  115-119.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.020

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STUDY ON WELL SPACING OF HORIZONTAL WELL PATTERN

ZHENG Wei JIANG Han-qiao CHEN Min-feng JIAO Jian

2011, 33(1):  120-124.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.021

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To determine the reasonable well spacing in horizontal well pattern，steadystate pressure distribution formula is derived using pseudo three dimensional method，conformal transformation and superposition principle method.The seepage field diagram of horizontal well pattern is plotted by programming.Based on the relationship between reservoir control area of a horizontal well and the well spacing of well pattern，well spacing formula is deduced.It is shown that the area near the center of interval region is not swept and is sensitive to horizontal well length，injectionproduction well spacing and well spacing.The method to determine the reasonable well spacing is proposed and it can provide an important basis for the development strategy.

A RESEARCH ON WATER PRODUCING MECHANISM AND WATER CONTROLLING MEASURES FOR FRACTURECAVE TYPE CARBONATE RESERVOIR

Chen Qing;Wang Da-Cheng YAN Chang-hui; WANG Chaoa LU Yu-fengb

2011, 33(1):  125-130.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.022

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The Ordovician reservoir in block 4 of Tahe Oilfield belongs to typical complex carbonate reservoir.When the reservoir development enters the stage of high water cut，the well fluid production decreases sharply，well outflow water has become a major problem in oilfield development which restricts the oil recovery.Taking S65 and S48 fractureeavity units in block 4 of Tahe Oilfield for example，based on the summary of three types of waterproducing including slow outflow water，sudden outflow water，and intermittent outflow water，this article analyzes corresponding mechanisms of water producing according to production dynamic characteristic by using the drilling，logging，seismic data and so on.The reasonable and effective measures for water controlling is proposed:injecting water to maintain energy in lower part for slow outflow water；adopting the plugging water and sidetracking in the higher part for sudden flow water；adopting shutin coning control method for intermittent outflow water.These water controlling measures for the scale and scope of water plugging and water channeling can guide the development of this kind of reservoir effectively.

MECHANISM OF CONTROLLING LOST CIRCULATION IN INDUCED FRACTURE FORMATION BASED ON FRACTURE MECHANICS

WANG Gui PU Xiao-lin WEN Zhi-ming TANG Ji-ping LIANG Hong-jun

2011, 33(1):  131-134.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.023

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Induced fracture lost circulation during the drilling process is a common type of lost circulation，the key to control it is to stop the propagation of the fracture.Aided by the rock fracture mechanics，the mechanism of preventing an induced fracture from propagating was proposed.On the basis of analyzing the pressure distribution in the facture after plugging，the viewpoint that the support stress of the plug in the induced fracture should be equal to the drilling fluid′s pressure is presented.The fracture mechanics model and the formula for calculating are developed.The effect of blocking location on preventing the extension of an induced fracture was studied，the results demonstrated that the best type of plugging location is certain distance near the facture mouth；the evaluation device must reflect this plugging location form.The requirements of preventing the induced fracture are presented，that′s to say the fluid′s pressure in the isolated fracture tip part must be lower than the horizontal minimum principal stress，it will help stop the propagation of the induced fracture to accelerate the pressure drop.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TWOBOTTOM HERRINGBONE WELL IN LIAOHE OILFIELD

YU Tian-zhong; YU Chen YE Shuang-jiang SUN Chuan-zong ZHOU Yuan-long

2011, 33(1):  135-138.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.024

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Compared with vertical wells and horizontal wells，herringbone well has larger drainable section and smaller production pressure，therefore，herringbone well has been successfully applied in the development of faulted block reservoirs in Liaohe Oilfield.The twobottom herringbone well configuration design is based on the numerical simulation and the productivity evaluation model for herringbone well.The length of the 1st interval main hole is 963 meters，and the 1st lateral has six branches.The length of the 2nd interval main hole is 735 meters，and the 2nd lateral has five branches.Introduce the implementation in three aspects:difficulties in the implement，drilling completion technique and drilling fluid technique.The twobottom herringbone well is successfully fulfilled with 100% oil layer penetration，and its initial production is 62 ton，which is three times of the horizontal well′s production and ten times of the vertical well′s production in the same block.The perfect economic and social benefits are gained.The twobottom herringbone well provides welcome experience for the application of composite wells in China.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON DYNAMICS BEHAVIORS OF THE FULL DRILLSTRING BETWEEN GAS DRILLING AND MUD DRILLING

LIN Tie-jun LIAN Zhang-hua ZHANG Jun-liang WEI Chen-xing CHEN Shi-chun;

2011, 33(1):  139-143.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.025

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The movement of the full drillstring is a very complex nonlinear dynamical process.It is impossible to get very much perfect analytic solution and there is high cost of experiment.Thus，based on elasticsplastic mechanics，rock mechanics and drilling string mechanics and the drilling data of some gas well，this paper successfully establishes the complex nonlinear dynamics finite element 3D realtime drilling model of several kilometerslong irregular borehole，and real conditions are considered，such as mutual action between drill bit and rock，unknown contact between tapered drillstring and hole，effect of complicated 3D well trajectories (azimuth angle，deviation angle) and real drilling parameters (WOB，rotating speed).The timevarying data at each point on the long drillstring can be obtained after simulated，including displacement，axial force，stress，bending moment，torque，vibration，and contact force.These data are processed to obtain the perilous stress zones，the severe abrasion areas，the lowest fatigue life section which possibly lead to failure and difference between gas drilling and mud drilling，which can provide theoretical foundations for the application of drillstring failure and prevention.Furthermore，it is useful of this model to study drilling string mechanics，hole deviation control and equipment in air drilling.

油气化学工程与化工

A SYNTHESIS OF 2 OCTYL DODECYL ETHER

DING Wei JING Hui YU Tao QU Guang-miao SUN Ying

2011, 33(1):  144-146.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.026

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2octyl dodecyl ether is synthesized from solid sodium hydroxide，Guerbet alcohol and epichlorohydrin by phasetransfer catalysistetrabutyl ammonium.Effects of molar ratio of raw materials，amount of catalyst，reaction temperature and reaction time on the yield of 2octyl dodecyl ether are discussed.The final determined optimum conditions are that n(Guerbet alcohol)∶ n(epichlorohydrin)∶ n(Solid caustic soda)=1.00∶ 1.15∶ 1.20，the amount of catalyst is 0.05(relative to alcohol molar ratio)，reaction temperature and time are at 50℃ for 4 hours.Under these conditions，2octyl dodecyl ether can be obtained at 79.8% yield rate.The epoxy value measured by hydrochloric acidacetone method is 0.232.The final product structure is confirmed by infrared spectroscopy.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND USAGE OF A NEW SUPRAMOLECULE WITH WATER AND SAND PREVENTION

ZHANG Bo;

2011, 33(1):  147-150. 

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Supramolecular solution is made by PVP and PLAPEG2000 (mLA/mPEG=10/1) .The mechanism and properties of water and sand prevention are studied and fieldtest has been finished subsequently.The results are listed as follows:Membranes on the hydrophilic surface of rock are formed，the tensile strength is 3.5MPa，the ultimate elongation is 135%，the Shore hardness is 36，the swelling ratio in distilled water is less than 3%.It has better performance than the other materials used by oilfield now.Sand prevention period is more than 22 months，and water plugging efficiency is more than 30%.

GENERATION MECHANISM AND CORROSION FOR HYDROGEN SULFIDE IN OIL WELL OF 3RD OIL PLANT IN QINGHAI OILFIELD

ZHANG Yong-cheng WANG Hong-hui; LI Ying-xiang ZHAO Hai-ping CHI Xiao-biao

2011, 33(1):  151-155.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.028

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Based on formation mechanism of hydrogen sulfide for oil and gas field，the paper analyzes the reservoir characteristics and geological factors，H2S of NO.3 Oil Plant may be generated by sulfate thermochemical reaction (TSR).Corrosion studies are carried out for H2S concentration and situation of the oilfield，and the result shows that 20# and N80 of steel corrosion are moderate to mild.Corrosion result consists mainly of Fe，Cl，S and Mn elements and corrosion mechanism may be corrosion product film of H2S destroyed by chloride ions and the electrochemical corrosion of hydrogen sulfide.

APPLICATION STATUS AND IMPROVEMENT MEASURES OF THE SULFUR RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY IN SICHUAN AND CHONGQING

CHANG Hong-gang YOU Guo-qing CHEN Chang-jie AI Zhi-jiu WEN Chong-rong

2011, 33(1):  156-160.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.029

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Taking into condition the development of the sulfur recovery process at home and abroad in recent years，the law of the development of the sulfur recovery process in Sichuan and Chongqing is summarized，and the prospect of the sulfur recovery technology trends is discussed.By comparing the characteristics and application of online technology，the process improvement and the process design development are proposed.Because the process of existing sulfur recovery can not meet the state′s environmental requirements in Sichuan and Chongqing area，the paper presents the key equipment for the improvement and redesigns process to overcome the condition between dynamics and thermodynamics in sulfur recovery process.In order to achieve the purpose of energy saving，the paper proposes a novel lowtemperature catalyst for the development.Put forward the idea of combining the advantages of existing technology so as to improve the process stability and sulfur recovery.It is benefit to the new sulfur recovery and tail gas treatment process for further development and research.

石油机械工程及其他

STUDY OF THE TOLERANCE BETWEEN COILED TUBING AND FRICTION BLOCK OF CT INJECTOR HEAD

JIANG Fa-guang LIANG Zheng ZHANG Liang SUN Bao-quan SHEN Qiang

2011, 33(1):  161-164.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.030

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The CT injector head is an important part of CT unit by which CT is been deployed into or pulled out of the well.The tolerance between CT and friction block affects the working performance and durability of injector head，decide the grip reliability between CT and friction block and affects the security of CT unit directly.Starting with touch behavior between friction block and CT，based on 1 1/2 inch CT unit injector head，the thesis studies the touch stress state，found the finite element analysis model，and proceeds design of parameterising model.And then the optimum tolerance between CT and friction block is gained through analysis of finite element of various combination.

RESEARCH OF DENOISING OIL DRILLING TESTING DATA BASED ON WAVELET

HU Ze LIN Li-jun HE Ming-ge PENG Xin-yun LIU Hui-fang

2011, 33(1):  165-169.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.031

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To provide accurate realtime information for engineer，a new method based on wavelet transform is proposed to eliminate the noise from signals which is sampled by the test device in oil drilling.First，a denoising flow based on wavelet is established according to the model of the oildrilling testing data which contained much noise.Second，on the basis of analyzing the transforming characteristics of noisy signal based wavelet，a reasonable level of wavelet decomposition is calculated by using selfcorrelation function to estimate the white noise verification in wavelet scale spaces.Third，compared with different methods in wavelet threshold selection，an optimal denoising threshold is calculated using generalized cross validation (GCV) to hold the important features of signal and remove the noise from the signal.At last，the paper provides detailed steps of denoising the oildrilling testing data based on the wavelet transform，which has obtained favorable results.The performance of pressure data and torque data confirms the usefulness of this approach，which provides a reliable data support to engineers for further analysis in drilling engineering.

博导论评

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF TANLU FAULT ZONE IN THE BOHAI SEA

TANG Liang-jie;CHEN Xu-yun; ZHOU Xin-huai WAN Gui-mei;JIN Wen-zheng;

2011, 33(1):  170-176.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2011.01.032

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In the Cenozoic，the intense strikeslip movement and complex evolvement of TanLu fault zone in Bohai Sea controlled the basin evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation.Through a comprehensive analysis of the seismic data and geological data in Bohai Sea，the TanLu fault zone in the region with a width of 50km，is divided into the East Branch and West Branch.TanLu fault zone is divided into the southern section and the northern section by ZhangjiakouPenglai fault.East Branch fault and West Branch fault of the southern section have very obvious strikeslip characteristics and East branch of the northern section has very obvious strikeslip characteristics，but the West branch has not.In the Paleogene，the East Branch and West Branch of the northern section were strikeslip movement，but late cutting of ZhangjiakouPenglai fault，resulting in West Branch strikeslip fault was blocked and abandoned，so the main strikeslip movement was on the East branch in the Neogene and the Quaternary.