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    20 February 2009, Volume 31 Issue 1
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    专家论坛
    SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODICALS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS STIMULATED BY REFORM AND INNOVATION SPIRIT
    ZHANG Jian-hua
    2009, 31(1):  1-3.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.001
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    Abstract：In the view of deeply studying and practicing scientific development outlook,the current situation is analyzed that the international scientific and technological publishing market is being monoplized,networking publishing is developing in the new environment and the publication and communication are diverstified.The developing situation of the periodicals of science and technology in the institutions is summarized and analyzed,it is pointed out that the function and level of the institutions can not be exactly reflected without high-level academic periodical.The periodicals are the main media in the institutions′ academic exchange and international cooperation,they are also playing an important role in scientific and technological innovation and the talented cultivation.The periodical-running idea should be switched to face readers,enhance the periodicals′ influence and strengthen the construction of editing team and publishing team.The developing strategy of the periodicals in the institutions is discussed from the aspects of modernization construction,expanding external exchange and cooperation,introducing advanced scientific management system and editing method and improving publishing efficiency and academic level,all mentioned above will guide the construction of the journals and periodicals of the institutions and research instutites related to petroleum industry.

    地质勘探
    A PERMEABILITY MODEL CONSIDERING THE EFFECTIVE STRESS AND COAL MATRIX SHRINKING EFFECT
    ZHOU Jun-ping XIAN Xue-fu JIANG Yong-dong LI Xiao-hong JIANG De-yi
    2009, 31(1):  4-8.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.002
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    Two distinct effects are associated with the reduction of reservoir pressure during coal bed methane production,i.e.,the increase in effective stress,which causes the decrease in the permeability of the coal bed owing to mechanical closure of flow paths，and the release of gas leading to the coal-matrix shrinking,which widens the fractures that are primarily responsible for gas flow in coal bed reservoirs,and thus increases permeability.Based on these two simultaneously occurred effects，a general porosity and permeability model considering the effect of matrix shrinkage is developed，according to the model，some results can be attained.under the condition of constant overburden load,for the permeability change with pore pressure，there is a critical pore pressure pc，for pore pressure p permeability decreases as the p increases，when p>pc, the permeability increases as the p increases，and the expression of pc is introduced.Some possible scenarios are also discussed with regard to the response of pore pressure and initial reservoir pressure to permeability.The result suggests whether the threshold pore pressure exists or not is dependent on the factors which influence the permeability，so a coupled multi-factors analysis on a coal bed methane production operation seems to be essential for optimizing the production.

    THE CHANGING CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROCARBON GENERATION RATE OF COAL-MEAS-URE SOURCE ROCKS IN TARIM BASIN
    XIAO Zhi-huaa;b HU Guo-yi ZHONG Ning-ninga;b LI Zhi-sheng
    2009, 31(1):  9-13.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.003
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    By means of thermal simulating experiment in the open system,the authors of this paper study the hydrocarbon generation characteristic of Jurassic coal-measure source rocks in Tarim Basin.The result of experiment indicate that hydrocarbon generation of coal source rock is very low when the value of Ro is below 1.0% or 1.2％，it cannot reach to 5%～10% of the total gas yield，even more lower.The period of large quantity of generation ordinary begins at the value of Ro equal to 1.2％,the gas yield is very high（bove 85％ of the total gas yield） in this evolution period the value of Ro is below 2.2% or 2.4％，while the value of Ro is above 2.2% or 2.4％，the gas yield of coal source rock is very low（below 5％~10% of the total gas yield）.According to the result of experiment,the accumulative hydrocarbon generation of coal mudstone is 179m3/t·TOC，when the value of Ro is exceed 2.4％,the hydrocarbon generation decrease very fast,which close to the threshold of hydrocarbon generation.

    SOME PROBLEMS ABOUT IMPLICATION OF HYDROCARBON-GENERATION POTENTIAL METHOD ON RESEARCH THE EXPULSION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOURCE ROCKS
    MA Zhong-zhen PANG Xiong-qi SU Jun-ke DAI Guo-wei
    2009, 31(1):  14-18.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.004
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    Based on material balance principle and hydrocarbon expulsion threshold theory,the hydrocarbon expulsion characteristics and history can be studied exactly by using the hydrocarbon-generation potential method.The problems are discussed which can be easily neglected during the process of study by introducing the calculation principle and steps of hydrocarbon-generated potential method.The problems are that firstly,due to the heterogeneous distribution of kerogen in source rocks,an average value of hydrocarbongenerated index is used to stand for hydrocarbon-generation index in the corresponding depth,secondly,the data should be "Depth homing" before setting up the hydrocarbon expulsion model in a erosion area,thirdly,hydrocarbon expulsion rate of source rocks is kept as a constant value during erosion stage,which needs to be rectified,and lastly,the erosion thickness should be studied before calculating the effective thickness of source rocks.

    THE MATCHING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURAL DEFORMATION STAGE AND HYDROCARBON GENERATION STAGE IN EASTERN QIULITAGE TECTONIC BELT OF KUQA DEPRESSION
    JIN Wen-zhenga;b TANG Liang-jiea;b WAN Gui-meia;b YU Yi-xina;b 
    2009, 31(1):  19-22.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.005
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    In eastern Qiulitage Tectonic Belt of Kuqa Depression,there exist complex geological structures as the result of the complicated tectonic evolution,the source rocks in Yangxia Sag have also experienced complex evolution since Mesozoic.It is important to hydrocarbon accumulation that the generation time of source rocks matches the formation time of structural traps.The hydrocarbon generated at the same time as or after the structural traps form is favorable for accumulating.Through analyzing the balanced profile and the growth strata,it is found that the main stage of tectonic movement of the Eastern Qiulitage Tectonic Belt in Kuqa depression was from Kuqa stage of Pliocene to Quaternary.Then the maturity history of source rocks of Triassic and Jurassic in the Yang well 1& artificial well1 is simulated,and it is found that Triassic source rocks generated wet gas and dry gas and Jurassic source rocks generated condensate gas from Kuqa stage of Pliocene to present.Thus,in the structural deformation period,there is a good matching relationship with the hydrocarbon generation stage of source rocks in Yangxia sag,and the structural traps in the studied area should have captured massive gas that generated in Yangxia Sag.

    THE BASIN-MOUNTAIN COUPLING RELATION IN THE FORELAND BASINS IN CENTRAL CHINA
    LI Bin SONG Yan MENG Zi-fang XIA Bin LI Xiang-bo
    2009, 31(1):  23-28.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.006
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    Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin are classic depositional basins in Central China,and constitute the orogeny-basin pattern with Qinling orogenic zone.The evolution of Tethys Ocean is the main drive of the mechanism.During Indosinian and Yanshan movement age,the obduction zone of Helan mountain in western Ordos margin basin and organic zone of Longmen Mountain formed,the thrusting and uplifting zone was formed by Qinqi orogenic zone,which caused the formation of foreland basins,and the frame of orogeny-basin was composed.The formation of the foreland basin is consisted of three stages:foreland depression basin formation stage,intracontinental foreland basin formation stage and regeneration foreland basin formation stage.The central foreland basin was continental collision orogenic belts and peripheral foreland basins.The orogeny and basin formation had same kinematics process and dynamic mechanism,and the orogenic belts controlled the formation process of the foreland basin.

    THE IDENTIFICATION METHOD OF IGNEOUS ROCK LITHOLOGY IN 69 AREA OF JUNGGAR BASIN
    TANG Xiao-yan LIU Zhi-di ZOU Zheng-yin HUANG Xiao-ping MA Hui-shu
    2009, 31(1):  29-32.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.007
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    According to the igneour rock lithology being related to the components,structure,texture and the origin of formation,as well as variety of rock types and the difficulty in identification,the carboneous igneous rocks in the 69th area,Junggar Basin,are taken as example to set up the data base for identifying igneous rocks by using the rich lithologic infrmation in common well logging data.The logging parameters,such as nature gamma,acoustic wave,resistivity,density and neutron,are optimized to identify igneous rock lithology according to grey connection method after the statistical model of well logging facies and lithofacies is set up.The result indicates that the method can well identify lithology in the area,the correct rate is as high as 90% or above.

    FINE LOG INTERPRETATION MODEL OF SAND AND SHALE STRATA IN THE BEI16 AREA
    ZHAO Hui SI MA Li-qiang WU Xue-gang
    2009, 31(1):  33-36.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.008
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    There are three sections of strata,their depositional environment is different,there are reservoirs developed in every section with different prosity and permeability,there is different physical property with respect to different lithologies.According to the characteristics of the strata,the lithologies,physical properties,conductivity and oil-bearing properties and the relationship between each other of the reservoir rocks such asconglomerate,sandstone,pebbled sandstone are studied respectively,which places a consolidate foundation for establishing fine interpretation model.On the basis of the four-property,in view of core analysis,the core calibrating log information is taken as the train of thought to set up mud content computation model,porosity interpretaion,odel and permeability model are set up fpr each interval and lithology respectively.According to the characteristics of reservopirs,water saturation computation model is established.The established model possesses high accuracy.The method is of practical meanings for improving fine reservoir log interpretation for Bei 16 area.

    探讨与争鸣
    Discussion on Range,Permeability Range,etc
    LIU Quan-wen
    2009, 31(1):  36-36. 
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    地质勘探
    TIKHONOV ITERATION METHOD OF ECHO-STRIPPING T2 RELAXATION SPECTRA FROM NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE LOG DATA
    MA Jian-haia SUN Jian-menga SUN Mengb WANG Zi-tingb
    2009, 31(1):  37-40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.009
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    Echo-stripping T2 relaxation spectra from nuclear magnetic resonance log data is one of the most principal and important jod during NMR logging processing and interpretation,it directly affects the accuracy of geological estimations.Echo-stripping T2 relaxation spectra is a linear inverse problem.In view of the singularity of the coefficient matrix,regularization methodology can obtain steady solution.In this paper,Tikhonov iteration regularization methodology is applied in order to inverse T2 spectra,and a posteriority choices of the regularization parameter and proper criteria of the ill-posed problem are fast convergence rate and can process the lower SNR logging data,case study shows that the method is efficient and feasible.Convergence rate with the method is much ,the solution obtained by this method has faster convergence rate and higher accuracy than SIRT,and this method can achieve much better and more stable results in the processing of the low SNR data.

    APPLICATION OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING INDICES IN THE STUDY ON UNCONFORMITY
    CHEN Tao JIANG You-lu SONG Guo-qi LIU Hua ZHAO Le-qiang
    2009, 31(1):  41-44.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.010
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    According to the studies on unconformity structures,it can be concluded that the rocks in unconformity structural layer are rich in Fe,Al and Ti while poor in Ca,Mg and Na,so indices (IWP、V、ICA、ICW、IPA，etc.) that can be used to study the weathering crust is also applicable in unconformity structure.Because the applicability and the threshold value of the indices change as the elements of mother rocks,the V,ICA,ICW,IPA is suitable for carbonate rocks in weathered clay rocks,ICA>90，ICW>95，V>10，IPA>95，in semi-weathered rocks,ICA=50～90,ICW=50～95,V=1～10，IPA=50～95),and the V,ICW is suitable for clastic rock(semi-weathered rock:V>5,ICW>90;semi-weathered rocks,V=1～5，ICW=50～95.The unconformity in the Jiyang depression is quantitatively classified with the chemical weathering index,which can further improve the accuracy of the structure research on the unconformity.

    ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE OF T1f3 HBC STRUCTURE IN THE NORTH SICHUAN
    ZHANG Xu;YANG Hui-ting YAN Qi-bin
    2009, 31(1):  45-47.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.011
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    Waveform,amplitude,frequency,speed and impedance of seismic waves change when the waves travel across a hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir.Taking HBC structure of Tongnanba structure belt in Sichuan Basin as an example,the seismic attribute analysis technology and its application to predict carbonate reservoir of Feixianguan formation are introduced.On the basis of logging,drilling,testing data of the Feixianguan formation carbonate reservoir,as well as synthetic seismograms,the patterns of seismic responses for hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir are established,and that seismic attributes such as total energy,average amplitude,average reflect strength and absorption coefficient are sensitivity parameter for reservoir prediction and Hydrocarbon-bearing prediction are confirmed.Comprehensive technology of seismic attributes is applied to predict reservoir and oil and gas accumulation zones and select favorable exploration targets.Study results verify that seismic attribute technology is one of the effective reservoir prediction methods in this area.

    石油与天然气工程
    THE COAL BED METHANE PRODUCTION IN VERTICAL FRACTURING WELLS AND MULTIPLE LATERAL HORIZONTAL WELLS
    SHI Shu-can LI Yu-kui NI Xiao-ming
    2009, 31(1):  48-52.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.012
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    In order to clearly understand the characteristics of the vertical fracturing wells and multiple laterals horizontal wells in coal bed methane production,based on well drilling and completion,the measures and principles increasing production,in this paper,the production mechanism of two kinds of coal bed methane wells is stated.Based on the flowing characteristic of groundwater and well drilling and completion,combined with Darcy′s laws,the changing pressure models of two kinds of wells are gained.According to the supplying ability and primary task in every drainage stage,the working system in saturated water is divided into adjust process and steady falling liquid depth process,the working system in two-phases stream stage is divided into four processes,i.e.,adapt process of working system,steady falling pressure at the bottom of the well,steady production process and controlling pressure at the bottom of the well and production process.Finally,it is pointed out that attendant proceedings in the process of the well drilling and completion and production,these acquaintanceship is of guidance to the production of coal bed methane wells.

    NONSTEADY STATE MODEL OF GAS RESERVIOR AND HORIZONTAL WELL WELLBORE COUPLING
    LI Song-quan;LIAN Pei-qing;LI Xiu-sheng;
    2009, 31(1):  53-57.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.013
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    Green function and Neumann superposition principle is applied to develop,infinite and finite models of horizontal wellbore and gas reservoir coupling model,and a solution method of this coupling model is given.Comparing infinite model with eclipse software,reasonable results are obtained.The computation of a practical example shows that the pressure drop in wellbore has an important influence in early time of non-steady flow period,the pressuer loss will make the productivity decrease and the pressure distribution non-uniform.Wellbore inflow is more uniform in pseudo steady state than non-steady state.There is a optimal range of the horizontal saction length,aniso-tropic reservoir also has an impact on distribution of wellbore flow.

    EVALUATING METHODS OF WATER-FLOODING DEVELOPMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN ULTRA-LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR
    LIU HuiaHE Shun-liaLI Jun-jianaYANG Ming-huibSHANG Xi-taoa
    2009, 31(1):  58-60.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.014
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    Practice in production of ultra-low permeability reservoirs indicate that it is difficult to evaluate the reservoir production performance with conventional development index effectively,so,the effective flooding permeability is introduced,and research shows the fluid can flow in the sublayers whose permeability is greater than the limit.Formula calculation of the effective flooding permeability in two-phase flow of threshold pressure gradient is derived by using the method of piston drive,and proportion of flowing sublayers is determined.With net thickness and permeability of each sublayer that is weighted on on average,each sublayer and oil well deliverability are calculated,then actual threshold geologic reserve is determined finally.Conventional development indexes,such as degree of reserve recovery etc,are amended by using threshold geologic reserve.Study on production performance in that the development indexes that are amended can be used to evaluate development effectiveness accurately and efficiently.

    NUMERICAL MODEL AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOWING THROUGH POROUS MEDIA OF FRACTURE AND VUG DUAL-MEDIA
    PENG Xiao-long LIU Xue-li DU Zhi-min
    2009, 31(1):  61-64.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.015
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    According to the characteristics of reservoir and the flowing through porous media,the fracture and vug dual-media models are grouped into three types,and they can be simpified into two types mathmatically,i.e.,fracture-matrix and fracture-pore.The conventional Woren-Roof dual-media model is used in the former,and in the latter,the channeling formula of fracture-vug system must be established to perform numerical simulation calculation.According to the characteristics of fracture-vug association and the pressure distridution in fractures,the channelling calculation formula for freacture-vug media is derived,and commercial software ECLIPSE is taken as example,the equivalent simulation of fracture-vug dual-media model is realized by adjusting the specified key words.Based on the result,the characteristic of flowing through porous media of fracture-vug dualmedia are studied and analyzed,when the channelling coefficient is low,the log-log well test curve of single phase occures concave shape,and when the coefficient is large enough,the curve shape of single phase is similar to that of single media,no concave shape is shown,but the two-phase flow of oil and water can make water cut terrace-like shape.

    THE EFFECT OF MEDIA DEFORMATION ON LEAN RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT
    XIE Xiao-qing JIANG Han-qiao CHEN Min-feng LIU Tong-jing YANG Jun-feng
    2009, 31(1):  65-69.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.016
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    The effect of media deformation on lean reservoir physical property is studied by means of physical simulation experiment.And the result indicates that the influence of pressure sensitivity on permeability and deliverability is great，but it is always neglected by many oilfield development workers.Then,the influence of pressure sensitivity on permeability and deliverability is quantified with reservoir engineering method,one of the methods is proposed to calculate reasonable water-flood timing,and corresponding software is developed.It is practically applied in Jiangsu oilfield and the effectiveness is very well.The research demonstrates that the effect of medium deformation on lean reservoir development should be brought to high attention.It should be cared to choose right water-flood timing and maintain reasonable formational pressure to decrease harmful impact and improve development effects.

    FRACTURE HEIGHT CONTROL BY ARTIFICIAL BARRIER IN HAILAER BASIN
    HU Yong-quan XIE Chao-yang ZHAO Jin-zhou LIU Bin ZHONG Ling
    2009, 31(1):  70-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.017
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    Fracture height control is the key technique to make successful hydraulic fracturing in Hailaer Basin because of a small stress difference between barrier and payzone formation.Firstly,stress distribution is obtained,which is induced by artificial barrier with certain thickness and stress strength (graduate) formed by buoyant/setting additive.Secondly,control equation of fracture height is established on the basis of type I crack propagation criterion in linear elastic fracture mechanism,and control role of fluid pressure in crack and effect of artificial barrier on fracture height are quantitatively described.Then,affections of artificial barrier is researched with computer simulation,hydraulic fracture height can be effectively controlled and it is proven from field case in Hailaer Basin.So,this method can be used in oilfield design.

    SATURATION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR RESERVOIR PHYSICAL MODELLING UNDER HP/HT CONDITIONS
    XU Huia QIN Ji-shunb WANG Jian-juna WANG Jia-lub ZHAO Shu-huaia
    2009, 31(1):  73-77.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.018
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    Aiming at the characteristics of consolidated model,a set of saturation measurement system for consolidated 3-D reservoir physical simulation is set up by considering the practical conditions of high temperature and high pressure.The principle of resistance measurement is adopted to determine saturation,a micro-probe is selected finally by evaluating multiple materials and samples.The following key problems are solved and the related technologies formed,saturation measurement technology for consolidated 3-D physical simulation and high temperature and high pressure,the technology for external sealing of internal model saturation traverse lines.At last,the measurement system is employed to carry out 3-D physical simulation of polymer flooding.The macro mechanism of flowing through porous media of enhancing oil recovery by polymer flooding is studied with recovery curve of polymer flooding and the plot of saturation field.

    THE CALCULATION METHOD STUDY AND APPLICATION OF THE CRITICAL SAND PRODUCTION PRESSURE DIFFRENCE IN LOOSE SANDSTONE
    WANG Yan-li CHEN Xiao-fan DENG Sheng-hui HUO Dong-ying MA Cheng-long
    2009, 31(1):  78-80.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.019
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    The contradiction between improving gas field production rate and controlling formation sand production has become the one of the main problems which restain the gas field exploitation in loose sandstone.To gas well testing and exploiting,it is of important significance that the critical production pressure difference of gas formation sand production is precisely predicted,which is taken as the one of important factors of gas well allocation.The mechanism of sand production in loose sandstone gas field is analyzed in detail,well logging data is used to calculate lithologic mechanics parameters,and also,MohrCoulomb destroyment criterion is used to calculate critical production pressure diffrence of gas well sand production.By comparing the productional sand production pressure diffrence of several wells in S gas field with the calculated critical sand production pressure diffrence,it is found that there is a quite promise coinsidence,which suggests that the method is reasonable and is meaningful for determing reasonable production pressure difference in loose sandstone gas field.

    STUDY ON DYNAMIC INTERFACIAL TENSIONS BETWEEN OIL AND WATER BY USING THREE TYPES OF WPS
    LI Wei ZHU Hong
    2009, 31(1):  81-83.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.020
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    Spinning drop interfacial tentionmeter is used to study the influence of petroleum sulfonates on oil and water dynamic interfacial tention of the water and oil system from three oil-prducing regions in Shengli Oil field,that petroleum sulfonates impact the change of oil and water dynamic interfacial tention in the oil-prosucing regions is investigated from the three aspects of the time when oil and water interfacial tention gets to the lowest,the range of the stability value and the window width when the stability value is reached,which provides evidence for selecting petroleum sulfonates in different regions,and also,the relationship between injected ionic strenth and interfacial tention is stydied.

    VERTICALLY HETEROGENEOUS RESERVOIR WATER FLOODING OIL TEST
    YU Chun-sheng LI Min QIAO Guo-an Chen Hao
    2009, 31(1):  84-86.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.021
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    To vertically heterogeneous reservoir in which,waterflooding efficiency is low,Interlayer contradiction is serious,and low-permeability reservoir is ifficultly produced.New long core test model is developed with three pressure nodes measured on the each experimental long core of three long cores.The result is that different water injection methods,for example,mixed water injection or water separating injection,exsert greatly impact on middle-permeability and low-permeability reservoir recovery.The pressure of the reservoirs with different peamility can be increased by enhancing injecting rate,and the lower permeability is,the higher pressure can be increased.Interlayer interference is serious,low permeability reservoir pressure changes greatly under the condition of different water injection methods.The conclusion affords experimental foundation for rightful layer series of development assemble and water injection methods.

    LABORATORY RESEARCH ON PROFILE ADJUSTMMENT AND OIL DISPLACEMENT EFFICIENCY OF
    PU Wan-fen PENG Tao-jun JIN Fa-yang YIN Xiao-yu YANG Han
    2009, 31(1):  87-90.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.022
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    "2+3" oil recovery technology can be brought forward because it can enhance the sweep efficiency of water drive reservoir and the wash oil efficiency,the technology integrates the virtue of profile adjustment and chemical flooding.In mechanism,"2+3" oil recovery technology consummates the shortage of secondary oil recovery and reduces the high investment and the high risk which the single chemical flooding brings,which offers the new thought and method for the effective exploitation of oil field.In order to research the oil displacement efficiency and the EOR effect of "2+3" oil recovery technology,by the way of laboratory rock flow experiment,the profile adjustment efficiency,the oil displacement efficiency and the EOR effect of "2+3" oil recovery technology are researched respectively.After analyzing their experimental results synthetically,it is revealed that the EOR effect of "2+3" oil recovery technology is better.

    THE THEORY AND CONDITIONS OF GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CO2
    XU Zhi-gang CHEN Dai-zhao ZENG Rong-shu GUO Kai WANG Xu
    2009, 31(1):  91-97.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.023
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    At present,injecting CO2 into the subsurface oil and gas reservoirs,deep saline aquifers and disused coal-beds to store CO2 in subsurface is the most valid and economic choice in reducing the CO2 emission into the atmosphere.Several factors should be considered during the operation of CO2 geological storage in the reservoirs as mentioned above.Once injecting CO2 as a compressed liquid into the subsurface reservoirs,partial CO2 will be retained due to physical and geochemical trapping.The most effective storage sites are those where CO2 is trapped permanently under a thick,low-permeability caprock,or is adsorbed on the surface of coal micropores,or is converted to solid minerals through interactions of physical and chemical processes.No matter what reservoirs will be chosen to the subsurface geological storage of CO2,some criteria should be met,including adequate storage capacity,regionally stable caprock,confined hydrologic system,stable compartment without risks of leakage and well-established industry and infrastructure and societal issues (i.e.,level of development,economy,environmental concerns,public education and attitudes).However,due to difference of physical and chemical properties of storage media,different strategies should be adopted during operation of subsurface CO2storage.

    COMPATIBILITY STUDY OF CO2 WITH FORMATION WATER AND RESERVOIR
    LI Miao GUO Ping YI Min SUN Liang-tian
    2009, 31(1):  98-102.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.024
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    CO2 flooding attracts extesive attention in recent years,it is widely used both home,especially abroad,and good effectiveness is achieved.It is studied that in the process of oil recovery by CO2 injection,when CO2 gets into reservoirs,the change in physical and chemical properties occures duo to the contact between CO2 and crude oil,formation water and reservoir rocks,which makes reservoir permeability change.The compatibility study of CO2,formation water and reservoir is conducted by using the samples of formation water in core permeability before and after CO2 injection is tested,and the reason is analyzed.Result indicates that,in the process of CO2 injection,no calcium carbonate precipitates to plug pore space as to decrease permeability,on the contrary,permeability is improved because CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid,which dissolves some cement of the rocks.

    NEW-TYPE HORIZONTAL WELL COMPLETION METHOD OF DELAYING AND CONTROLLING BOTTOM WATER CONING
    XIONG You-ming LUO Dong-hong TANG Hai-xiong WEI Hong-an ZHANG Lin
    2009, 31(1):  103-106.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.025
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    A new-type horizontal well completion method of delaying and controlling bottom water coning is developed because of the two problems of bottom water coning and water plugging later in bottom water oil fields.and the new well completion method adopts the mode of arrangement of intervals of blank tubing with ECP in the two ends and screened pipe,which seals off well annulus by ECP,delayes bottom water coning by long blank tubing,and conveniently seals off intervals,and proivdes a new train of thought and forms a complete well completion system for developing the bottom water oil fields of the reef limestone in extended-reach horizontal well completion in South China Sea reasonably.

    FLAGSHIP APPLICATION IN HIGH WATER CUT HORIZONTAL WELL
    GUO Hong-zhi;LI Dong-mei;
    2009, 31(1):  107-110.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.026
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    The multi-phases flow regime in horizontal wells are dominated by horizontal laminated flow,other than that in vertical wells with mixed flow.The traditional production tools that provide centralized measurements do not work properly in horizontal wells.Flagship measures water flow velocity by WFL mode and accurate water holdup by Floview electric probes,then the flow profiling of the horizontal wells is obtained by interoperating the MaxTRAC tractor can safely convey the Flagship toolstring to TD,acquire up and down logging data.With a logging example in high watercut horizontal well,the logging operation and logging results are discussed.

    RESEARCH AND FIELD APPLICATION ON HYDRAULIC FRACTURING TECHNOLOGY OF DIRECTIONAL WELLS IN WESTERN REGION OF SICHUAN
    DIAO Su YAN Jin-chuan REN Shan LI Si-zhou HUANG Zhong-yu
    2009, 31(1):  111-115.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.027
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    The characteristic of directional well fracturing in western Sichuan is fracturing pressure and the friction near wellbore is very high,fracture feature is complex,directional wells operation pressure is higher than straight wells′,and its fracturing effectiviness is bad versus straight wells′.Analysis on the reason of the characteristic of directional well fracturing and the result are as follows,obviously near wellbore influence,fracture diversion and many fractures coming into being are the main reasons that make fracturing operation difficulty and the effectiviness worse than vertical well′.According to research on hydraulic fracturing technology of directional wells，the measurements are optimized perforation,proppant slug in prepad fluid,lineal gravel input,altering delivery rate,variable viscosity fracturing fluid and increasing the amount of prepad fluid and proppant and so on.There are sixteen directional wells field application in Majing and Xindu gas fields in western Sichuan.The successfull proportion of wells that are implemented is 100%,The proportion of industry gas wells attained to 94%,The multiple proportion of gas AOF after directional and straight well fracturing in 2005 is 2.01,however,the multiple proportion drops to 1.39 in 2006,The gap between directinal and straight productivity in the same region of wells reduce obviously.The research in this paper offers available approaches for developing directional wells,the effectiviness of field application is obvious.The research is of important popularization and practical application value.

    APPLICATION OF PERFORMANCE MONITORING INDICES IN PREDICTING DEVELOPMENT INDICES OF BLOCK
    ZHAO Zhi-yong LIU Dao-jie JIANG Hua LIU Zhi-bin SHEN Hai-hua
    2009, 31(1):  116-120.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.028
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    A block system for monitoring indices and development indices is established by the thorough research on practical oil production process.At the first,based on the multi-input and multi-output system theory,the correlation between monitoring indices and development indices of blocks is established by the methods of neural network and the differential simulation where the monitoring indices of blocks are viewed as system input and development indices of blocks as system output,and then,the input-output functional simulation of the monitoring system is realized according to historical data and statistical tendency inference to the sub-area monitoring indices characteristic.Furthermore,the monitoring system is used to forecast the development performance indicators of blocks and provide a basis for study indicates that it is a very practical method to predict block development indices by block monitoring indices and good effects are obtained on practical application to oil-field development.

    油气化学工程与化工
    A MEMBRANE SEPARATION APPROACH TO H2S REMOVAL FROM NATURAL GAS
    ZHAO Hui-jun ZHANG Qing-guo WANG Shu-li ZHAO Shu-hua
    2009, 31(1):  121-124.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.029
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    Hollow polyimide fibers are selected as separation material to carry out the experiment of membrane separation approach used in H2S removal from natural gas,and the principle is solution-diffusion mechanics.Several groups of experiment of different inlet velocity,membrane pressure difference and temperature transfer are carried out,in order to study inlet velocity and membrane pressure difference influences on desulfuration efficiency,the influencing factors of H2S mass flux and mass coefficient and the impact of temperature transfer on separation efficiency.The experiment results prove that the desulfuration efficiency decreases following with the accretion of inlet velocity.The membrane pressure difference is the dominant influencing factor in desulfuration efficiency.The increasing of membrane pressure difference is in favor of enhancing H2S mass transfer,however,CH4 loss ratio increases.The calculation results show that the separation parameter has little to do with temperature transfer.Under experimental conditions,with the inlet gas H2S 296mg/m3,the desulfurization efficiency of 97% is attained through single stage membrane module,and product gas H2S content is below the pipeline transportation standards.The experiment provids a effective way of removing H2S from natural gas.

    THE INFLUENCE OF CHAIN STIFFNESS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ASSOCIATING WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMER
    LV Xin ZHENG Yan
    2009, 31(1):  125-127.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.030
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    Based on AM and C18DMAAC,styrene which contains aromatical phenyl is induced and AM/C18DMAAC/styrene gained, the influence of chain stiffness on resolvability,temperature resistance,salt tolerance,resilience of shearing resistence and critical associating concentration reviwed.With the chain stiffness increasing,resolvability decreases apparently,the other performances increase.Increase of chain stiffness can decrease critical associating concentration of Hydrophobic associating water-soluble polymer(HAWP).Chainstiffness is stronger,the hydrophobic associating behavior is more obvious.HAWP can increase its performance through chain stiffness.

    SYNTHESIS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF CORROSION INHIBITOR FOR BRINE COMPLETION FLUIDS
    LIANG Fa-shu TANG Li LENG Man-xi
    2009, 31(1):  128-132.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.031
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    Based on the molecular structure of corrosion inhibitor of brine,the product with a good performance is synthesized by selecting ethylenediamine,formaldehyde and sub-phosphate as the main raw materials for high-temperature,high-salt oil and gas exploitation project preservation needs.The reaction conditions and the impact on products are discussed and the optimization is tesed.A corrosion inhibitor used in brine completion fluid is synthesized.In this paper,a detailed description of indoor weightlessness method is given for researching the performance evaluation of corrosion inhibitor system.The results show that the corrosion inhibitor possesses a good salt-resistant and anti-temperature capability with stable performance and evident result by adding a small amount of it.The corrosion rate can be controlled in 0.070mm/a when PH value is 5～8,tempreature lower than 20℃,added amount 0.2g/L.So it has excellent ability to effectively prevent corrosion of saline media.

    STUDY ON ORGANIC SALT COMPLETION FLUID CORROSIVITY IN TARIM OILFIELD
    WAN Li-pinga MENG Ying-fenga LU Qing-lanb WEI Min-ruoWU Wei
    2009, 31(1):  133-136.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.032
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    The influence of density of organic salt completion fluid,temperature,pH value and material on corrosion behavior of three types of tubings,which include P110,VM140 and HP-13Cr,is investigated under the condition of simulation corrosion in Tarim Oilfield.The results show that corrosion rate of materials decreases with density of completion fluid increase,coupons corrod more severely and are translated from uniform corrosion to local corrosion with many pits when temperature elevates gradually,corrosion decrease with pH value according with completion fluid adapting to be useed in alkaline environment,proportion of uniform corrosion rate of materials is P110＞VM140＞HP-13Cr in the same environment,P110 and VM140 show severely local corrosion,ability of anti-local corrosion of VM140 exceeds P110,nevertheless,difference of these is unobvious,while no local corrosion occurres to HP-13Cr.Corrosion control measures should be taken when density of completion fluid lows 1.15g/cm3 or temperature exceeds 80℃.

    石油与天然气工程
    DEVELOPMENT OF INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS GEL FLOODING AGENT
    LIU Yong-bing;HU Qin SONG Wen-jie FENG Ji-lei
    2009, 31(1):  137-140.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.033
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    A new kind of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels with PVA,PAM and PAA as basic materials is synthesized by means of IPN technology.The synthesis conditions are improved by using orthogonal dcsign and analysis of variance.Results indicate that mass of PVA，AM and AA is the major factors influencing the mechanical performance,swelling ability and dehydration properties,it is not accordant with the effect of each factor on each target,same attention can not be given to all the targets,the synthesis conditions of IPN gel for the deep flooding adjustment in oilfield depended on the real reservoir environment,the IPN gel with best application performance can be obtained by using orthogonal dcsign and analysis of variance.

    油气化学工程与化工
    LABORATORY STUDY ON LOW TEMPERATURE EARLY STRENGTH AGENT OF OIL WELL CEMENT SLURRY
    YANG Yuan-guang ZHANG Ji-yin MA Si-ping
    2009, 31(1):  141-144.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.034
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    As the cement slurry hydration speed is slow and curing time is relatively longer under the condition of low-temperature,it is easy to result in oil,gas and water invasion which leads to poor well cementation quality,and the early strength agent without chloride is lack in cementing of low temperatrue shallow formation.In order to cope with these situations,based on the principles of hydration and low temperature high early strength of cement slurry，the water-soluble chlorine-free chemical raw material，which has the function of low temperature high early strength on cement,is adopted in this research.According to experiment,two kinds of inorganics materials A and B,an organic salt C and an organic acid are selected out and ZC-2S which is a new kind of low temperature early strength accelerator without chloride is developed.ZC-2S can prominently accelerate early strength of general density/low density cement slurry and is of good compatibility with other cement additives.ZC-2S is good early strength accelerator used in low temperature shallow formation and can cement in absence of dry-mixing equipment.

    石油机械工程及其它
    SIMULATION INVESTIGATION OF SUBMERGED JET FLOW FROM A STARSHAPED NOZZLE
    WANG Ming-bo YANG Jin-ying
    2009, 31(1):  145-148.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.035
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    The Realizable κ-εturbulence model is applied to the simulation of star-shaped nozzle submerged jet flow.Numerical results including the time-averaged velocity distributions are compared with circular nozzle simulation results available.It is found that the exit profile shows significant influence on the flow field when the jet is in its initial stage,after the initial section,the jet formed by the star-shaped nozzle turns to transform into the circular nozzle jet.The axial velocity attenuation on the maximum and minimum diameter planes conforms to those of the flow field issued from the round nozzle when the standoff is larger than 4 times the equivalent diameter of the nozzle,more complicated than the round nozzle when the standoff smaller than 4 times the equivalent diameter of the nozzle.The velocity profiles on the maximum-diameter plane and the minimum-diameter plane show the characteristic of self-similarity when the standoff distance is larger than 4 times the equivalent diameter of the nozzle.The star-shaped nozzle generates the approximately same level of turbulence kinetic energy as the circular nozzle.

    ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION OF MECHANICS PERFORMANCE OF SAND PRODUCTION RATE IN PERFORATED CASING
    YU Hua-wei LI Mao-hua NIU Wei-dong
    2009, 31(1):  149-152.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.036
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    Sand production will severely impact the perforated casing mechanical properties during well production,which can damage the casing.The 3D mechanical finite element model of perforated casing is established at the sanding formation.The mechanical characteristics of casing are analyzed with the Ansys finite element software.The analysis indicates that the perforated casing mechanical properties of sanding formation change obviously,the collapsing strength of casing decreases at perforation location,but the max stress generates there.Under even load,the casing stress is parabola relation with sand production height,sand production rate should be away from the critical sand production height by increasing or decreasing sand production rate in order to reduce the casing stress.Under un-even load,the cavity height increases with the sand production rate increases,and the casing stress reduces gradually.Hence the sand production rate should be increased in order to enhance the casing collapsing strength,and prolong the service life of casing.

    THE CALCULATION MODEL OF ON-WAY PARAMETERS IN THE OVERHEATED STEAM INJECTION WELLBORE
    ZHOU Ti-yao CHENG Lin-song
    2009, 31(1):  153-155.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.037
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    In the course of thermal heavy oil recovery,calculating on-way parameters and evaluating bottom hole parameters through injection wellbore are generally based on the ordinary steam.However,as overheated steam is single-phase gas,heat loss calculation model for ordinary wet steam is not applicable.On the basis of conservation of mass,conservation of momentum,conservation of energy,with the introduction of the PVT data sets,the new on-way parameter calculation model through injection wellbore is set up.On-way overheated steam parameters under various conditions are obtained by programming.As the results showed,as the well depth increases,the temperature and the pressure of overheated steam varies greatly,the increase of injection temperature does not obviously impact the on-way heat loss.

    THE CASING FAILURE MECHANISM IN THE ULTRA-DEEP HORIZONTAL WELL AND RESEARCH ON THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE PRECAUTION，DIAGNOSE AND TREATMENT IN H OILFIELD
    WANG Tao;JIANG Ren-yu HAN Yi-long;ZHANG Jian-hua ZHANG Yi
    2009, 31(1):  156-161.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.038
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    The H Oil Field of the Tarim Basin is developed with the ultra deep horizontal well.In recent years,the phenomena of the casing failure has been increasing,resulting in the difficulties for the production.Pointing to the situation,effort is made to conduct multidisciplinary research on the damaged casing plane and the law of the longitudinal distribution.Research is also done on the physical and chemical mechanism in priority,the research clue of the casing damage "precaution,diagnose,treatment" technology is proposed by combining the reservoir engeneering,drilling,logging and down hole operation technology.The practice demonstrates that the forecasted casing damage wells are unanimous with the actual wells,and the recover ratio is high,which successfully seeks for the countermeasure technology for the casing failure in the ultra deep horizontal well,offeres the consults for other oilfields which have the analogous problems.

    APPLICATION OF SERIAL DATA TRANSMISSION IN ACOUSTIC LOGGING TOOL
    LU Jun-qiang JU Xiao-dong CHENG Xiang-yang
    2009, 31(1):  162-165.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.039
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    High performance acoustic logging tool consists of a number of parts,and its structure is complicated.Interface among tools,internal interface based on control commands and local high-speed data transmission interface are all key problem in technology in the design of the tool.Down-hole tools are connected each other by Controller Area Network.Special serial command bus completes interface between main controller and controlled units,and the control bus is applied to connect circuit boards and seal electronic cartridges.Complex programmable logic devices(CPLD) in controlled units decode receives commands and configure parameters accordingly.The rate of control bus is 100kbps.High-speed data transmission interface between boards is composed of sending controller and receiving controller,the two controllers are all accomplished by CPLD and data transmission rate is 5 Mbps.Serial data transmission mode is simple and reliable,it can be isolated and shielded easily,and the transmission rate can satisfy practical applications.Acoustic logging tools,based on the serial data transmission,were tested in several test wells and exploration wells of petroleum production field,and feasibility and reliability of serial data transfer are validated.

    博导论评
    NEW COMPUTATION METHOD OF INDUCTION LOGGING RESPONSE OF HIGHLY-DEVIATED WELLS IN STRATIFIED MEDIA
    FAN Yi-ren YANG Zhen DENG Shao-gui WEN Yi
    2009, 31(1):  166-169.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.040
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    In allution to computation problem of induction logging in drilling technology of deviated wells,the transmitting coils of induction logging instruments are simplified as series of magnetic dipoles,electromagnetic wave is resolved as TE and TM wave in stratified layers,and the analysis results which include integration of Bessel function are deserved in this paper.The integral of Bessel function in infinite complex filed is easily resolved by the Gauss integral method.The responses of commonly used 1503 type dual-induction instrument,simulated and analyzed in this methord,provide a important theory foundation for the evaluation of induction logs.

    探讨与争鸣
    STRESS SENSITIVITY INFLUENCE ON OIL WELL PRODUCTIVITY
    LI Chuan-liang
    2009, 31(1):  170-172.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1674-5086.2009.01.041
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    Due to produced liquids,reservoir pressure declines,and permeability and productivity of wells decrease correspondingly,which is called stress sensibility.Stress sensibility of well productivity can be evaluated by stress sensitivity curves of permeability measured on cores under laboratory condition.According to the study in this paper,stress sensitivity index of productivity is the same as that of permeability.The laboratory stress sensibility of core is measured through increasing outer pressure of core,which can be transferred to reservoir condition by primary effective stress of rock.For conventional reservoirs,the stress sensitivity is quite weak,which can be neglected in production.