Table of Content

20 December 2008, Volume 30 Issue 6

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专家论坛

THE COUPLING MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR FOAM FLUID FLOWING IN WELLBORE

LI Zhao-mina WANG Deng-qinga HUANG Shan-bob

2008, 30(6):  1-4.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.001

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Based on the homogeneous equilibrium flow model，combining the momentum equation and energy equation，a coupling mathematical model for solving the pressure，

temperature and density profile of foam fluid flowing in wellbore is set up.The model is solved by programming.The pressure，temperature and density profile of foam fluid

along the wellbore are obtained.The results show that the fluid properties are interactional and interdependent.The higher the foam quality is，the greater the temperature

change is，while changes of the pressure and the density are not notable.When the foam fluid is used to deep well operation，the influence of the temperature on the foam

properties and performance can not be ignored.Because the coupling model takes the temperature and wellbore heat transfer into account，it is more universal than the

conventional method.

地质勘探

SEISMIC RESPONSE FEATURE AND DISTRIBUTION LAW OF CARBONIFEROUS VOLCANIC ROCK IN BEISANTAI UPLIFT

ZHOU Lu JIN Li-chao LEI De-wen JIA Xi-yu WANG Chang-ming

2008, 30(6):  5-10.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.002

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Volcanic rock is the main reservoir of the Carboniferous System in Beisantai uplift area.There are three vocanic cycles through the identification of volcanic

phase in the well and the classification of volcanic cycle.The correspondence relationship between vocanic phase in the well and seismic responce feature adjacent the well

can be determined through composite seismogram demarcation technique.Through the seismic interpretation of volcanic cycle interfaces by using 3D seismic data and the

classification of seismic phase of volcanic cycles，five main seismic phases can be identified.The seismic phase can be transformed into volcanic phase according to single

well phase demarcation relationship，so that the distributary feature of carboneferous igneous rocks is reconstructed.Through the synthesis of some elements，which are the

denudation degree of the upper Carboniferous system，the development of the faults，the distribution feature of the volcanic phase，the development of cap rock on

Carboniferous system，the display of oil and gas in the well and the distance with hydrocarbon generation sunken，favorable area of oil and gas exploration in Carboniferous

system volcanic rocks in Beisantai uplift can be confirmed.

PROBE INTO OIL SAND CHARACTERISTICS AND RESERVOIRFORMING MODEL IN HONGSHANZUI AREA，NORTHWESTERN MARGIN OF JUNGGAR BASIN

FANG Chao-he LI Jian LIU Ren-he BAI Wen-hua WANG Yi-feng

2008, 30(6):  11-13.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.003

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The northwest margin of Junggar Basin underwent multiplestage tectonic movement，which provides favorable conditions for the formation of oil sands.The

northwestern margin of Junggar Basin experienced the multiphase tectonic movement，which provided the favorable condition for oil sand forming.Oil sand outcrop appears in

many places in this area.So an indepth study on oil sand characteristics and reservoirforming model is important to guide the oil sand exploration in this

area.Taking the oil sand in Hongshanzui area，northwestern margin of Junggar Basin as example，the reserach analyzes physical characteristics and oil yield characteristics

of oil sands with physical and chemical test，the oil from the oil sand geologic reserves in Hongshanzui area is elementarily calculated.In addition，the reservoir

forming model of oil sands is disccused by studying geological settings and structure movement，and the favorable sandbody distribution and physical characteristics

illuminated.Unconformity surfaces and faults system are wideranging in this area，which controls the oil and gas migration.The two master factors above are crucial

influence on oil sands forming in this area.

THE RESEARCH ON THE TIME AND SPACE VALIDITY OF HYDROCARBON GENERATION IN E_s⁴-E_kGAS SOURCE ROCKS，LIJIN AND MINFENG AREA

CAI Dong-mei;JIANG You-lu LIU Hua XU Hao-qing SUN Li-dong 

2008, 30(6):  14-17.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.004

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Based on the hydrothermal history reconstruction，the hydrocarbon generation history is investigated for Es4Ek formation，Lijin and Minfeng area.The

hydrocarbon history reconstruction shows that the paleogeothermal gradients decreased from Cenozoic era on，the value was 5.28℃/100m at the late stage of Kongdian

Formation and then decreased to the present value averaging 3.60℃/100m.The gas source rocks evolution are various in different formations and tectonic positions，the

associated gas generation stage of upper Es4 gas source rocks starts at the the present，the pyrolysis gas generation stage of lower Es4 gas source rocks has prolonged

from late Guantao Formation deposition to now and the pyrolysis gas generation stage of Ek2 gas source rocks has lasted from Es1 group deposition to nowadays.

KINETICS STUDY ON HYDROCARBON GENERATION OF KEROGEN IN OPENSYSTEM

ZHANG Hui;PENG Ping-an

2008, 30(6):  18-21.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.005

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Qualitatively evaluating hydrocarbon source rocks by means of hydrocarbon generation dynamics is the latest way developed in recent years.A new method for the

quantitative assessment of source rocks by means of the chemical reaction Kinetics is developed gradually over the recent years.In this paper，the characteristics of

hydrocarbon generation of KerogenⅠandⅡare studied，and the kinetics parameters of hydrocarbon generation are determined and calibrated in opensystem with thermal

simulating experiment.The activate energy values of KerogenⅠandⅡrange from 230 to 276kJ•mol-1 and from 234 to 276kJ•mol-1 respectively.The kinetics

parameters then are extrapolated to geological condition by using the special kinetics software.The result shows that the main hydrocarbongeneration periods for Kerogen

I is from 130℃ to 180℃（Ro between 0.80% and 1.63%），while the main hydrocarbongeneration periods are from 141℃ to 177℃（Ro between 0.92% and 1.56%）for

KerogenⅡ.Kinetics of hydrocarbon generation can make experimental data better extrapolate to geological process，thus there is broad prospective in assessment and

exploration of source rock.

RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS AND HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION LAW OF HALAHATANG FORMATION IN YUQI AREA，NORTHERN TARIM BASIN

KUANG Li-xiong GUO Jian-hua LIU Chen-sheng HUANG Tai-zhu

2008, 30(6):  22-26.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.006

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The characteristics and influential factors of Halahatang Formation reservoir in Yuqi area，Akekule uplift are studied by means of core inspection，casting thin

section，cathodology，SEM，porosity and permeability analysis，mercury intrusion method etc，hydrocarbon charge and accumulation law are studied with the technologies，such

as fluorescence thin section and fluid inclusion.The results indicate that the main reservoir rock types of Halahatang Formation are finesandstone，medium sandstone

and gravelly sandstone.The accumulative spaces are mainly pores，and the porosity and permeability are high，the factors influencing the reservoir physical property are

sedimentation，compaction，cementation and dissolution.The best reservoirs are located in the area where the Well YQ3，YQ4，LX4 and LX2 are.It is pointed out the faults are

important transporting factors of hydrocarbon accumulation，Yanshanian period is the one of initial construction of hydrocarbon reservoirs，Himalayan period is the one of

final fixation of traps and reconstruction of hydrocarbon reservoirs，structure trap and faulting are an key factors of controlling hydrocarbon distribution and

accumulation.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE IGNEOUS ROCK RESERVOIR FRACTURE BY WELL LOGGING

WANG Jian-guo HE Shun-li LIU Hong-qi SONG Yun-wu

2008, 30(6):  27-30.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.007

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The igneous rock reservoirs of Xushen gas field，Daqing，are taken as example to state the general characteristics of core fractures，present the response feature

of the fractures in conventional well logging and FMI and establish the quantitative identification criteria of the fractures by using curve unit principle and algorithm.At

last，the identification results of conventional well logging are correlated with the core fractures and FMI.Practice shows the in terms of fracture identification，

conventional logging and FMI can be verified and complemented each other，the igneous rock fracture can be effectively identified by integrating multiple ways.The research

is meaningful for fracture study of other types of reservoirs.

PROGRESS OF THE RESEARCH ON COALBED GAS RESERVOIR PERMEABILITY

BO Dong-mei ZHAO Yong-jun JIANG Lin GONG Yong-jie LI Zong-liang

2008, 30(6):  31-34.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.008

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The coalbed gas reservoirs permeability is an important factor controlling the selection of exploration targets of coalbed gas.There exist lots of factors

influencing the differencial distribution of permeability，from such aspects as the development of fracture system，the effective stress of coalbed reservoirs，coal

bed tectonic evolution and coalbearing rock metamorphic degree，the relationship among them and spacial distribution of highly permeable areas and the research progress

are illustrated.Syetemalic sumary is carried out to the research technology，methoclology，recognition and existing problems，which is meaningful to effectively pridecting

coalbed permeability，developing permeability description theory and searching for favarable explorative areas.

RERECOGNITION OF SEDIMENTARY FACIES OF THE JIA 2 MEMBER IN MOXI GAS FIELD

LUO Bing ZOU Juan TANG Qing-song DING Xiong HUANG Yong-bin

2008, 30(6):  35-39.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.009

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About the sedimentary facies of the Jia 2 Member，Jialingjiang Formation，Lower Triassic in Centre Sichuan，there exists a disagreement on tidalflat

deposition and nontidalflat deposition for many years.On the basis of fine core description，thinsection identification and logging analysis，according to the

analysis of sedimentary characteristics，such as sedimentary palaeogeographic background，lithology，sedimentary structures，sedimentary rhyme，palaeoclimate and digenetic

evolution，it is realized that tidal flat facies is not widly distributed in Jia 2 Member，Moxi gas field，but the restricted to evaporate carbonate platform facies in the

epeiric sea is common，and subtidal reducing environment is dominant.The depositional characteristics of similar tidalflat environment exist in the Jia22 B bed

only.It is recognized that the sedimentary facies in Jia 2 Member mainly include platform flat，grain shoal，interbank sea，semirestricted to restricted lagoon，

evaporative lagoon subfacies and so on.The Jia 21 Submember is mainly composed of the deposition of semirestricted to restricted to evaporate lagoon and

interbedded tempestite.The Jia 22 A Bed is characterized by the development of oolitic shoal microfacies.The Jia 22 B Bed is featured by the development of platform

flat subfacies.The sandsize intraclast shoal and evaporative lagoon subfacies are developed in the Jia 22 C Bed.By the analysis of a change of reservoir

porosity with microfacies，it is shown that the dolomite flat，sandsize intraclast shoal and oolitic shoal are favorable reservoir microfacies.

EXPLORATION PROSPECT AND GAS RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS OF XUJIAHE FORMATION IN SICHUAN BASIN

XIE Ji-rong ZHANG Jian LI Guo-hui TANG Da-hai PENG Jun

2008, 30(6):  40-44.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.010

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The reservoirformimg characteristics of Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin are stated in this paper，and also，it is pointed out that the formation is a set

of coal bearing clastic rack strata formed on the base of marine facies carmonate platform in the western margin of upper Yantz platform，it is one of the most

prospective formations in Sichuan Basin due to the exclusive hydrocarbon generation，reservoir and cap association.Vertically，in the Xujiahe Formation gas reservoirs，

three sets of sandwichlike reservoirforming associations develop，which takes lithologic gas reservoir，structurallithologic combination gas reservoir as the

main existing way，and is of the characteristics of multiple reservoirforming associations，high water saturation，complicated gas and water eolation，diverstified gas

reservoir types，and controlled by hydrocarbon source，reservoirs，ancient and present structures and foreland basin texture.The research indicates the reservoirforming

conditions and the matching of Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin are generally good.There exist five favorable gas accumulation areas with bright explorative prospect.

SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTARY FACIES CHARACTERISTICS IN J BLOCK，INDONESIA

LIU Ya-ming;XUE Liang-qing YANG Fu-zhong;ZHANG Chun-lei;

2008, 30(6):  45-49.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.011

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Based on the theory of sequence stratigraphy，the characteristics of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary facies characteristics in J block，Indonisia，are

studied.The formations can be divided into 7 middleterm base level cycles （SQ1SQ7） and 17 short term base level cycles．From SQ1 to SQ7，the sedimentary

environment changed from nonmarine fluvial facies to transitional delta facies then neritic facies，eventually fluvial facies，forming a whole set of transgression and

regression cycle.Sequence stratigraphy can be divided into two series：the lower and middle parts are dominate rising cycle，which belongs to typical transgression series；

the upper is dominate descanting cycle，which belongs to regression series.At last，it is pointed out that the prospecting targets are the turbidite sandstone in the SQ5

and the weathered crust，the carbonate platform and the degrading valley on the downslope in the east of the platform.The conclusions are useful for petroleum exploration

in this basin.

RESERVOIRCAP ASSOCIATION AND EXPLORATION POTENTIAL ANALYSIS OF THE TERTIARY IN SHIDA SAG OF JIUQUAN BASIN

YI Ding-hong WANG Bin-ting WANG Tian-qi GOU Ying-chun SU Yu-ping

2008, 30(6):  50-53.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.012

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By meas of sequence stratigraphy and analysis method based on base level cycle，the data of well drilling，logging，2D and 3D seismic survey are comprehensively

analyzed，three boundaries in Huoshaogou Formation and Baiyanghe Formation of Tertiary，Shida Sag，Jiuquan Basin are identified，which are classified as one suppper long

term base level cycle(the 2ndlevel sequence) SLSC1 and two longterm base level cycle(the 3ndlevel sequence) LSC1 and LSC2.It is pointed out that in Tertiary

SLSC1 of Shida Sag，there are well developed alluvial fan sedimentary system，braided river sedimentary system and shallow lacustrine sedimentary system.Constrained by

isotime stratigraphic framework，the internal relationship between base level cycle and the development law and distribution feature of reservoir rocks，cap rocks and

reservoircap association is analyzed in detail，it is also pointed out that there is huge exploration potential in Tertiary in the area，the favorable reservoir area

are the ones located in middle alluvial fan and the fan margin braided channels in LSC1 base level semirising cycle，as well as in braided channels in LSC2 base level

semirising cycle，laterally，the structural and lithological association reservoirs in middle alluvial fan and alluvial fan margin in the north of Bainan well 5，south

of Dan well 7 and the west of Bainan well 2，as well as the lithological reservoirs developed in the setting of structure are favorable area for hydrocarbon exploration.

THE QUANTITATIVE FORECASTING METHOD FOR INTRAGRANULAR FRACTURE DISTRIBUTION

LIU Jin-huaa;b YANG Shao-chuna;b REN Huai-qianga;b LIANG Qina CHEN Xuanb

2008, 30(6):  54-56.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.013

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In the process researching the reservoirs in Hongtai area，which is based on the casting and conventional thin section inspection data，many intragranular

fractures are found.Because the development scope and degree of fractures in the downdip block are lower than the ones in hanging wall in the research area，the further the

distance from the wall is，the lower the development degree，and the width and length of the fractures decrease with the distance increasing，after researching and

analyzing the fractures，it is recognized the origin of the fractures is not by normal compaction，but the influence of reverse slip fault.Because there is an close

relationship between the width of the intergranular fractures and the distance from the wall，a method by using regression and statistics is put forward to forecast the

relationship between the width of fracture development belt and the distance from the wall，which can qualitatively forecast the scope of fracture development.

DIAGENESIS OF TIGHT STANDSTONE AND THE INFLUENCE ON RESERVOIR

LEI Bian-jun LIU Bin LI Shi-lin WANG Xiao-rong LIU Hua-ming

2008, 30(6):  57-61.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.014

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The sandstone reservoirs of Shan1He8 member are tight quartz sandstones with many syndepositional volcanics in upper palezoic sandstone of Wushenzhao

Tongwangcheng area，there is a tight relation between depositiondiagenesis and pore evolution.On the basis of the sedimentary facies research，according to the data of

Xdiffraction，scanning electron microscope and more than 300 rock slides from 20 wells，it is pointed out that the main diagenesis of sandstone reservoirs are hydrate

reaction，compaction，alteration of detrital material，metasomasis，cementation and dissolution in the sandstone reservoirs of He8，Shan1 member.The digenetic series are

hydrate reaction  compaction  secondary growth of quartz  （carbonatation of volcanics，kaolinization of volcanics and feldspar，silication of volcanics） 

dissolution  cementation of authigenous quartz  cementation of kaolinite  cementation of calcite.Compaction is main destructive diagenesis，while dissoluion is

main constructive diagenesis，both of them impact reservoirs a lot.

SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURE AND SEQUENCE BOUNDARY IDENTIFICATION BASED ON FORMATION DIPLOG

LI Guo-yong XU Huai-min LIU Tai-xun WANG Hai-geng CHANG Lun-jie

2008, 30(6):  62-66.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.015

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Correlated comparison method is adopted to process diplog data of critical wells，By combining structural inclination displayed in geology structural diagram，the

long correlation processing parameters is determined.By using core photos，diplog data is finly processed，short correlation processing parameters are determined.By using

the parameters，diplog data of Hadexun area are processed，diplog interpretation models for representative beddings and microtectonics，in Donghe sandstone reservoirs are

set up，and sequence stratigraphy research for Middle mudstone section is conducted.According to long window and long dip vectogram and accumulative dip curve，one

integrated threeorder sequence，two parasequence sets and five parasequences in Middle mudstone section are identified.According to short window and long dip vectogram

，combining initial conductivity log curve and diplog interpretation models，seven terrane sets and sixteen terranes are fartherly identified.

SEDIMENTARY FACIES AND HYDROCARBON DISTRIBUTION LAW IN CHANG₈RESERVOIRS，XIFENG OILFIELD

SI Xue-qiang ZHANG Jin-liang

2008, 30(6):  67-71.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.016

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Sedimentary facies of the Chang 8 reservoirs，Xifeng Oilfield is interpreted jointly with sedimentary structure，characters of sedimentary sequence and logging

data.The main sedimentary microfacies of Chang 8 reservoirs include distributary channel，channel mouth bar and front sand sheet.The fingerbar sandbody is made up of

distributary channel and channel mouth bar.The features of sedimentary microfacies are influenced by many factors including climate and terrain and so on.The fingerbar

sandbody is the peculiar sandbody morphology in the study area.The fingerbar sandbody，distributary channel sandbody and distributary mouthbar sandbody constitute the

main reservoirs in the area.The study result provides the foundation for prediction of favorable reservoir facies belts and next exploration.

QUANTITATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY MICROFACIES，CHENGDAO OILFIELD

JIAO Qiao-ping

2008, 30(6):  72-75.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.017

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By comparing methods of qualitative and quantitative microfacies division，it is suggested that discriminant analysis can be used to build up microfacies for its

high efficient and correct dividing model in Chengdao Oilfield，in which，there are inclusive boundary，a lots wells and cored wells and multilayers．Sedimentation feature

can be characterized by more parameters，combined with the practice of Chengdao Oilfield and considering the difficulty from the cored wells to noncored wells，five

important parameters which include sand thickness，porosity，permeability，shaliness，medium size are selected as indicators of microfacies，at last，these parameters are

used to build up the discriminant function for four kinds of microfacies by using discriminant analysis，which attain an accuracy 86.7%．The quantitatively identified

microfacies are tested in 12 main layers in nearly 300 uncored wells of Chengdao Oilfield，the working efficiency is improved．

STRIKESLIP FAULT AND THE HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR FORMATION

FAN Qiu-hai;LV Xiu-xiang LI Bo-hua

2008, 30(6):  76-80.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.018

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Strike slip motions are general structural events on the earth，and can be classified into large，middle and small scale.There are great differences among them in

developing position and characteristic of petroleum geology.Along the large scale strikeslip faults，which are rich in hydrocarbon accumulation，many strikeslip

basins develop.The feature of fast depositing in strikeslip basin makes organic matter easily be preserved and good reservoir beds form.Strikeslip fault can also

lead to a series of echelon and flowerlike structures，which are typical associated structure of the faults.Closing up to petroleum generative depression and

interlinked with source rock by the faults，these associated structures can be good traps for hydrocarbon.The strike slip motion can not only form the static state elements

for hydrocarbon accumulation，but also favorable for hydrocarbon generation，improving reservoir physical property and hydrocarbon migration.

石油与天然气工程

TWISTING VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF DRILL STRING REAMING WHILE DRILLING IN DEEP OIL/GAS WELL

SHI Xiao-bing CHEN Ping XIONG Ji-you

2008, 30(6):  81-84.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.019

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Aiming at safe and high effective borehole enlargement issue of deep well，ultradeep well and high pressure oil/gas well in drilling operation，actual force

behaviors of drilling string assembly reaming while drilling in downhole are researched，by using triaxial finite element approach twisting vibration of reaming drill

string while drilling is simulated.A mechanics analytic model of twisting vibration effect is proposed by researching the factors such as mass bias of hole opener，top

backup of drilling rig etc，and mechanics issues，such as frequency of twisting vibration and strength of kinetics，etc，of drilling string assembly reaming while drilling

are discussed.By means of the analysis，the technique measurement to decrease hazard of twisting vibration in actual drilling operation is proposed.The measurement provides

a set of theoretical basic and reference criteria for safely drilling deep oil/gas well and optimal drilling parameters of high efficiency reaming while drilling.

FINITE ELEMENT DYNAMICS emulation OF BHA

LIN Yuan-hua FU Jian-hong LU Ya-feng DAI Rong-dong YAN Zhen-lai

2008, 30(6):  85-88.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.020

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The mechanism of BHA vibration in the process of drilling is analyzed，then a threedimensional finite element mechanical model of BHA is established，by using

Forced Frequency Theory and Gauss algorithm for solution of dynamics equations，maximum radial deformation and bending stress at different rotation speed are obtained，and

the corresponding frequency response curves drawn to determine the critical speed.Research showed that drillstring rotational speed greatly impact drilling string

virbration，Drillstring usually working rotational speed should avoid the BHA speed resonant frequency that can slow down the drillstring vibration for protect drillsting.

RESEARCH ON REACTIVITY OF OIL WITH AIR IN HIGHPRESSURE AIR INJECTION AT LIGHT OIL RESERVOIRS

DU Jian-fen GUO Ping;WANG Zhong-lin SUN Yu-kai LIU bin

2008, 30(6):  92-96.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.022

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By PDSC and TG/DSC，the reactivity of crude oil of light oil reservoir in Shanshan Oilfield with air is investigated with the influences of rock mineral composition，temperature and pressure and so on.Temperature increase and heat liberation caused by oxidation are also researched.The results show that for Shanshan light oil reservoir，when temperature is lower than 300℃，oil has strong reaction capability with oxygen，and a large of heat is released.At the same time，oxidation reaction rate can be increased sharply by increasing pressure.And in low temperature range，heat liberation of oxidation increases，heat flow curve is steep.When pressure reaches 4136kPa，oil shows violent exothermal reaction at 215～220℃，and burning or explosion reactions in gas phase take place with large heat liberation.The oxidation reaction of oil becomes stronger with the increase of surface area.Because of the catalytic action of microelement which may exist in formation rocks，the oxidation reaction of oil is enhanced.In low temperature range，Shanshan oil has strong volatility，and the oil oxidation reaction in gas phase is not shown.Because of high API of oil，TG/DSC results at low pressure can not show the trend of oil oxidation reaction completely，TG/DSC or PDSC at high pressure and ARC test are very important.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF OIL PHASE NONEQUILIBRIUM ADSORPTION IN POROUS MEDIA

FAN Jian-ming GUO Ping CHEN Jian-wen SUN Liang-tian

2008, 30(6):  97-100.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.023

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Aiming at the issue that little research is conducted on reservoir porous media absorbing fluids，oil phases(condensated oil and crude oil)is regarded as multicomponent liquid hydrocarbon macromolecular solution，based on the excessive absorption，the UNIFAC method is used to determine the activity coefficient of each component in the solution，by introducing the testing equation(GibbsDuhem equation)of phase equilibrim thermodynamic consistency，combined with the existing same fugacity between absorption phase and bulk phase while absorption getting equilibrim，as well as the relational expressions，the general expression of mathematic model of equilibrim state absorption can be obtained，meanwhile，considering mass transfering among phases and the process reaching phase equilibrim not instantaneously，the component mode related to time is introduced，so as to obtainthe mathematic model of nonequilibrim absorption.

STUDY ON THE RESERVOIR HETEROGENEITY IN OILFIED A

JIANG Shan;JIANG Ming-xuan CHENG Yan-wu

2008, 30(6):  101-104.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.024

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Nowadays，most oilfields in the world have come into their mature stage with a middle or high water cut.In this stage，much moveable oil can not be exploited yet.So petroleum engineers expect the oil recovery can be improved by studying on the reservoir heterogeneity.The heterogeneity of oilfield A is studied in this paper by using statistics and Lorentz curve.The reservoir heterogeneity includes plane heterogeneity，internal heterogeneity in the target layers and the heterogeneity between target layers.Research indicates that the plane heterogeneity and the heterogeneity between target layers in oilfield A are both serious and the internal heterogeneity is moderate.This research also makes a contrast of these two methods，it is recognized that the method of Lorentz curve is easier to determine the degree of the reservoir heterogeneity than the method of statistics.And moreover，the method of Lorentz curve is a quantitative approach to study the reservoir heterogeneity.

SUMMARY ON OIL SAND EXPLOITATION TECHNOLOGIES AND METHODS

ZHENG De-wen FANG Chao-he LI Jian;GE Zhi-xin WANG Yi-feng

2008, 30(6):  105-108.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.025

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The paper is mainly centered on the oil sands exploitation technologies in Canada，it is proposed that the exploitation of different types of oil sands，appropriate mining methods should be adopted after detailed analyzing the current different effective technologies and methods of oil sand exploitation and evaluating the technological applicable conditions of strip mining and underground mining respectively.Furthermore，the paper also gives the expectations and direction of oil sands exploitation，which has important guiding significance for our country.

THE IMPACTING FACTORS OF HORIZONTAL WELL DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUPERLOW ABUNDANCE AND SUPERTHIN PAY ZONES

ZHANG Guo-liang;LUO Zhong-hua ZHAO De-li LIU Yue-tian

2008, 30(6):  109-112.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.026

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Aiming at the horizontal well development in superlow abundance and superthin pay zones，the main factors and sensitivity impacting the deliverability，as well as the flow through porous media，exploitating characteristics and adjustment method，are studied.Putaohua reservoir，Daqing Oilfield is taken as an example，it is pointed out that the exclusive characteristics of the reservoir are the thing pay zones and poor liquidsupplying and absorbing capacity on unit area.Research indicates that in order to ensure enough crude production and development efficiency，the controlling area of horizontal well must be fully enlarged，the effective horizontal section lengh in unit area reservoir(i.e.，the penetrated pay zone rate) is kept shorter，which will be accordance with the liquidsupplying capacity，and the liquid production of reservoirs will meet requirement.The key of the well spacing in the reservoirs is to precisly controll the location of penetrated target on plain.The oil and water flooding frontier and residual oil area of well paten for laddered horizontal wells are all insymetrical and uneven，which will impact the development effectiveness，however，by using uneven layered water injection or branched horizontal wells substituting laddered horizontal wells，the development effectiveness can be greatly improved.

DISPLACEMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF VISCOELASTIC HEAVY OIL AND THE ANALYSIS ON INFLUENCING FACTORS

XU Pi-dong;WANG Li-xia SU Yu-liang

2008, 30(6):  113-116.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.027

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A onedimension two phases flooding mathematical model is established to describe the viscoelastic heavy oil displacement，which considers the two factors of temperature and pectinbitumen content and is solved with numerical method.The effects of influencing factors and relaxation property on the displacement of viscoelastic heavy oil are analyzed.The results show that，the relaxation property gets weaker as the temperature and pectinbitumen bulk fraction content gets higher.The higher the temperature and the less the pectinbitumen content，the weaker the relaxation property is.The property will decrease the displacement pressure gradient and increase the water saturation，delay the water breakthrough time and prolong the production time，which is helpful to improve the development efficiency.However，its function will weaken as the increase of temperature or the decrease of the content.The research result provides theoretical guidance for the research of displacement characteristics and development efficiency of viscoelastic heavy oil.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF AIR INJECTION LOW TEMPERATURE OXIDATION IN LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIRS

YU Hong-min REN Shao-ran YANG Bao-quan;ZUO Jing-luan TANG Ru-zhong

2008, 30(6):  117-120.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.028

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This research investigates the feasibility of air injection LTO（low temperature oxidation）process for improved oil recovery(IOR) in low permeability reservoirs in Shengli Oilfield.Laboratory experiment on oil oxidation and reservoir unmerical simulation methods are used in the assessment for LTO and IOR mechanism analysis and sensitivity studies on various reservoirs and engineering parameters.Economic analysis is also conducted in comparison with N2 injection process in terms of IOR and field operation for Luo36 Block.The studies show that the influential factors in terms of incremental oil recovery and LTO reaction for the field ranked from air injection rate，reservoir temperature，remaining oil saturation，reservoir dip angle and to perforation locations.Compared with N2 injection，air injection can be an effective IOR option with low cost and high oil recovery for the low permeability reservoirs in the region.

ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF INJECTIVITY BY GASALTERNATINGWATER FLOODING IN RESERVOIR

LI Ju-huaa;b JIANG Taoc GAO Wen-jun LIU Bin

2008, 30(6):  121-125.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.029

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Injectivity reduction is an important factor to restrict recovery increase by gasalternatingwater flooding.Based on dimensionless scaling rule by inspectional analysis，the plot displaying the relationship between dimensionless injectivity and heterogenity is established in threephases relative permeability and capillary pressure hysteresis model by compositional simulation.Meanwhile，the optimal ratio of injected water and gas is obtained.The results show that displacement effect by increasing enrichment of injection gas is batter than by increasing injection velocity in a certain reservoir system，injectivivty decline trend is more obvious if water/injection gas ratio is higher.The optimal injection is that WGR is 2 for low viscous and gravity force ratio and WGR 1 for low viscous and gravity force ratio.It suggests that characteristic of formation and injecting fluid is involved in discussing injecting optimization

CONSTRUCTING METHOD AND APPLICATION OF RESERVOIR CAPILLARY PRESSURE CURVE

LIU Xiao-peng XIAO Liang ZHANG Wei

2008, 30(6):  126-130.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.030

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In order to continuously gain reservoir capillary pressure curve to evaluate reservoir pore structure，aiming at the proplem that the reservoir capillary pressure data are very finite，a new method constructing capillary pressure curve by using conventional porosity and permeability is put forward and the constructing model of capillary presusre curve is set up based on 169 cores mercuryinjection data analysis.The accuracy of the，model is verified by means of the correlation with practical core mercuryinjection capillary pressure curve，it is proposed that optimal comprehensive physical property is used to continuously construct capillary pressure curve.The curve is applied in practical reservoir evaluation to obtain mean capillary radius，maximun capillary radius and reservoir water saturation，as well as to evaluate the pore structure of the reservoir，the correlation of core analysis and well logging model interpretation indicates that the result calculated with the new model is reliable.

THE OPTIMAL METHOD AND WEIGHT AGENT GRANULAR SIZE OF SUPER HIGH DENSITY CEMENT SLURRY

XU Bi-huaa LIU Ru-guo;LIU Weia YAO Heng-shenb LIN Ke-xionga

2008, 30(6):  131-134.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.031

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Because in the super high density cement slurry there are a lot of inert particles and the contradiction between cement slurry rheological property and cement set mechanical behavior，based on these conditions，the weight agent granular size model and the weight agent model are established by using the particlesize distribution and the theory of close packing and calculating the area percent in the cement set uint area.The match of weight agent granular size in the system is adjusted and its quantity optimized，cement set anticompression strength design meets requiremet while calculating the 3rated grains with the model，the best match relation of weight agent granular size is r₁∶r₂∶r₃=1.00∶0.40∶0.07，and the quantity ratio of weight agent is V₁∶V₂∶V₃=354∶45∶1.A lot of experiment demonstrate the cement set anticompression strength of 2.6g/cm3 can reach 12MPa （50℃，24h）by reasonable match of weight agent granular size and controlling its quantity，and the rheological property of super high density cement slurry is very good，so it is very easy to produce in the different oilfield.

THE APPLICATION OF RMT ON EVALUATION OF THE WATER CUT IN BAOLANG OILFIELD

XU Jing GAO Wei CHU Yan-jun WU Kui-yuan

2008, 30(6):  135-137.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.032

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After years of waterflooding，the reservoirs in Baolang Oilfield are flooded，and the original reservoir and hydrocarbon property relation broken.It is very important to evaluate the situation of waterflooding.There are no better results after attempting many logging methods.In this study，by using the RMT to monitor and evaluate the typical wells in this field，the RMT can give many valuable parameters，such as the porosity，permeability and the oil saturation.Practical application indicates that by combinating the geological features of the oilfield，designing the appropriate monitoring layer and using the appropriate interpretation model，the flooding situation of the oilfield can be precisely evaluated，the implementation of stabilizing oil production and controlling water production can be realized.

A NEW METHOD COMPUTING GAS WELL DYNAMIC RESERVES

ZHANG Feng-bo WANG Nu-tao HUANG Bing-guang CHEN Jun FENG Guo-qing

2008, 30(6):  138-140.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.033

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The elastic 2phase method，combined with material balance equation，is used to calculate the whole well reserves.The method is mainly used in the pseduosteady state of gas reservoir production，the measurement of pressure and deliveralibility is precisely required，while the working system of gas reservoir exerts considerable influence on the reserves calculated with elastic 2phase method，the calculation reliability has been verified in practice，in early stage of development，the calculation accuracy of material balance equation is not high.Elastic 2 phase method combining with material balance equation is used to establish optimal multiple objective function，which can fully apply elastic 2 phase method，and express material balance.So，the method can be more widely used，the calculation result is more reliable and it can be greatly popularized in tight gas reservoirs.Case study indicates the method is resonable in theory，practical verification is operable.

油气化学工程与化工

FEASIBILITY RESEARCH ON THE VISCOSITYREDUCTING TECHNOLOGY FOR BOHAI HEAVY OIL BY AIRINJECTION CATALYTIC OXIDATION

TANG Xiao-dong;CUI Ying-xian MENG Ke-quan ZHOU Yu-liang LUO Xiaohui

2008, 30(6):  141-144.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.034

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Explorative experiment of airinjection oxidation is carried out for SZ361 heavy oil through examining the acid value of the oxidated heavy oil and the change of O2 content in produced gas，and the mechanics of airinjection catalytic oxidation oil displacement are further confirmed.The technology is feasible which is confirmed in theory and technology.The results of explorative experiment show that the content(bulk fraction) of O2 in produced gas is 2.5% when heavy oil is oxidated for 5 days，the catalytic oxidation effect for heavy oil is obvious.Under the experimental conditions，50g heavy oil，the volume ratio of catalyst and oil 1.4%，air pressure 0.7MPa，90℃，48h，60% H2O and 300r/min，the viscosity of offshore heavy oil decreases from 2004mPa?s to 100mPa?s，viscosity reduction ratio of it reaches to 95.0%.

STUDY ON YIELD TIME OF GELLED WAXY CRUDE OIL

PENG Jian-wei ZHANG Jin-jun HOU Lei HAN Shan-peng

2008, 30(6):  145-148.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.035

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In order to acquire the yield law of gelled waxy crude oil and quantitatively establish the relationship between stress loading rate and yield time，the yielding property of three types of gelled waxy crude oil，i.e.，Daqing gelled crude oil，northern Xinjiang crude oil and Tuha crude oil，are studied by using rheometer RS150 in controlled stress mode，with the stress loading in stepwise sequence and in a rampup way.It is found that the yield time of gelled waxy crude oil increases monotonically with the decrease of stress loading rate，the data regression analysis shows that the relationship between these two parameters follows a power law function.Based on the result，an expression that can describe the relationship between the stress loading rate and yield time of gelled waxy crude oil is developed，and the physical meaning of this expression is analyzed with dimensional analysis.The universalization of this expression is verified by fitting with different experimental data of gelled waxy crude oil from domestic and foreign literatures.

THE SYNERGISTIC ACTION CAUSED BY HIGH SALINITY AND VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF COMBINED FOAM STABILIZER FOAM SYSTEM

DIAO Su ZHU Li-ping HUANG Yu-zhong ZHOU Ming

2008, 30(6):  149-152.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.036

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Aiming at the combined foam stabilizer foam system which has been researched，the stability and apparent viscosity of the system，which is caused by high salinity，is researched at 80℃，and foam microstructure，which is nonsalt，7.08×104mg/L and salinity of 20.3×104mg/L respectively，is observed with SEM，as to obtain the mechanism of synergistic action.The viscoelastic behavior of foam system is studied with HAAKE rheologic apparatus.The results of experiment indicate in this foam system，there is the characteristic of high salinity increasing stability and apparent viscosity and the best antisaline concentration.The result of SEM indicates among high concentration salinity，polymer and surfactant formed histrength complex film is formed，which can increase the stability of the foam system greatly，and the foam system is of superior viscoelasticity.The synergistic action caused by high salinity is firstly researched in this paper，which enhances foam theory and is valuable.

石油机械工程及其它

REALTIME MONITORING AND CONTROLLING INTELLIGENT SYSTEM MODEL FOR DRILLING SAFETY AND OPTIMIZATION AND ITS APPLICATIONGUO Jianming

GUO Jian-ming

2008, 30(6):  153-156.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.037

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A realtime monitoring and controlling intelligent system for drilling safety and optimization is designed and realized，which integrates the management of drilling engineering information，the realtime monitored drilling parameters and the Intelligent decision support technology.The knowledge model of the system is constituted of the domain knowledge，reasoning knowledge and task knowledge，and knowledge frame on drilling safety and optimization is established by applying Ontologybased scientific method of knowledge abstraction，and the knowledge integration on drilling safety and optimization is realized by the systemic analysis and induction of drilling data，information and knowledge.The system is used to the monitoring，recognition，forecast，diagnosis，prevention and treatment of abnormal drilling problem in each of the planning，drilling and postwell analysis of the well for the objective of drilling safety and optimization.

LEAK DETECTION AND POSITIONING FOR HOT OIL PIPELINE UNDER COMPLICATED CONDITIONS

CHEN Zhi-gang;ZHANG Lai-bin LIANG Wei TAO Hua

2008, 30(6):  157-160.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.038

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For overcoming the difficulty of leak detection for hot oil pipeline under complicated conditions,a method based on MSVM（MultiSupport Vector Machine）is proposed and the diagnosis model is established.The model training can be completed in a few samples to distinguish different conditions of pipelines.Moreover,in hot oil pipeline negtive pressure wave,velocity is affected by oil and pipeline axial temperature drop.Positioning usually has obvious error.For solving this problem,axial temperature drop is analyzed and pressure velocity is revised.By means of NewtonCotes integration method,positioning formula is improved.The field experiment shows that abnormal conditions including leakage of pipeline can be distinguished effectively by using the method based on MSVM and the improved positioning formula makes the positioning more accurate，from 2.5% up to 1.0%.

RESEARCH ON LWD TRANSMIT CIRCUIT BASED ON DDS TECHNOLOGY

LIU Sheng-hu XING Ya-min

2008, 30(6):  161-164. 

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A new type of logging transmit circuit applied to measurement while drilling （MWD） based on DDS technology is presented.As for logging instrument，electromagnetic wave source is very important.Its performance affects the whole performance of the system directly.LWD （logging while drilling） signal waveform generation circuit，peripheral signal processing circuit，DDS module，DSP and AD9850 interfaces，software design flowchart etc are given.2MHz and 400kHz digital transmit circuits mainly composed of DDS AD9850 chip，which carries out the shift of the phase and the limit of the amplitude easily，are designed and debugged successfully.it is used to substitute for the conventional transmit circuit，so the alldigital transmit channel of phase shift is achieved.The experimental result shows that the logging transmit circuit for MWD is feasible.

A NEW CALCULATION METHOD OF INFLOW PERFORMANCE RELATIONSHIP FOR HUFF AND PUFF WELLS

WU Fei-peng CHEN De-chun PU Chun-sheng WEI Xue-mei

2008, 30(6):  165-168.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.040

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Aiming at the complex transformation of the inflow performance relationship of the huff and puff wells and the restrictive，costly analysis and limited range of application of the numerical simulation，which is usually used to simulate the inflow performance relationship，and according to the result of numerical simulation，the grey relation analysis method is used，the sensitivity of the influencing factors to the inflow performance relationship of huff and puff wells，such as cyclic steam injection volume，steam temperature，steam ratio，steam injection rate，steam soak time and so on，are studied.According to the analysis above，a computation module of the inflow performance relationship of cyclic steam stimulated wells is built，which includes all the factors above.After examination，the model is found with higher accuracy and can be used to guide field practice.

博导论评

PROBE INTO ANTIDEFLECTION OF TAPERED DRILLSTRING ASSEMBLY WITH EQUIVALENT DIAMETER METHOD

LIAN Zhang-hua LIN Tie-jun SONG Zhou-cheng;MENG Ying-feng WEI Chen-xing

2008, 30(6):  169-172.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.041

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Tapered drillstring assembly as the antideflection drilling tool is commonly used in gas drilling vertical wells，but the effect of antideflection is uncertain.In this paper，equivalent diameter method of Three Moment Formula is used to research unequal crosssection tapered drillstring assembly mechanical properties.A simple Visual Basic(VB) program for analyzing and optimizing tapered drillstring assembly mechanical properties is developed to adjust drilling parameter based on the equivalent diameter calculated.At the same time，ANSYS finite element secondary development program (ADPL) is used to lateral force calculation.Thus，there is comparative analysis of the two results.Case study shows that the VB program for calculating tapered drillstring assembly is more accurate and the calculating results are highly precise.Also，the influencing factor of antideflection drilling is discussed and some suggestion for improvement given.

探讨与争鸣

INFLUENCE OF PRESSURE SENSITIVITY ON IMBIBITION FOR LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIR ROCKS

WANG Rui YUE Xiang-an TAN Xi-qun LIU Xiong-zhi

2008, 30(6):  173-176.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.06.042

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Mechanisms of cyclic water injection are analyzed by combining rock pressure sensitivity experiment and imbibition experiment in view of the characteristics of much remaining oil in the matrixes of fractured low permeability reservoir.Imbibition experiment of different permeability cores and different pressure drops，pressure sensitivity experiment of permeability are studied and compared.The results show that，imbibition recovery ratio firstly increases and then decreases with the increasing of permeability，permeability loss of core is mainly in the early stage of effective pressure increase，influence of pressure drop degree and speed on imbibition recovery ratio takes on the trend of firstly decreasing then increasing，pressure sensitivity is mainly at the smaller pressure drop degree，and the pressure difference caused by pressure fluctuation plays roles mainly at the bigger pressure drop degree and speed in the process of cyclic water injection.