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    20 October 2008, Volume 30 Issue 5
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    专家论坛
    Origin of Tilted Oil-water Contact and Probe into the Theory of Unsteady Hydrocarbon Accumulation
    JIANG Tong-wen XU Han-lin LIAN Zhang-gui Dan Jia-zeng
    2008, 30(5):  1-5.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.001
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    Aiming at Donghe sandstone oil reservoir with significantly titled oil-water contact in the Hadson Oilfield,Tarim Basin,an investigation into the origin of titled oil-water contact is conducted,which excludes the possibility that hydropower and capillary pressure resulted in the tilted contact.Structural evolution analysis and physical modeling show that the inclination of oilwater contact in sandstone oil reservoir results from tectonic inversion by neotectonic movement.The oil reservoir has been undergoing adjustment with evidently unsteady hydrocarbon accumulation,so a hint about theoretical presumption of unsteady hydrocarbon accumulation is given,in which the process from hydrocarbon generation and accumulation to hydrocarbon depletion is regarded as a continuous dynamic process and may be divided into pre-reservoir stage,reservoir stage and post-reservoir stage with different hydrocarbon accumulation style in different stages.
    地质勘探
    THE EVIDENCE OF DETRITAL ZIRCON AGE DETERMINATION OF TARIM BASIN BASEMENT
    GUO Dong-sheng WU Guang-hui ZHANG Cheng-ze ZHANG Bao-shou
    2008, 30(5):  6-10.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.002
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    The analysis of sedimentary material source of Silurian plays an important role in petroleum exploration and the evolution of Precambrian basement,the UPb isotopic age of zircons from clastic rocks in Tarim basin is determined in situ by LA-ICP-MS，it is indicated there are four periods of sedimentary source ages in Silurian,i.e.,700～900Ma，400～500Ma，1450～1650Ma，2000～2200Ma.It is showed that in all of the Silurian clastic rocks,there is Neoproterozoic sedimentary source，and there is Paleoproterozoic source in central Tarim area，Ordovician and the early Mesoproterozoic sources are detected in northern and eastern area in the Tarim Basin.There are obvious difference source regions and source ages of Silurian in different areas.The igneous rocks of Ordovician in Altun Tagh are the main sources of Silurian in eastern area，and KuqaNorthern Precambrian basement uplift is the main material source of Silurian in northern area，and the sedimentary source of central area comes from the Southern uplift Precambrian basement.It is indicated that there was not uniform Tarim basement in Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic from the date of the zircon age，and in the North and South Tarim continents,there are the different evolution events,in the North Tarim continent,there is possibly the same tectonic event as the breakup of Columbia supercontinent.The North and South Tarim continental collision happened in the early Neoproterozoic,about 900Ma,and uniform Tarim basement formed，and the large scale breakup of the Tarim occurred about 760Ma which caused widespread denudation area for clastic rocks in the basin.It also demonstrates that there was the same assembly and breakup history as Rodinia supercontinent in Neoproterozoic.
    TYPES AND RECOGNIZABLE INDICATORS OF ORDOVICIAN CARBONATE ROCK OKARSTIFICATION IN TARIM BASIN
    WANG Zhen-yu LI Ling TAN Xiu-cheng DAI Zong-yang MA Qing
    2008, 30(5):  11-16.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.003
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    Three types of palaeokarst can be recognized in Ordovician non-marine carbonate in Tarim Basin,which are syndepositional rockdissolution,weathering karstification and buried rock-dissolution.Their main recognizable indicators are summed up by analyzing the responsive characteristics in the aspects of the geology,well logging,drilling and geophysics.The recognizable indicators of syndepositional rock-dissolution include abundant texture-optimal dissolved-pores,such as the intragrain,mold and inter-grain dissolved-pores,and non-texture-optimized dissolved-pores,small-scale dissolved-caves,dissolved channels,dissolvedfissures,as well as vadose silts and meteoric freshwater cements.The recognizable indicators of weathering karstification include the Ordovician carbonate weathering out and residue on a regional unconformity,highangle dissolved channels,dissolved fissures,sinkhole,dissolved pores and caves with different scale and the fillings,the carbonate fillings in the dissolved pores and caves are of the geochemical characteristics that meteoric freshwater is of,the drilling break leakage occures,the well logging response is characteried by high combination gamma ray neutron value and low electrical resistivity value,as well as the low-velocity seismic response characteristics are dominant.The buried rock-dissolution can be recognized by further original pore and cave dissolution and infilling by oil and gas.It is indicated that early development and distribution of carbonate reservoir are controlled by the syndepositional rock-dissolution,the weathering karstification is the key to the formation of carbonate reservoir,the buried rock-dissolution is one of key factors of optimal reworking of carbonate reservoir.
    PROBE INTO HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATIONS IN THE HADSON OILFIELD,TARIM BASIN
    XU Han-lin JIANG Tong-wen GU Qiao-yuan NIU Yu-jie ZHANG Qiu-cha
    2008, 30(5):  17-21.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.004
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    There are three independent oil reservoirs in Hadson Oilfield in Tarim Basin,i.e.,Carboniferous Donghe sandstone reservoir,thin sand bed reservoir in mudstone section of middle Carboniferous and the oil reservoir of the 3rd sub-member of upper Kepingtage Formation of Silurian,which all originate in the same suite of source rocks and are covered by the same regional caprocks,whereas studies on the Hydrocarbon accumulation stages show that the oil reservoirs came into being in different periods.Comprehensive analyses on the periods of hydrocarbon forming and discharge,fluid conducting system and faulting stages show that the oil reservoirs originally came into being at late Hercynian stage and then experienced various degrees of hydrocarbon adjustment owing to tectonic activity at late periods.The outcome of fluid inclusion analyses of current Donghe sandstone and thin sand bed reservoir indicates the episode of new oil reservoir coming from ancient oil reservoir adjustment at late Himalayan stage.
    CHARACTERISTIC,GENESIS AND GEOLOGIC MEANING OF STRIKESLIP FAULT SYSTEM IN TAZHONG AREA
    ZHANG Cheng-ze YU Hong-feng ZHANG Hai-zu ZHANG Yan-qiu CHEN Li
    2008, 30(5):  22-26.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.005
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    Several large scale strike-slip fault systems which are NE-trending are identified in Tazhong area by geostructural analysis,the main active time of the strike-slip fault systems was from the end of Caledonian to early Hercynian,the formation of the strike-slip fault derived from the collision on the south and north of the Tarim plate in the end of Caledonian,and it was also related to the NE-trending basement structure.The strike-slip fault systems control the reservoir re-formation,volcanic activity,trap formation and migration and accumulation of oil/gas.
    THE TYPES AND GENESIS OF CAMBRIAN AND SINURIAN DOLOSTONE IN EASTERN TARIM BASIN
    LIU Yong-fu SANG Hong SUN Xiong-wei DANG Qing-ning ZHU Chang-jian
    2008, 30(5):  27-31.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.006
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    By means of core description and rock thin section observation,the Cambrian and Silurine dolostones penetrated in eastern Tarim Basin recent years are studied.It is recognized that the dolostones in the area are mainly composed of crystallized dolostone(coarse crystal,mid-crystal,fine crystal,silt crystal and silt-dolomicrita),residual algal lamina dolostone and residual oolite dolostone.The geochemical analysis of Carbon and Oxygen isotopes,homoinclusion temperature measurment,dolomite order degree and rock slide inspectation indicates the dolostones can be divided into three types of genesis,i.e.,high temperature hydrothermal fluid dolomization,seepage reflux dolomization and mixed water dalomization.Among them,the first type is the most favorable for the development of pore space in the area.
    PROBE INTO WELL LOGGING EVALUATION OF BOREHOLE WALL STABILITY IN TARIM BASIN
    ZHANG Hui LI Jin-fu YUAN Shi-jun WU Qing-kuan
    2008, 30(5):  32-36.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.007
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    Aiming at the problem of borehole wall instability,researching the method of well logging evaluation for borehole stability in Tarim Basin is studied.Based on rock mechanics,the logging data are used to calculate the parameters of rock mechanical property,formation pore pressure,geo-stress and break pressure and so on.And the secure window of mud density is obtained,so the reasonable engineering parameters for the drilling is provided.
    PROMOTION OF STRATA UPLIFT AND EROSION TO HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION
    TIAN Feng-huaa;b JIANG Zheng-xuea;b
    2008, 30(5):  37-40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.008
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    Strata uplift and erosion destroy not only the existed accumulation,but also promote hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.The abnormally low pressure caused by temperature falling,sandstone rebounding and regional fluid flow due to imbalance erosion during the process of strata uplift and erosion,provides energy for the oil and gas to migrate and accumulate,the sandstone rebounding due to strata erosion offers more pore spaces for oil and gas accumulation,and the physical experiment shows that the amount of sandstone rebounding can be up to 1%,the rocks exposed to atmosphere are affected by weathering and leaching process,which will improve characteristics of accumulation.So,strata uplift and erosion should be one of the oil and gas accumulation mechanisms.
    THE STUDY ON COMPUTER SIMULATION FOR THE OIL AND GAS TRAPS EVALUATION
    CHEN Guo-min;LIU Quan-wen TAO Zheng-xi ZHONG Xiao-gang HU Hai-tao
    2008, 30(5):  37-40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.009
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    According to the characteristics of oil and gas exploration both integratively and finely,concerning the trap preexploration requires the trap evaluation research conducted quickly and timely to feedback evaluation for multiple potential traps to meet the requirement of scientific and optimal choice of the drilling targets,in this paper,however,based on its essentials,important contents and realizing procedures of the trap evaluation,the conception of integrated evaluation of trap is put forward and its connotation analyzed briefly,the geologic ideal,mathematic model and simulation idea are formed,the main function modes of the trap evaluation system is designed and this software developed,at last,the integrated evaluation and optimal choice which takes the computer as its powerful support built up.The quick interaction among the hardware,software,decisionmaker and evaluation information is realized by applying the advanced computer and communication technology to simulate the integrated evaluation procedure of trap,and it would provide the qualitative and quantitative references to the scientific decisionmaking of exploration targets with timely and intellectually,thus the scientific and reliable decisionmaking would be achieved.
    GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE LAW OF FORMATION OF HYDROCARBON MIGRATION ON ACCUMULATION,NORTHERN SOUTH CHINA SEA
    HE Jia-xiong CHEN Sheng-hong LIU Hai-ling WAN Zhi-feng
    2008, 30(5):  46-52.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.010
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    The marginal basin in the north of South China Sea is located in the unique tectonic location where three plates,Euro-Asia,India-Austronia and pacific interact each other.There are complicated regional setting and geodynamic conditions with aboundent geological phenomena about oil and gas,there are apparent characteristic differences of regional geological setting and tectonic evolution in different continental regions,that is,the northorn region is dominated by tention rift,forming rifted basins with dual-layered structure of typical fault and rift,and the southern region is complex superposition one originated from folded down-warping,tention and compression,forming complex folded-down warping, tention and compression basins,the western region is slide-typed one,forming slide tention basins.The difference of regional geological setting determines the type and property of the sedimentary basins,and moreover,controlls the law and distribution of hydrocarbon migration,accumulation and the formation of reservoirs.So,there are genesis leakage and coupling relations between regional geological setting and hydrocarbon migration,accumulation and the formation of reservoirs.
    ANALYSIS ON FORMATION OF OIL AND GAS POOLS IN THE AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN SLOPE OF BEISANTAI,JUNGGAR BASIN
    ZENG Jun KANG Yong-shang;HAN Jun XUE Ze-lei QIU Nan-sheng;
    2008, 30(5):  53-57.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.011
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    Based on the existing research results,classification of crude oil clusters and fluid inclusion homo-temperature analysis,the authors of this article draw the following conclusions,i.e.,there exist,in the area of Santai-BeisantaiSouthwestern slope of Beisantai,three formation periods of oil and gas pools,early Yanshan period,late Yanshan period and Himalayan period.During the early Yanshan period,Permian mudstone in the Begeda fore-mountain sag was the source kitchen and petroleum migration was from south to north along the Santai-Beisantai uplift,reaching to the southern slope of Beisantai uplift.During late Yanshan period,Permian and Jurassic mudstones of Fukang sag were the source kitchen and petroleum migration was from the sag to northeast,east and southeast orientation.During Himalayan period,petroleum migration had the same framework as during late Yanshan period in the regional scale,characterized by vertical remigration in the high of SantaiBeisantai uplift.
    CHARACTERISTICS OF FORMATION WATER AND THE GENESIS ANALYSIS IN THE WESTERN LIAOHE SAG
    LENG Ji-gaoa;b PANG Xiong-qia;b ZHANG Feng-qi CUI Li-jing LIU Hai-bo
    2008, 30(5):  58-63.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.012
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    Low-salinity,94.3% chemical composition of HCO3－、Cl－、Na+the main formation water form with NaHCO3and NaCl are the basic characteristics of the NaHCO3 type fluid in the west Liaohe sag,based on the 886 samples of formation water analysis.Na+ cation takes up not only absolute superiority but also controls of chemical spatial distribution the formation water.Rich albitization of plagioclase of the source rocks in the vicinity is the key factor controlling Na+ coming into being.Besides of water-rock interaction,the large number of hydrocarbon generation has close relationship with HCO3－accumulation.Cl－comes from the dissolved salt matter.Impacted by basement morphology and tectonic evolution,formation water can be divided into two relatively independent fluid activity units in north and south respectively.The north is mainly affected by the water evaporation and the south is controlled by hydrocarbon generation.
    DIAGENESIS AND DIAGENETIC FACIES OF SHAHEJIE FORMATION AT THE NORTHERN PART OF WEST SAG
    WANG Yong;BAO Zhi-dong ZHANG Chun-lei HAO Li-ye LI Hui-li
    2008, 30(5):  64-68.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.013
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    Based on the analysis of rock slides,casting slides,scan electron microscope and X-ray diffraction etc,the characteristics of diagenetic evolution of clastic reservoirs in Shahejie formation at the northern part of west sag are studied.Three diagenetic stages in Shahejie Formation are divided as subphase A of early diagenesis,subphase B of late diagenesis and subphase A of middle diagenesis.Four types of diagenesis are recognized,including compaction,cementation,dissolution and fracturing.The compaction and cementation destroy the primary pore structure intensively,dissolution and fracturing change the pore structure effectively.The succession of diagenetic evolution is summed,five types of diagenetic facies are recognized,and the favorable diagenetic facies to the reservoir development are indicated.
    THE CHARACTER AND SIGNIFICANCE OF HYDROCARBON TRANSFERING SYSTEM IN LIAODONG BAY
    XU Tian-wu;ZENG Jian-hui; WEI Gang MA Zhong-liang;KONG Xu
    2008, 30(5):  69-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.*014
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    The faults，san bodies and unconformities，which are basic elements of hydrocarbon migration in Liaodong Bay,form three kinds of transferring systems by mating.The oil reservoirs whose hydrocarbon migrated vertically along the faults often have multiple oil beds over lapped near the faults，and the faults are dominated by syndepositional characteristic.The oil reservoirs whose hydrocarbon migrates mainly along the connected sand bodies and faults mainly take shape in the highly porous and high permeable beds nearby the sides of faults， the key factors affecting transfering capability are special distribution and mating of faults and sand bodies.Hydrocarbon through the unconformity belts and sand bodies can migrate in a long distance and forms stratigraphic reservoirs，affecting transferring capability are porosity and lateral connectedness.The oilgas transferring systems determine types and distribution of reservoirs.In the north of Liaodong Bay,unconformities are common，which are favorable location for lithologic hydrocarbon reservoirs.In the middlesouth of Liaodong Bay，faults and sand bodes are abundance in number，which are favorable location for of structural hydrocarbon reservoirs.
    HIGH-RESOLUTION SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY OF XUJIAHE FORMATION IN GUANNAN GAS FIELD
    SHU Zhuang-zhi;PENG Jun YIN Xiao-mei
    2008, 30(5):  73-76.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.015
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    The lack of systematic research on the principal of T3x gas containing strata,sand division and correlation in Guanan gas field largely constrains the Guannan gas field exploration in the overall planning,deployment,and the exploration success rate.Under the guidance of the theory and technology of the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy,according to the identification symptoms of the sequence interfaces and lakeflood sedimentation,combining the comprehensive analysis of outcrops,rock cores,well logs and seismic interpretation,six middle-term,twenty-two short-term,sixty-nine supershort-term base-level cyclic sequences are recognized in Xujiahe formation,Guannan gas field.On the basis of the above studies,the vertical sequences,facies associations,lithologic components,structural types and stacking patterns are discussed in detail.The application of these differentgrade base-level cycle sequences to the stratigraphic division and isochronal correlation,the foundation of sequence stratigraphic framework and the sand body distribution regularity are probed into in the light of these sequence characteristics,which provide a scientific basis for the next exploration.
    THE RESERVOIR PREDICTION OF T3x2 IN TONGNAN AREA
    Zhang Guang-rong Lu Xiao-min Zhong Zi-chuan Jiang Xiao-guang Wang Xin
    2008, 30(5):  77-80.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.016
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    Tongnan area is located at a transition region from Central Sichuan to Southern Sichuan Basin.Its exploration result reveals a great hydrocarbon potential.In this area,the reservoir is characterized by heterogeneity,thin single layer,low permeability and porosity,in addition,the seismic wave velocity of the reservoir is the same as that of shale.Therefore,it is a little difficult to predict reservoir quantitatively.In this research,the geological feature and geophysical property are analyzed at first according to data of geology,seismic,well-logging and well testing;and then,the lithology is predicted by means of the natural gamma-ray inversion;thirdly,the effective reservoir is identified by both velocity and porosity inversion after wiping out the shale;finally,hydrocarbon abundance is detected by the dual-phase medium theory in order to provide a favorable prospect.In fact,the result of reservoir prediction is basically consistent with the drilling result.The research shows that the multi-well constrained inversion and the abundance detection should be adopted in clastic rocks to predict the lithological and reservoir distribution with a relatively high accuracy,which guides to a further exploration and development in Tongnan area.
    A REAL-TIME DATA COMPRESSION ALGORITHM FOR ACOUSTIC WAVE LOGGING WHILE DRILLING
    LI Chuan-wei MU De-jun LI An-zong YAO Gen-hu
    2008, 30(5):  81-84.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.017
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    Confined to the hostile environment of logging while drilling,the data transportation rate is very low,a real-time and on-line data compression algorithm is researched to compress the huge acoustic wave logging data.The subsection compression model had been proposed according to the characteristic of acoustic logging while drilling,the combination of prediction code and wavelet transform is put on the data compression.In this paper,the special predictor for the variation of base-line and the optimal and wavelet matching to the acoustic wave signal is put forward.The encode compression and lifting-scheme algorithms are applied to compress the base-line and wave data respectively to satisfy the real-time requirement of system.Experiment proves that the algorithm can compress the acoustic wave data efficiently with the characteristic reserved and white noise restrained and eliminated.
    COMPUTATION OF THREEDIMENSIONAL SEISMIC TRAVELTIME BASED ON BILINEAR INTERPOLATION
    PENG Zhi-xing SHEN Zhong-min
    2008, 30(5):  85-87.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.018
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    The computation of seismic traveltime is important content of ray tracing method,how to calculate the seismic traveltime effectively and increase the computation accuracy are widely concerned.In order to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional ray tracing algorithm(Shooting method of initial value and Bending method of boundary value),A variety of new methods and new technologies have been improved in the past 10 years.With the development of seismic exploration technology,it is necessary to study the computation of seismic traveltime and the methods of ray tracing in threedimensional medium model.Based on the linear traveltime interpolation (LTI) method to calculate twodimensional seismic traveltime,in this article,a method to calculate the threedimensional seismic traveltime is proposed by using bilinear interpolation,and its calculation formula deduced.Through numerical simulation calculation and the contrast with the analytic solution,the correctness of the principle of the method is proved,but also the method proved with a higher computation accuracy.
    MULTIPARAMETER CARBONATE ROCK RESERVOIRS EVALUATION BASED ON GREY FUZZY THEORY
    DING Xiong TAN Xiu-cheng LUO Bing HUANG Yong-bing FAN Ling
    2008, 30(5):  88-92.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.019
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    According to the actuality that there are much reservoir influential factors,complex relation between porosity and permeability,intensive anisotropism and difficulties to evaluate to carbonate rock reservoirs,T1j2 carbonate rock reservoir in Moxi Structure,centre Sichuan is taken as an example,gray fuzzy theory is used and some elements for reservoir evaluation,such as porosity,permeability,water saturation,expulsion pressure,average pore throat radius,effective thickness,and permeability variation coefficient,dash coefficient and range and so on are optimized.Because of the perplexing relation existing among these evaluation elements,grey association analysis is used to definite the weight coefficients of evaluation elements,and fuzzy comprehensive distinguish method is used to evaluate quality of carbonate rock reservoir,thereby the relation and"uncertainty"of elements for reservoir evaluation is resolved.Evaluation results are well consistent with the actual production of gas and oil,which proves that the method of carbonate rock reservoir evaluation based on grey fuzzy theory is workable.
    石油与天然气工程
    A NEW METHOD FOR DETERMING REASONABLE WELL SPACING IN ULTRALOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIRS
    LI Song-quan;CHENG Lin-song;LI Xiu-sheng;HAO Fei;
    2008, 30(5):  93-96.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.020
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    To ultralow permeability reservoir,the key point of development effectiveness is producerinjector spacing,at the present,it is determined by means of permeability and threshold pressure gradient(TPG).In this paper,its restriction is illustrated,the change law of TPG and stress sensitivity factor analyzed according to physic simulation experiment,and its expression regressed with permeability as variable,at the same time,mathematical model of nonlinear flow in porous media built.A new method for determing reasonable well spacing in ultralow permeability reservoir is presented based on the model and superposition theory.A new methord is presented to extract reasonable injectorproducer spacing in ultralow permeability reservoir,by this method,not only reservoir permeability and injectionproduction pressure difference can be considered,but also fluid viscosity,expected production,TPG and stress sensitivity.Finally,relevant theory chart board is convenient for field application.
    DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY OF LOW PERMEABILITY OIL RESERVOIRS IN SHENGLI OILFIELD
    LI Xiu-sheng WANG Ling-bi
    2008, 30(5):  97-99.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.021
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    Low permeability oil reservoirs are one of the vital oil resources in Shengli Oilfield.Enhancing development technology and making a good use of the kinds of reservoirs are very important to the stable and sustainable development of both Shengli Oilfield and the whole industry of our country.Shengli Oilfield has made great progress on study of features of reservoirs,technologies of slim hole drilling,horizontal well drilling and hydraulic fracturing.New acknowledgement has gained on reservoir flow mechanism through porous media,gas injection miscible flooding technology.Research direction of development technology in the near future should focus on detailed studying on reservoir flow mechanism through porous media,gas injection miscible flooding and immiscible flooding,studying and introducing international advanced fracturing technology and materials,studying flow mechanism of extralow permeability oil reservoirs and water flooding technology so as to enhance reserves productivity and utilize oil resource effectively.
    THE PREDICTION OF FUTURE IPR OF VERTICAL WELLS IN LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIRS
    LIU Shun;YAO Jun;XU Yuangang
    2008, 30(5):  100-103.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.022
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    With common permeability reservoirs coming into their low productivity periods,the development of lowpermeability reservoirs becomes more vital.But the performance analysis prediction of reservoirs is very difficult because threshold pressure gradient.Based on investigation results,the prediction of inflow performance in lowpermeability solutiongasdrive reservoirs existing threshold pressures is presented.There is a linear relation between productivity index and bottomhole flow pressure.The inflow performances in different reservoir pressure are connected with ultimate PI.According to the fluid PI,a new calculating method that predicts future threephase flow performance of vertical wells in lowpermeability reservoir is established.The application of 23 sets of oil field data to validate the models shows that the average calculation errors is within 11%.The established predicting future IPR is suitable for different cases and can be widely used in practice.
    MULTIPULSE GAS LOAD FRACTURING AND DELIVERABILITY EVALUATION OF HORIZONTAL WELL
    SUN Zhi-yu PU Chun-sheng LUO Ming-liang ZHOU Min
    2008, 30(5):  104-107.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.023
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    On the basis of rock mechanics near horizontal wellbore under three axial geostresses and gas pressure,a fracturing propagation model of multipulse gas load Fracturing is established by using elasticity,fracture mechanics theory and weighting function.The proposed gas distribution function is considered to derive corresponding stress strength.So the alternation of structure length and width can be simulated and the influence of different fracture parameters on deliverability can also be analysed.The result show that multipulse gas load Fracturing can generate multifractures along horizontal well,the fractures can propagate in the direction of perforation orientation until they come to the end,different fracture number may bring different fracture length;the multipulse gas load fracturing can remarkably increase production of oil well,and fracture length has great impact on oil production,so the fracturing should be designed to increase length and to decrease fracture number on the field.
    THE STUDY ON HORIZONTAL WELL PRODUCTIVITY PREDICTION RELATIONAL EQUATION
    CHEN Weia DUAN Yong-gangb FANG Quan-tanga
    2008, 30(5):  108-110.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.024
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    There is greater error in steady productivity prediction of horizontal well,it is found out that,through semianalytic coupling model calculation correlation,under the condition of different oil drainage shape and anisotropy of horizontal permeability,the error changing law of Joshi formula is that the expected value is 30% smaller under the condition of thick pay zone,low vertical permeability or short horizontal section,and the value will be 30% greater under the condition of thin pay zone,long horizontal section or elongated drainage area.Furthermore,the semianalytic coupling model is employed to calculate the productivity index of horizontal well in different elliptic drainage area,nonlinear regression is carried out by SPSS software,the nondimentional productivity index prediction relation of horizontal well is obtained,the relative error is within ±1.5%,the prediction precise is enhanced considerably.
    EVALUATION OF AQUIFER SIZE AND DRIVE ENERGY OF YAHA23 GAS CONDENSATE FIELD
    XIAO Xiang-jiao;JIANG Han-qiao WANG Hong-feng ZHENG Yan QIAO Xia
    2008, 30(5):  111-114.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.025
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    The whole cyclic gas injection and partial pressure maintenance processes are used for development of Yaha23 gas condensate reservoir firstly in China.In order to take full advantage of the natural energy maintain the reasonable recirculation ratio and maximize the economic benefits,it is very important to estimate the efficient aquifer size and drive energy.In this paper with material balance equation,the mathematic model is set up to calculate the gas in place and the efficient aquifer size of Yaha23 gas condensate reservoir.The change of drive index during production is also calculated the result provides significant guidance for the dynamic analysis and followingup production of Yaha23 gas condensate reservoir.
    THE CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES OF LOW PRESSURE HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT AT HOME AND ABROAD
    MA Tao YANG Yong-yi SUN Mei-li TANG Da-zhen XU Hao
    2008, 30(5):  115-117.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.026
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    According to the characteristics of low pressure hydrocarbon reservoirs,the technologies about low pressure hydrocarbon reservoir development at home and abroad are introduced in this paper.These technologies include the technology of reservoir protection during drilling and completion,the adjustment of producer pattern,water or gas flooding to increase reservoir pressure and acidification & fracturing.The practice of low pressure hydrocarbon reservoir development indicates that the effective reservoir protection is necessary during drilling and completion in the early stage of development of low pressure hydrocarbon reservoir,the development effectiveness can be improved by earlier water or gas flooding to increase reservoir pressure,the oil & gas recovery can be effectively increased with fracturing & acidification to increase transporting capability of reservoir,the adaptation of production technology can be used to increase oil & gas recovery of low pressure hydrocarbon reservoir.
    油气化学工程与化工
    THE PROPERTIES OF A MULTIFUCTIONAL CROSSLINKING AGENT IN THE POLYMER FRACTURING FLUIDS
    WANG Xu YAN Fei ZHAO Wen-na HUANG Qiu-wei JIANG Er-liang
    2008, 30(5):  118-120.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.027
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    For crosslinking agents,metallic compounds in synthesized polymer fracturing fluids result in the secondary formation damage and are not compatible with other additives,a organic compound(YJ) with the function of clay stabilizer and crosslinking agent and its gel microstructure with a polymer thickener (A-1) are studied in this paper.It is shown that the gel is formed under the condition of pH7 and the matching mass concentration｛ρ (A-1) :ρ (YJ) = 1:1｝with the maximum viscosity and can be broken by ordinary breakers in 2h at 25℃,and that the viscosity reduces with the temperature going up but is maximum at 30℃,and that the antiswelling rate of 1%YJ is up to 70% in 2h and close to 54% in 16h,and that the gel system has a network structure of layer in space with the SEM.
    ASSOCIATION POLY(ACRYLIC ACID) INTERACTING WITH TX-10 AND THE RHEOLOGY BEHAVOIR
    YANG Jun WANG Hang MEI Yong-jun ZHOU Hong
    2008, 30(5):  121-125.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.028
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    The rheology and association behavior of Hydrophobically modified poly (acrylic acid) (HMPA) solution under the condition of the existence of nonionic surfactant(TX-10) are investigated.The results show that the rheological behavior is related to the cluster overlapping concentration and the established network concentration C**.With the concentration increasing,the liquidlike behavior of HMPA solution transits to that of gellike.It is shown that HMPA interacts with the surfactant TX-10 in the solution.Surfactant induces the factors that change the number and strength of hydrophobic functions thus the associative network strength,and plays a major role in changing the solution rheology.
    IMPROVED SYNTHESIS METHOD OF 2(DIMETHYLAMINO) ETHYL METHACRYLATE
    Zhu Ming;Liao Qian-yi Wei Yu-jun
    2008, 30(5):  126-128.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.029
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    2(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate(DMAEMA) is a kind of functional monomer,which is extensively employed in oilfield drilling.By using calcium as catalyst,dimethylaminoethanol and methyl acrylate as raw materials,phenothiazine as inhibitor,DMAEMA is synthesized by transesterification.The product is verified by FT-IR,1HNMR,MS and element analysis,the effect of the reaction conditions,such as the amount of catalyst,the ratio of the raw materials and the reaction time is investigated,results show that Ca is a high active and applicable catalyst for synthesizing DMAEMA.The yield and purity of product could reach 95.4% and 98.6% respectively under the optimized conditions.
    EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MICRO CAPSULE SOLID NITRIC ACID LIQUID
    WANG Shao-xian CHEN Xue WU Wen-gang XIONG Ying
    2008, 30(5):  129-132.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.030
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    Acidfracturing technology with solid nitric powder is a new one for acidizing,in recent years,its basic principle is that the liquid nitric acid is transformed into acid powder first,and then the acid powder is injected into the designed fractures that are just made by the fracturing fluid by nonactive liquid.After that,the releasing fluid is injected into the formation and the acid powder will release.The released acid will react with rocks to make the fracture faces etched and realize deep reform with the realized H+.With the idea of hydraulic fracturing of microencapsulated gel breaker technique and phase separation method,using ethyl cellulose and paraffin as coating material for solid nitric powder,the ration is 1.5:10.0 and 1.5:6.0respectively,the microencapsulated solid nitric acid can be injected into the formation with water based liquid.Under normal pressure or high pressure,the corrosion rate of microencapsulated solid nitric acid system is lower than hydrochloric acid liquid;its dissolution rate for rocks is different from hydrochloric acid liquid,with the time increasin,dissolution rate increases,the properties is good to realize deep acid,also,it has the same dissolution capacity as hydrochloric acid liquid.By analyzing flow conductivity of fractures after acidizing,it is demonstrated that complex acidizing fluid composed of hydrochloric acid and microencapsulated solid nitric acid is of higher flow conductivity after acidizing.
    SCALE PREVENTION EXPERIMENT RESEARCH IN GATHERING ABOUT HIGHLY MINERALIZED PRODUCTION WATER
    LI Hong-jian LI ZHEN-zhi CHEN Zong-lin YANG Jin-jing LI Guang-wei
    2008, 30(5):  133-136.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.031
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    The total salinity of produced water of station 42# of the ninth area in the 1st oil production factory in Zhongyuan oil field is high.The contents of SO42- and HCO3- of produced water of Wence well 215-5 are 1734mg/L and 2343mg/L respectively,the content of Ca2+ of Wen well 215-10 produced water of Wen well 215-10 is 12600mg/L; the contents of ions of Wen well 215-2 and Wence well 215-4 are complicated.The results of prediction and compatible experiment indicate that produced water from the station is mixed,it will format inorganic scales.The most component is CaSO4 hydrate by Xdiffraction analysis,as the result of the high content Ca2+ and SO42-in the mixed system and supersaturation CaSO4.The inhibitor CD-1 is optimized according to static state experiment which is suitable to the produced water from the station,and the scale inhibition effectiveness is good at pH 5～7.The inhibition rate is 97.2%,when the inhibitor CD-1 and adjuvant is at 200mg/L and 0.5‰ respectively,and it is not emulsified.The dynamic experiment shows that the inhibition rate is above 95% at the amount of inhibitor;field application shows that there is not format inorganic scale when produced water of 4 wells and 10 wells are gathered,which effectively solves the scaling problem at working sites.
    ANALYSIS ON WASTE LIQUID IN WEST TO EAST GAS TRANSMISSION
    HUANG Feng-xiaa SHAN Huab YANG Qi-linc HU Tian-tanga ZHU Yonga
    2008, 30(5):  137-140.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.032
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    The last station (Lunnan station) of west to east gas transportation in Tarim Oilfield is a commercial trade station which transmits all gas from every oilgas operational facility to west to east transporation pipeline.Quality of the gas from here will exert an important influence on down stream gauge and aplication.According to the drained waste liquid frequency statistics at the last station,however,it is found out that as tempreature lowers down in winter,the amount of condensated liquid becomes more dramastically,the peorid of draining liquid gets shorter and the frequency higher.By means of the physical property data of drained liquid and the component analysis of condensated liquid from main gas source Kela 2 and the last station,as well as the gydrocarbon dew point analysis along gas supplying spots,it is recognized the reason that the amount of drained waste liquid at the last station increases is mainly the heavy hydrocarbon in the gas supplied by Kela 2 factory being not eliminated in the process of treatment,in the winter time,because of decrease of the temperature in pipeline,the amount of condensated liquid gets more.The dew point of hydrocarbon is higher than that of water,so the condensated liquid is mainly condesated oil in pipeline or facilities,containig a little glycol and glycerol.The water dew point of the gas at the last station in oil field can meet the nees.It is suggested to recover the waste liquid.
    HIGH ENERGY GAS AND CONTROL LIQUID ACTION CHARACTERISTICS AFTER DEFLAGRATION IN COMPLEX PERFORATION PROCESSING
    ZHAO Xu LIU Gong-hui LI Zhong-quan
    2008, 30(5):  141-144.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.033
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    In the theoretical model research on complex perforation,domestic and international oil companies and relevant research institutions mainly place their concentration on deflagrate mechanism,fracturing mechanism of rock and formulation of the crack,however,the research on effect of surplus high energy gas and water hammer of control fluid is inadequate.The function characters of high energy gas and water hammer of control fluid after fracturing charge are studied and the motion differential equation derived in this paper,a mathematical model for evaluating bottom hole pressure is proposed,the change of wellbore pressure comprehensively studied,slug of control fluid,pulse action of high energy gas and water hammer after fracturing charge are studied in detail.Last,through an example computation,it is proved that water hammer of control fluid and pulse action of surplus high energy gas have positive function on the effect of complex perforation.
    石油机械工程及其它
    RESEARCH ON TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE COUPLING CALCULATION METHOD TO ELECTRICAL SUBMERSIBLE PUMP LIFTING SYSTEM
    HE Yan-fengWU Xiao-dongHe Jia-yuanYU Ji-feiHAN Guo-qing
    2008, 30(5):  145-147.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.034
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    Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) is a kind of important artificial lifting method,it is very crucial to select and operate the equipment to calculate the temperature distribution of ESP.The previous models didn′t take the pressure and temperature coupling into account or just supposed the well fluid as single phase.The authors of the paper research the temperature and pressure coupling model of ESP system and take the effect of multiphase flow,dynamic liquid level and convection in annular into account.The model can be calculated with the iteration method and can give the heat transferring coefficients in different depth.The new model is testified with the previous model and real production data.The results show the accuracy of new model.
    THE RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF SPARSE SIGNAL REPRESENTATION
    CHENG Wen-bo;WANG Hua-jun
    2008, 30(5):  148-151.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.035
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    Aiming at the problems that the decomposition is not necessarily the sparse signal representation while the characteristic of signal is not completely in accordance with orthogonalbasis function in traditional signal decomposition,the characteristic abd of application of sparse signal representation algorithm are probed from the aspects of certainsignal and randomsignal based on overcomplete dictionary of atoms as well as analyzing the shortcoming of traditional signal decomposition,the development and current situation of sparse signal representation both home and abroad are correlated and studied,it is pointed out that the sparse signal representation of overcomplete dictionary of atoms can effectively realized high efficiency compression,but also enhance the resolution of transformation domain,and possesses unique superiority compared with traditional method.The technology will play an active role in data representation of hydrocarbon exploration by means of high resolution remote sensing imagination.
    博导论评
    IMPROVED STEADY STATE FORMULA FOR GAS PIPELINE
    LI Chang-jun NAN Fa-xue KANG Chun
    2008, 30(5):  155-157.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.037
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    Gas pipeline steady state formula is very useful in pipeline design and management.Currently,the application scope of gas pipeline steady state formula in China is limited because of kinetic energy term being neglected.Based on the mass and momentum balance of gas motion in pipeline,a rigorous analytical equation is derived for gas pipeline between flow rate,inlet pressure and outlet pressure.This equation takes both elevation change and kinetic energy term into account,and hence makes calculating precision higher and application scope wider.Because of steady state formula for elevation change is implicit,computer programs are developed to handle applications.The applications and analysis show that while pressure difference between two ends of pipeline is larger,the kinetic energy term should be considered in the formula;and while inlet pressure increases and outlet pressure decreases,the flow rate may not be increase.
    探讨与争鸣
    DILIVERABILITY EQUATION FOR STRESSSENSITIVE GAS RESERVOIR
    YANG Bin JIANG Han-qiao CHEN Min-feng NING Bo FANG Yang
    2008, 30(5):  158-160. 
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    Aiming at the problem of permeability change in exploiting stresssensitive gas reservoir,the new pseudopressure considering stress sensitivity is defined when the deliverability is analyzed,binomial deliverability equation considering stresssensitive gas reservoir is set up based on the theory of gas flow through porous media mechanics,and the computation of the equation parameters discussed,at last,casse study is carried out,the influence of reservoir stress sensitivity on stresssensitive gas reservoir deliverability evaluation is discussed.Research indicates that the value of the forecasted gas well open flow potential considering gas reservoir permeability stress sensitivity is lower than the forecasted one when permeability is constent,the error from forecasting is related to the degree of reservoir stress sensitivity,the research is practically meaningful to understand deliverability evaluation of stresssensitive gas reservoir and development dynamic forecasting.
    PROBE INTO EVALUATION METHODS FOR STRESS SENSITIVITY OF LOW PERMEABILITY RESERVOIRS
    LUO Rui-lan FENG Jin-de TANG Ming-long XIAO Xiang-jiao YANG Jian-ping
    2008, 30(5):  161-164.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2008.05.039
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    Stress sensitivity Evaluation is important to formation damage control and determination of reasonable well productivity,especially for low permeability reservoirs,currently,there are much argument on evaluation methods and standards of stress sensitivity in China.By research of foreign and domestic standards,the disadvantages of domestic industrial standard and the limitation of permeability modulus used in theoretical research are discussed.Based on analysis of plenty of experimental data,a new stress sensitive index is defined,with which,the relationship of initial permeability and effective stress can be expressed conveniently,which is significant to productivity evaluation of oil & gas well and establishment of model of flow through porous media for low permeability reservoirs.