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    20 April 2005, Volume 27 Issue 2
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    地质勘探
    Framework of Sequence Stratigraphy and Palaeogeographic Environment in Devonian, Nanpanjiang Sag
    LAI Sheng-hua;SUN Lai-xi CHEN Hong-de
    2005, 27(2):  1-5.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.001
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    The Devonian is divided into 18 third-order sequences, in which D1, D2, and D3 include 7, 5 and 6 third-order sequences, respectively, each having the average 2.87 MPa duration, in Nanpanjiang Sag. According to boundary characteristic, these third-order sequences, which are composed of 2 supersequences (second-order sequence), are classified into 10 I-type and 8 II-type sequences. Although the Devonian being all in basin interior, lower 1st-4th or upper 17th-18th sequences were eroded near the edge of successive ancient land or on the depositional high with shallow water. The erosion number increases from the Qinfang trough in the south to Youjiang in the middle and the southern margin of the upper Yangtze land in the north. Two neritic marine subbasins included terrigenous clastic were developed on Liupanshui-Nandan and Qujing-Kaiyuan areas, fluvial-lake environment along Qujing-Yiliang, bathymetric trough on Qinfang in LST during SS1.The Nanpanjiang Sag became alternated platform and basin during TST. It was delta environment, seashore and neritic environment, carbonate tide flat-lagoon environment on the edge and mixed platform, basin environment in the interior with more differential palaeogeographic environment during HST. It developed carbonate platform on Diandongbei and Qianzhongnan area, alternated platform and basin with reef and fore-reef talus on Guangxi, intracontinental rift basin in Qingfang during SS2. In the late SS2, it became more extensive restricted platform on Diandongbei and Qianzhongnan areas.
    Geochemical Charter of Oil Reserveoir Formation in the Eastern Slope of Jimusaer Sag
    ZENG Jun CHEN Shi-jia LI Lian-min et al
    2005, 27(2):  6-9.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.002
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    Heavy oil and asphalt are found in Wutonggou and Pingdiquan formation of Permain in the east slope of Jimusaer sag. Oil of Wutonggou and Pingdiquan formation came from Pingdiquan group source rock of Permain by biomarker and carbon isotope correlateion. It is pointed that heavy oil is result of biodegradation in the paper. Oil reserveoir formation mode is established ,and heavy oil and asphalt as well as lithostrtigraphic may plug for oil and gas migration ,at last exploration direction is proposed.
    The Prediction on Thin(Alternating) Layers Sand Body Based on Technique of Stochastic Fractal Simulation and Seislog Inversion
    HE Yan ZHANG Yin-lai WU Nian-sheng
    2005, 27(2):  10-12.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.003
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    Usually, the seismic resolution is more than 10m. Moreover, the inversion result of inversion that is less than 10m can't be predicted. So, it is a difficult and advanced subject to apply seismic data prediction thin(alternating) layers. Band-constrained inversion can increase the resolution, but it's resolution is false. Moreover, the computer time of band-constrained inversion is very long. The binding of stochastic simulation and Seislog inversion can predict the thin (alternating) layers. The application result indicates that the method not only can predict 5m sand body, but also has high accuracy and the calculation time is short.
    The Study of Dolomite Reservoirs in Qixia Formation in the Northwest of Sichuan Region
    SHI Xin WANG Xing-zhi ZHANG Fan et al
    2005, 27(2):  13-16.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.004
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    Based on the macro, micro and geochemical characteristics of the drilling core and field of Qixian formation in the northwest of Sichuan region and combined with routine petrophysical data, the basic features and the main controlling factors of the dolomite reservoirs within the types of strata are studied and the spatial evolution and distribution pattern of this kind of reservoirs are summarized in this paper. It is concluded that the dolomite reservoirs of Qixia formation consist of fine dolostone， mid-wide-crystal dolostone and grain dolostone, the pore space is predominated by secondary solution vugs. Fractures not only posses a certain capacity of storage, but also mainly play the role of connecting the pores. Fracture-vug and fracture-pore are the two of main types of reservoir pore space. The spatial evolution of this kind of reservoirs are mainly controlled by the effect of the sedimentation and diagenesis.
    The Basic Geological Characteristics of the Daniudi Compound Gas Field in E'erduosi Basin
    CAO Zhong-hui
    2005, 27(2):  17-21.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.005
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    The Daniudi gas field is located in the north of Yishan slope,E’erduosi basin.The mainly gas-bearing formation are Taiyuan formation(Carboniforous),Shanxi formation and lower Shihezi formation(Permin).The hydrocarbon source rocks in the field are Taiyuan formation and Shanxi formation,and they have three kinds of type:coal bed,dark mudstones and limestones.there are three suit of reservoir rock that are the barrier bar in Taiyuan,delta-plain distributary channel sandbodies in Shanxi and fluvial facies channel sandbodies in lower Shihezi.The reservoir are of the low porosity,low permeability tight sandstone.The regional cover of the field are the lake facies thick mudstones in upper Shihezi formation,and the local cover are mudstones in Taiyuan,Shanxi and lower Shihezi.They form the multi-cover system.The source-reservoir-seal assemblage include two types:the lower formation generate gas,the upper formation store gas,and gas generated and stored within the same formation.The field grow mainly the lithologic traps.All of the characteristics show that the Daniudi is a typical compound gas field.
    The Receiver Secondary Location Using Refraction Wave Method
    ZHANG Zhen-yu;
    2005, 27(2):  22-24.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.006
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    Receiver positioning correction is one of the main technical problems in sea seismic exploration. This paper illustrates the principle of receiver correction method using refracted wave traveltime, deriving the correspond formulas and the technical workflow. This paper improves the inversion accuracy by means of iteration inversion of the sea-water velocity and bottom velocity. The real data processing results show that it surpasses the acoustic positioning system.
    The Application of Instantaneous Amplitude Coherence Analysis Method to Reservoir Prediction
    HONG Yu-gang CHEN Jing-shan CHENG Shi-qi et al
    2005, 27(2):  25-27.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.007
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    In some area where the velocities in sandstone and mudstone are very close, and even are the same in some stratums, and the values of gamma well logging in sandstone are high that cannot be distinguished from mudstone's, the sandstone's characteristic spread cannot be detected in common ways of wave impedance inversion and gamma inversion. Though the instantaneous amplitude has something correlated with the reservoir distribution, human error may be made when recognizing the instantaneous amplitude information on account of noise. According to these problems, based on the instantaneous amplitude extraction and coherence analysis theories, instantaneous amplitude coherence analysis method is applied to the illustration area-the Shahejie formation, Western sope, Eastern sag, Liaohe basin. Under the restriction of well data, reservoir's landscape orientation prediction was reached with this method.
    The Application of Instantaneous Amplitude Coherence Analysis Method to Reservoir Prediction
    YANG Hui-tinga YAN Qi-binb ZHANG Jia
    2005, 27(2):  28-30(3.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.008
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    Genetic algorithm is a novel optimization method with the characteristic of global optimization and has the flexibility for solving various special cases.Its primary characteristics and applied status、researth method in the exploration and development of China are introducted in detail.Many successful examples show the particular advantage and the bright applied prospect.Finally，some advices are presented because of some problems in application.
    石油与天然气工程
    Research of the Relationship between Rock Mineral Composition and Drillability
    XIONG Ji-you LI Jing-kuang FU Jian-hong et al
    2005, 27(2):  31-33.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.009
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    The physics mechanics properties and mineral composition properties of the drilling strata rock are foundational data that carries out the fast and scientific drilling, but the influence of mineral composition to drillability hasn't been get the value. This paper put forward according to strata rock scraps datas of well logging as research object, carried on rather overall mineral composition identify and analysis to the plastic mudstone, fine sandstone and conglomerate. The results indicated that, the mineral composition t of rock in the oil-field area is mainly quartz, clay, plagioclase, calcite and orthoclase.The mineral composition contents of clay and plagioclase decline; But the quartz content increases with the increasing of well depth. The drillability value of mudstone has the trend of decline with the increment of clay content, but increase with quartz content. The drillability value of sandstone has the trend of decline with the increment of clay content, but increase with quartz content. The drillability value of conglomerate has the trend of decline with the increment of clay and quartz contents.
    Feasibility Study and Index Optimism of CO2 Injection and Production in Xingbei S3 Faulted Block
    XIONG Yu ZENG Ming WU Yi
    2005, 27(2):  34-36.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.010
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    It is an efficient way for complex small faulted block to CO2 injection and production. Phase behavior and simulation studying can help us much more of knowing whether the reservoir suits for this process. After phase behavior of Xingbei S3 faulted block crude oil in Liaohe was studied, CO2 injection and production from well Xing was simulated. Results indicated this block had good potential of CO2 injection. It would be produced 1557t oil within 300 days. Ratio of CO2 shift oil is up to 2.
    Calculation and Result Discussion of Water Hammer Pressure in Flooding Well
    LI Rong HE Shi-ming LIU Hui-xing et al
    2005, 27(2):  37-40.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.011
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    The theoretical study was made of the effect of shut-in procedure on the water hammer pressure pulse. According to this problem, the solutions for different shut-in procedures are similar except for the initial conditions. This paper described a series of one factor stimulant linear partial differential equations, LW method for solution and develops relevant computer programs was presented. It is proved that the solutions were appropriate for “soft” or “hard” shut-in.
    Experiment Study of Water Imbibition Injection for Daanzai Fracturing Reservoir
    TANG Hai LU Dong-liang XIE Jun et al
    2005, 27(2):  41-44.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.012
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    Water imbibition injection is an essential mechanism of the oil production in low permeability fracturing reservior. Reasonable water injection mode and injection parameters have instructive meaning in improving the development efficiency of low permeability fractured reservior. By a good number of experiments, the dynamic law of natural water imbibition injection and pressure-pulse water imbibition injection for Da'anzai low permeability fracturing reservior were obtained, which can provide theoretical and technical support for reasonable water imbibition injection mode of the reservior.
    Low Permeability Condensate Gas Well, Retrograde Condensate, Reverse Imbibition Damage and Removing Methods
    GAO Yi-yi SUN Lei ZHANG Qing-sheng et al
    2005, 27(2):  45-49.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.013
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    During the depletion recovery process of gas condensate reservoirs, stacks of retrograde condensed liquids in the near bore formation by the effect of phase behavior, and reverse imbibitions water blockage effect that was caused by the well bore liquid accumulation under the action of wellbore backpressure, rock wettability and micro pore capillary pressure will lead to blockage of the permeable passages. So condensate gas wells productivities will decrease, especially in low permeability condensate gas wells. On the basis of analyzing the pollution mechanism of condensate gas wells by retrograde condensate and reverse imbibitions and internal and external technical methods that reduce or remove the pollutions, a more effective method of removing these pollutions to enhance gas well productivities was put forward directing at low permissibility gas condensate reservoir. By this method, a slug of methanol (ethanol, surfactants) solution was injected before huff and puff to more effectively remove the formation damages and blockages caused by retrograde condensate, especially reverse imbibitions water blockage effect.
    β Model of Predicting Oil Field Productivity
    XIE Xiang-juna JIA Min-hui DU Zhi-minb
    2005, 27(2):  50-52(6.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.014
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    The β model of predicting oil field productivity was derived and set up by systematic study of change law of oil/gas field productivity. The model can be used to predict the productivity and the change of summative productivity as the producing time, also, it is able to predict recoverable reserve, the maximum annual productivity as the time. Tested by practice, the model is reliable.
    Multiobjective Optimal Models of Output Structure and Its Algorithm in Oil Field Development Programming System
    ZHANG Jin-liang DING Xian-feng LIU Zhi-bin
    2005, 27(2):  53-56.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.015
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    On the basis of the establishment of the correlative relationship of the development index of oilfield by use of functional simulation theory, such as differential simulation method and NN method , the authors researched the oilfield and set up the optimal distribution models of oilfield development programming with different goals，including maximum oil output minimum cost and maximum economic benefit, which solved the optimal distribution problems successfully with total output and the corresponding workload and other development indexes of oilfield. Considering the non-linear Multi-objective models with restrictions, we used the improved Hooke-Jeeves algorithm to solve it, and the application of the algorithm and the models to development programming in some oilfields which were in the mid-later stage has obtained satisfactory economic benefit.
    油气化学工程与化工
    Evaluation of Performances on Powder Acid and Experimental Investigation of Reaction Characteristics with Carbonate
    CHEN Ji-mei ZHAO Li-qiang LIU Ping-li
    2005, 27(2):  57-60.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.016
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    It is one of the difficulty issues that how long the fracture is formed and how the speed of acid with rock reaction is reduced so as to active acid penetrating through deeper layer during acidizing in carbonate. Powder acid is a novel material for acidizing and is of inactive in usual condition, and can be broken out of HNO3 with strong oxidation. Aiming at existent problems on the powder acid in acidizing at present around the world, performance and influencing factors have been analyzed in laboratory. Reaction characteristics of the powder acid with carbonate have been investigated. Results indicate that reaction of the powder acid with carbonate can be retarded effectively by using some special place technique and capacity of dissolving carbonate is identical with hydrochloric acid.
    Material Balance Equation of Miscible and Immiscible Flooding During Gas Injection
    XIA Hai-rong GUO Ping LIU Bin et al
    2005, 27(2):  61-63.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.017
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    The general material balance equation was applied widely in the field, but few studies about material balance equation of gas injection flooding has been conducted. When the injected gas comes into contact with the oil in place, there will be diffusion and dispersion between oil and gas system. And the volume of oil in place will expand due to the dissolved gas. As a result, the material balance equation of gas injection is different from that without regard to diffusion and dispersion between phases. According to the mechanism of gas injection, this paper classified the reservoir floods into three zones-free gas, free oil and transitional zone. Using slim tube experiment to study the relation between the transitional zone and the pressure and quantity of injected gas. And we erect the material balance equation of gas injection flooding and WAG injection flooding according to the principle of material balance and expansion. This equation has taken diffusion and dispersion between oil and gas system and the expansibility of oil into consideration, and provides an effective way for gas injection reservoir.
    A Low Temperature Breaker System for HPAM/Cr 3+ Gel Fracturing Fluids
    XU Xiao-feng PU Wan-fen YANG Yan et al
    2005, 27(2):  64-65.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.018
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    It is seldom reported about HPAM/Cr 3+ gel fracturing fluid system. The system has strong ability of increasing viscosity, good prop-carrying capacity, low frictional resistance, less residue after gel-breaking and so on. However, at low temperature, the controllable degradation of polyacrylamide is in difficulty, and its application in oil field has been restricted. In this paper, we have investigated the gel-breaking capacity of the breaker at low temperature, factors that influence gel-breaking capacity of the fracturing fluid and put forward a gel-breaking system used in low temperature formation. The system can break gel at low temperature of 30℃.
    Performance Research of an Emulsifier to Reduce the Viscosity of Heavy Oil in Pipelines
    LI Qi-gui LI Chuan-xian XIONG Quan-neng
    2005, 27(2):  66-69.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.019
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    A new type emulsifier HL-1 has been introduced in this paper. Conditions of HL-1 emulsifying the heavy oil which is studied in the experiment have been drawn by the way of investigating the influence of temperature, concentration, oil content ratio by volume, mix intensity and time on the performance of the emulsifier. Experimental results of rheological behavior determining of the emulsion have indicated that the viscosity of the heavy oil can be reduced by the range of 91% to 97%. Also, by contrast with the stability of the emulsion under dynamic and static condition, we have concluded that the emulsion under dynamic condition is more stable. Furthermore, emulsion stability experiments under the on-the-spot condition have shown that the emulsion can meet the needs of every operating mode in pipelines. In addition, considering that heavy oil highly containing water is transported in some pipeline at present, the emulsification characteristic of HL-1 emulsifying the heavy oil highly containing water has been studied.
    Application and Improvement of the Tecnology of Straight-Run Gasoline Aromatization
    XIAO Huang-fei TANG Xiao-dong CUI Ying-xian
    2005, 27(2):  70-72.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.020
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    One 20kt/a straight-run gasoline aromatization unit in GuangXi TianDong General Petrochemical Works adopting a patent technology that developed by Luo Yang Petrochemical Engineering Company has produced high octane gasoline and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). The evaluation data has indicated that the LAC catalyst has higher activity and stability, the octane number (RON) of gasoline produced by straight-run gasoline aromatization is higher than 90 and it is a suitable blending stock to 90# lead-free gasoline. The production yield (gasoline +LPG) is up to 93.29%.The running state has shown that the unit is reliable. After the improvement of the operating project and process lines, leaking of the valve of the reactor is solved effectively, and the consumption of nitrogen is reduced from 95040m3/a to 500m3/a, only 0.5% of the initial consumption. The regenerated time for the catalyzer is reduced from 6 days to 3 days. The consumption of the electricity for the catalyzer regenerating is 1.75×105(kw·h)/a, it is 50% of the initial consumption. Running expenses have saved 1.02×106yuan/a
    Effects of Different Promoter on VPO Catalysts for Oxidation of N-C04 to Malefic Anhydride
    ZHANG Hui WANG Rui ZOU Chang-jun
    2005, 27(2):  73-75.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.021
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    VPO catalyst precursors were prepared by reducing V 5+ in organic phase，and added the promoter selected from compounds of Fe, Co, Cu elements which have the similar radius with V 4+. Techniques of X-ray diffraction，X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence analysis were used to investigate the effect of the promoters on the active of VPO catalysts which were tested for the selective oxidation of n-butane to malefic anhydride. Results have revealed that the active phase of the catalyst for oxidation of n-butane to malefic anhydride is the phase (VO)2P2O7 and a few VOPO4. The mass yield of malefic anhydride is increased by adding the promoter .The property of the catalyst of adding promoter is better than the single one.
    石油机械工程及其它
    Study on Mechanism of Casing Failure and Prevention in Huzhuang Oil Field
    HU Ming-wei JIA Jian-min WU Tian-zhong et al
    2005, 27(2):  76-79.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.022
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    At the later stage of oil field development, the worse well condition seriously restricted oil field development level. Base on analyzing deeply the reason of casing failure well of main area piece which the fifth pieces of Huzhuang oil field. The counterplan of prevention and prepared the failure casing were presented in the paper. This technology was a good method to solve the complex fault block oil field to manage the state of the well, and extension the life span to oil water well.
    Application of AHP on the Choice of Pipeline's River -Acrossing Project
    JIANG Hong-ye LIANG Guang-chuan YU Lei et al
    2005, 27(2):  80-83.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.023
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    In many schemes of big-diameter Pipeline River -acrossing, the layer-analysis method was first used. The essential of layer-analysis method, How to carry into execution the layer-analysis method in the scheme choice of big-diameter pipeline river -acrossing, the layer-structure model with the factors including construction periods was established, riverbed adaptability, technique complicacy, the effect on the relative assignment and the investment evaluate. At the same time, the author analyze the gas pipeline river -acrossing of Tang River making use of the layer analysis method, after the calculating, the weighted relative value of other schemes to the best river -traversing scheme was obtained. In conclusion the HDD (Horizontal Directional Drilling) is the best scheme among the all schemes of the Tang river -acrossing.
    Dynamic Simulation Analysis of Water Hammer in the Fluid-Carrying Piping
    TONG Hua CHENG Xiao-yu LIAN Zhang-hua et al
    2005, 27(2):  84-87.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.024
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    In the fluid-carrying piping, the phenomenon of water hammer may be caused by various reasons, and so does harm to pipes and equipments. In order to understand the generation and development courses of water hammer, pressure wave and it's effect on the piping, and also for the prevention of the damages on pipes and device which was caused by water hammer, the dynamic analysis model of piping effected by the pressure wave which was caused by the sudden closing of the pump in the piping was established by using CAESAR II software, the professional software of piping analysis and design. According to the spectrum of water hammer, the displacement, stress and reaction force/moment of all key points of piping was analyzed under the condition of the dynamic load of water hammer, and meanwhile the modal analysis and nature frequency analysis was carried on. These results are references for reasonable design of piping, strength of pipe and the relieving of water hammer.
    Analysis of Jini Technology and It's Proxy
    DUAN Yu ZHAO Zheng-wen ZHANG Gang
    2005, 27(2):  88-91.  DOI: 10.3863/j.issn.1000-2634.2005.02.025
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    Jini is a new dynamic distributed technology based on java. It can provide a solution to network service, and user can join the adaptive networks whenever he needs. Jini can also simplify the design and running process by using the proxy mechanism. Besides the basic Jini introduction, several proxy techniques were emphatically described.