NDRC requires that the ladder price system of gas for domestic use should be established in all the cities that have been equipped with gas pipeline by the end of 2015. This is of great significance in advocating thrift in gas use，alleviating the pressure of gas supply and in promoting fair distribution of social resources and the sustainable and stable development of gas companies. Appropriate measurement cycle must be selected and reasonable ladder gas volume should be settled. This paper maintains that the most appropriate measurement cycle for ladder gas volume is a quarter and the first leg volume should be set between 150 cubic meters and 180 cubic meters. Scientific and reasonable ladder price of gas for domestic use should be set on the principle of giving full play to the decisive role that market plays in the allocation of resources and better play of government’s role.
The guarantee of floating ROI has been a government guarantee behaviour to attract more investment under the PPP model. It would provoke the enthusiasm of the private institutional investors in the construction，management and operations of infrastructure projects. This article analyzes the current situation of the guarantee of floating ROI in China，constructing floating ROI guarantee model and exploring ways to achieve government regulation of private institutions based on the government guarantee of floating ROI. That is to say，if the return of private institutional investment does not reach the floating ROL range， the government will provide the subsidy. And if it exceeds the range，the government will levy the excess returns.
Egg sharing，as a special egg donation model maximizes the interests of both parties involved. And its unique value in expansion of egg supply highly surpasses other donation models. The United Kingdom’s Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority (HFEA) is the statutory supervision body of assisted reproduction. The egg sharing plan HFEA created in practice，is now the main egg donation model in UK，and is widely adopted. HFEA also established an efficient system in accordance with the demand of development. On the other hand，there lacks legal supervision in China’s assisted reproduction field at present，and egg sales cannot be stopped. Therefore，it is urgent to establish or perfect relevant laws and regulations， whether by introducing a law for artificial reproduction，or by improving the legal status of existing laws and regulations，so as to regulate related behaviors in the field of assisted reproduction. Also，national supervision institution like HFEA and a specialized consultation institution should be set up to ensure the development of egg sharing plan in China.
The Long March is a great epic event during the process of strategic shift after the Central Red Army suffered a serious setback in the fifth counter-campaign against“encirclement and suppression”. The long march spirit formed in that process is the spirit of revolutionary heroism. The connotation of the long march spirit is exceedingly rich，including the correct leadership of the communist party of China，inheriting and carrying forward the patriotic tradition，the insistence of seeking truth from facts and solving problems independently，the spirit of striving constantly to become stronger，the principle of doing all for people’s benefit and so on. The long march spirit is the valuable spiritual wealth of the Chinese communist party and the Chinese nation，and it is the best embodiment of the soul of the Party，the army and the nation. The long march spirit essentially expresses the Chinese spirit，and it inherits and carries forward the traditional Chinese national spirit with patriotism as the core，but it is also the spirit of extremely distinct characteristic of the contemporary time. On the journey of realizing the Chinese dream，there is still needs to inherit and carry forward the spirit of the long march，and to develop new understanding of it in the new era.
The imperial examination system（IES）is an important component of Chinese feudal political system. Created in the Sui Dynasty，it had a significant and profound impact on various aspects of the ancient Chinese society. The development of the imperial examination system（IES）in Yunnan was relatively late，which began to be implemented in the Yuan Dynasty，and not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties did it begin to be put into practice widely and get a great development. Its application in Yunnan had been greatly contributed to the development of education，improvement of the entire social cultural level，formation of learning ethos，and the changing of social atmosphere there.
The development and construction of the Maritime Silk Road have an extremely important strategic significance for economic and cultural exchanges between China and the rest of the world. Strengthening the oil and gas cooperation between China and ASEAN is an important part of the construction and development of the Maritime Silk Road. Oil and gas cooperation between China and ASEAN has a history. At present，both sides share an interest in the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea oil and gas channels. The construction of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area，the ASEAN countries’ oil and gas production decline and the consumption rise and Chinese government stress on oil and gas cooperation with neighboring countries，etc. provide a good opportunity for the future of oil and gas cooperation to both sides. In order to promote oil and gas cooperation between China and ASEAN，it is necessary to take the following measures: maintaining close high-level exchanges，expanding government co-operations；strengthening the construction of China-ASEAN Free Trade Area，increasing oil and gas investment in ASEAN countries，and continuing to explore new ways and new mechanism of South China Sea oil and gas cooperation and so on.
In the 21st century，researches on the Dunhuang manuscript of Lidai fabao ji have gone further on the basis of previous achievements and are quite fruitful with papers and monographs. Generally，the researches have been done in three aspects. Text researches mainly concern the copying and revising，figures and the inheritance of Dharma’s Buddhist robe. Researches on the history of Buddhism in Sichuan Province focus mainly on the forming of the Zen schools in Sichuan and its relationship with the thoughts of Wuxiang and Wuzhu about Zen，and the history of Buddhism exchanges between Sichuan and Tibet. Other researches are related to non-Buddhism issues，which are currently focused on the exploration of lives of Du Fu and Cen Shen in Sichuan and the embodiment of Zen ideas in their poems. While there has been great progress in the researches of Lidai fabao ji，there are still room for further exploration in text research and researches on the history about Zen.
According to the Law of the people’s Republic of China on Application of Laws to Foreign-related Civil Relations， when referring to the law application of foreign-related chattels，a priority should be given to the autonomy of will of the party’s and then apply the law with the principle of“lex loci rei sitae”. It becomes a trend in obligation of real right that the principle of autonomy of will of the party’s in the law of obligation has been introduced into real right realm. However，this inevitably gives an unfavorable impact on the traditional property jurisprudence，which may result in less guaranteed security in international commercial trade. Nowadays，most countries have adopted the principle of“lex loci rei sitae”as for as chattels and realties are concerned，and the principle of“mobilia sequuntur personam”of personal law is being given a minor position by those nations. Yet，application of laws to foreign-related chattels is more complex than that to realty issues，and it may causes collision in applying the conflict law due to the complex structure of chattels and the uncertainties of the location of realties. Thus，many countries have defined some exceptional circumstances.
In the Internet age，national sovereignty is challenged to a certain degree；however，national sovereignty theory， faced with the challenges，has gained opportunities to develop. Network sovereignty is the extension of national sovereignty in cyberspace. It means that a state has the right to carry out activities and deal with events in cyberspace，and the right of self-defense against network attacks. Network sovereignty is a subordinate concept of national sovereignty，with obvious relativity and internationality. Network sovereignty is the latest development and an important part of the national sovereignty. The effective exercise and maintaining of national sovereignty is inseparable from the network sovereignty. So the network sovereignty and national sovereignty are complementary and mutually supportive.
Stable political and economic environment，relatively liberal oil policies and regulations and fiscal terms provide good opportunities and prospects for the Chinese oil companies to develop in Oman. CNPC has participated in the managementand decision making by setting joint operation companies with equal shares with foreign oil companies. By analyzing the oil and gas investment environment in Oman and the pattern of product sharing contracts and the strengths and weaknesses of the joint venture company，this paper concludes that Chinese oil companies have achieved maximum benefits by playing the role of double check and audit supervision under equity stake. We then propose a series of risk control methods to enhance Chinese oil enterprises’investment profits，to maintain China’s rights and interests，and to achieve win-win cooperation，which include accurate analysis and forecast of the investment environment in the resource country，budget analysis and control，and full understanding of contract terms，reasonable tax planning and integrated oil cooperation strategy.
In 1970s，Deng Xiaoping put forward the thought of“shelving disputes”，which is not only the objective requirement of the development of international political environment，but also a historical inevitability restrained by China’s national power. Since then，the contemporary generations of leaders in China has been held on to the thought of“shelving dispute”， which，to a certain extent，has mitigated and eased maritime rights disputes between China and its neighbors，creating a good opportunity for“peace and development”for China. The eighteenth National Congress of the CPC proposed the strategy of“maritime power”，raising new tasks and requirements for the future development of China’s maritime rights. China’s maritime right development under the guidance of the thought of“shelving disputes”is faced with opportunities as well as challenges.“Huangyan Island”mode，“Diaoyu Island”mode，“joint development”mode and“self-development”mode are inheritance to and development of the idea of“shelving disputes”，and a choice that is and will be made for the development of China’s maritime right strategy. Adhering to and developing the concept of“shelving disputes”is of great strategic significance to China’s maritime rights.
Soft counterterrorism measures are necessary complements to hard counterterrorism. Saudi Arabia adopts a series of soft counterterrorism measures when taking hard means to fight against terrorists. The deradicalization is the main element of the soft measures which includes prevention，rehabilitation，and after-care. The aim of the soft measures is to prevent the individuals from becoming terrorists through daily and school education and public information dissemination，to promote the rehabilitation of the involved ones through comprehensive organized counseling；the after-care program aims to help the released ex-terrorists blend in with society. Saudi Arabia’s“soft counterterrorism”measures have yielded significant results， and the discourse dominator of counterterrorism America sings high praise for it，providing it with some financial help.
Zheng He’s voyage in the early 15th century started the China-Indian Ocean route，brought Chinese products and culture to nations en route，and pushed the“maritime silk road”to a peak prosperity. However，Zheng He’s voyage did not form an effective mechanism of long-term trade exchanges between China and foreign nations；to some extent，it limited the development of nongovernmental foreign exchanges and of overseas Chinese，which，together with many other factors， eventually deprived China of the opportunity to transform from a land power to a marine power. The gains and losses of Zheng He’s voyage offer very good lessons to the current construction of“twenty-first century Maritime Silk Road”in many aspects: maintaining international justice，strengthening national defense by means of establishing overseas strategic anchor point，promoting cultural exchanges，and encouraging and support overseas Chinese participation.
A jurisprudence research about the system of workers’right to rest is of significance for both domestic law and international human rights law. In the West，the system of workers’right to rest has experienced the development process of introduction，constitutionalization before getting into the international legal field. After the founding of new China，Article 92 of the Constitution in 1954 established the system of workers’right to rest. Thereafter，Labor Law and the other related legal regulations have made specific provisions on workers’right to rest. Internationally，China has ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Right and other relevant international treaties. Ensuring the right of worker to rest system is to respect human nature in the pursuit of freedom，to ensure workers’equality in relation to employers，and to respect and protect the dignity of the workers’demands for decent work. The right of workers to rest is a basic human right，which is personal and autonomous，and is characteristic of single direction in time. The system of workers’right to rest should focus on protecting workers’freedom，equality，and dignity and the concept of rule of law on the basis of enterprise affordability
Zhu Shenghao is one of the most important translators of Shakespeare’s plays and his translation is a milestone in translation history and the history of Shakespeare studies in China. From the perspective of translator ecology，we analyze his thoughts on translation，and investigate his translation activities from four dimensions，that is，the making of the translator， the identity of the translator，the translation of the translator and the acceptance and influence of the translator. We also explore Zhu’s childhood and his education，his broad interests and in particular his interest in Shakespeare’s plays，and his rigorous attitude towards translation. We probe into the significance of his translating Shakespeare’s works under the particular social environment (Anti-Japanese War) when the dignity of the Chinese national culture was endangered. And we find out that translation is not only the translator’s personal and individual activity，but the result of combined effect of the translator himself， social and family environment，cultural atmosphere and acceptance of target reader and audience.
With the development of China’s market economy，various corporate scandals cause extensive concern in the industry，so more and more attention is paid to corporate governance. According to some researches，employee attitude to enterprise ethics relates to employee commitment and enterprise competitiveness. Based on the theory of individual level research，and by using the empirical analysis method and Attitude Towards Business Ethics Questionnaire (ATBEQ)，which is widely used in individual level researches on enterprises ethics in foreign countries，we chose staff of six enterprises in China as subjects，and investigated staff attitude towards enterprise ethics in contemporary Chinese enterprises. And then we analyzed the differences in employee attitude to enterprise ethics caused by working years，gender，education background，registered permanent residence and other factors. The analysis shows that Chinese staff are confused about enterprise ethics value，that most of Chinese staff are aware of the concept of corporate stakeholders，and that education has an obvious influence on staff attitude toward enterprise ethic.
Center of Legal System for China′ s Market Economy，Southwest University of Political Science and Law，Yubei Chongqing，401120，China Abstract：As a means of payment in prepaid consumption，commercial prepaid cards have stimulated consumption and promoted economic development. However，there also present various defects. Therefore，the Chinese government has launched a series of rules and regulations to supervise the use of commercial prepaid cards. Researches on the regulations of commercial prepaid card are flourishing. Public power is necessary for beforehand regulation of commercial prepaid card，and private right for post relief of commercial prepaid card is indispensable as well. At present，the regulation of commercial prepaid card in China is mainly manifested in the supervision of public law enforcement. In terms of private laws，only general rules of Contract Law and Law on Protection of the Rights and Interests of Consumers are used to maintain the supervision of commercial prepaid card. Given this，it is necessary to analyze the debtor-creditor relationship，the protection of consumers’ rights and interests and the establishment of the commercial prepaid card contract from the perspective of private law to strengthen the post relief of commercial prepaid card.
Marxist theory on consumption analyzes the relationship among various factors in the development of consumption and man and illuminates the importance of consumption for the healthy development of society and man. Currently，the rapid development of economy has resulted in consumption alienation and excessive consumption，which seriously hinders the healthy development of society and the construction of a harmonious society. To solve the problems in the consumption patterns，we should guide people to establish a correct concept on consumption by learning from Marxist theory on consumption so as to coordinate the relationship between consumption and man，between material consumption and spirit consumption，between consumption and environment and to build a scientific concept on consumption which conforms to social development.
Housing provident fund took the lead in the reform of the housing distribution system. However，with the further development of social economy，the existing housing provident fund system doesn’t apply to the present situation. After the end of two sessions on 13th March 2014，people in mounting numbers voice growing concern over the controversial system: the phenomenon of“rob the poor and assist the rich”. This paper analyzes the causes of the phenomenon，explores the development path of housing fund，and presents the following ways to improve China’s provident fund system: resetting the contribution rate and enlarge the coverage of housing provident fund，optimizing investment of the fund in a multi-channel portfolio，and utilizing reasonably the added value of the fund. We hope all these ways would meet the needs of urbanization and make housing provident fund beneficial to citizen
Land reform in the time when PRC was founded destroyed the foundation of political relations in the old days in terms of economy，subverted the traditional political structure and order of Chinese society in rural areas and had a profound impact on the development of contemporary Chinese history. According to the historical data of Mianyang in the early years of PRC，this paper explores the important historical events and social changes in China before and after the founding of PRC by means of political sociology studies and explores the historical logic of establishing the ruling position of CCP (Chinese Communist Party). In the early years of PRC，through political mobilization，CCP successfully made the farmers form a clearly oriented class consciousness and take active part in the mass movement. Meanwhile，“public trial and denouncement” and the“forfeiture，punishment and compensation”completely destroyed the authority of the landlords，and farmers began to have a say and to take active part in political activities. By undertaking cadres training，CCP strived to cultivate new grass-root rulers in the countryside and successfully remodeled rural power relations.
In the process of oilfield development，the water cut of crude oil increase continuously at the middle or late stage of development. It would，on the one hand，lead to the decline of production，and on the other hand，result in the increase in investment in oil recovery enhancement. Therefore，economic benefits of different oilfields differ widely，and it is very important to evaluate the benefit of the oilfield with efficiency and preciseness. With cluster analysis of grey system theory， and combined with the actual situation of oilfield development，we picked seven representative factors to do the grey clustering analysis and research，which include: single well verified daily oil output，single well verified daily fluid production，average water cut，geological mining speed，well working rate，effective rate for old well measures and unit production cost in six blocks of SL oilfield. The evaluation results may provide a new method for oilfield economic benefit evaluation..
With the prevalence of“playing mahjong”，many scholars have expressed their concerns and advised that the government should take due measures to stop the“Mahjong Trend”from causing negative impacts. Through questionnaire surveys on mahjong players in Nanchong city，the author analyzed the data collected with SPSS 15.0. The results show that “Playing mahjong”is prevailing because most citizens are apt to regard it as a form of pastime；“playing mahjong”doesn’t have as bad effects on the citizens’life as some scholars have worried；the vast majority of citizens can make the right choice between“playing mahjong”and living the normal life. Therefore we can come to the conclusion that it is not necessary to put“playing mahjong”under full government governance. The government should not interfere in people’s playing mahjong unless they commit mahjong gambling.
China and Pakistan have developed into all - day，all - round strategic cooperative partners，and have made notable progress in various fields，especially in the field of energy. China - Pakistan energy cooperation has two favourable conditions strategy cooperation and Pakistan’s geo - strategic position，but due to Pakistan’s poor domestic security and infrastructure， there exist challenges to the cooperation between the two nations. At present，China and Pakistan cooperate mainly in hydropower，nuclear power，coal - gen and new energies（wind power and solar energy）and so on. Due to the requirements of China-Pakistan’s strategic interests，particularly the requirements of common energy security interests，China-Pakistan’s energy channel construction should be strengthened in the future since the two countries have actively promoted energy cooperation in recent years and the cooperation in the fields of electricity，nuclear power is mature now；the two countries are actively preparing for the energy channel construction and are promoting the energy strategy；Gwadar Port is a favourable factor for energy channel construction. The energy strategy channel construction would not only ease the pressure on Pakistan’s economic development，but also boost economic development in Western China.
Legal thinking is an important precondition for college students to participate in modern society governance. With talent development as their major task，colleges and universities should take the cultivation of students’legal thinking as a part of law-related education. College students’legal thinking involves many factors，such as their knowledge，feeling and belief about law etc. Students should obtain the cognitive basis of legal thinking by knowing laws，comprehend the sacred sense of rule of law by abiding by laws，and enhance their identification with law by using laws. Currently，developing students’legal thinking in colleges and universities failed to yield satisfactory fruits. The main problems are as follows: lack of systematicness and chronicity，lack of diversity and pertinence，and lack of democracy and permeability. So，colleges and universities should actively explore the methods of legal thinking cultivation，and guided by the“student-oriented”and“law-oriented”concept， emphasize both classroom teaching and social practice. They should also improve top design in cultivating system in order to lay a solid foundation for developing students’legal thinking.
The characteristics of abstractness and ambiguity of public interest make it difficult to define the concept of public interest，and scholars differ in their opinions. Therefore，it is necessary to establish the criteria for public interest recognition as it is the core of economic law. In economic law theory，the fundamental position of public interest is first ensured by distinguishing it from other related interests. Then，recognition and definition of public interest are further strengthened through the substantive standards like value judgment and categorization，and the procedure standards such as prior review and the judicial relief mechanism. Thus the legitimacy and validity of the public interests in economic law is ensured.
