In the period of the Republic of China, economic and cultural exchanges between Tibetan and Bai were very special. In the early and mid period of the Republic of China, the main exchanging way was through trade and caravan. Anti-Japanese War period witnessed the highest frequency of economic exchange, cultural collision and communication between Tibetans and Bai. Architects and craftsmen played important roles in economic and cultural exchanges between Tibetan and Bai with intermarriage and exchange of folk religion as non-mainstream exchange forms in the late period of the Republic of China. Although economy in Tibetan and Bai regions developed unevenly with a huge culture gap during this period of time, both minority groups could live in harmony and work on mutual development, which is of great importance of the research of ethnic politics and the harmonious governance in China.
Nanzhao Stele of Moralization is an important one of Tang Dynasty for the study of ethnic relations in Nanzhao period. The inscriptions of the stele shows the thought of "Ethnic Integration"of Nanzhao Kingdom which expected to unify in China. By studying on the reasons, impact and significance of this thought, this paper indicates that it's necessary to strength the economic and cultural connection and to encourage and broaden the communication among different ethnic groups, which will be beneficial for the harmonious development in minority areas.
The literature of stele inscriptions, a unique bibliographical form of Chinese culture, is the precious material for historical study. The Buddhist stele inscriptions with a long history, wide distribution, abundant storage and deep cultural meaning, are important materials for the study of the Buddhist history of Yunnan and even China, as well as for the research of the Buddhist cultural relation? ship of Yunnan and South and Southeast Asia. The study of the development, distribution, types, characteristics, contents and current research progress of the Buddhist stele inscriptions has significant values and meanings for the preservation, research and development of the cultural heritage of the Buddhist stele in Yunnan.
There are different academic opinions on properties of Dongba character, such as pictograph, hieroglyph and syntagm words, but many of which lack of empirical study.Through the method of proposition production, Dongba characters were translated into Chinese first and then the numbers of word and propositions were counted for comparing with the standard translation. The results showed that there were significant differences between Dongba' translations and standard translation, no matter in the number of words or the number of propositions. This means that Dongba character is not ideo-phonograph, but is more similar to picture words and belongs to syntagm words in sentences organization. Dongba character, has considerable uncertainty in the expression, is in the period of transition from picture word to ideograph. This special feature provides the properties of picture talk in the interpretation and translation of Dongba scriptures.
Through the fieldwork in cross-border ethnic groups in Yunnan, this paper finds that the religion infiltration is remaining with diversity and concealment. Religion infiltration causes sever damages to the political identity of cross-border ethnic groups and poses a threat to the social stability in Yunnan border areas, turning to be one of the most sensitive, complex and difficult problem in the non- traditional security issues in Yunnan border areas. Rejecting the religion infiltration requires the improvement of the government' religion management ability and economic condition; moreover, motivation of the cultural "self-consciousness" of crossborder ethnic groups as the culture carrier. These are the most effective ways to reject the religion infiltration and help construct the harmonious border areas.
Based on the connotation of the new industrialization and urbanization and setting up the compound system coordination degree model, this paper analyzes and evaluates the coordination of the new industrialization and urbanization in twelve western provinces in China from static and dynamic models. The result shows that the interaction of industrialization and urbanization pushes the orderly development of the socioeconomic system; the coordination degree of industrialization and urbanization presents the spatial heterogeneity and dynamic fluctuation. This paper also puts further forward measures and solutions of promoting the coordinated development of new industrialization and urbanization of the western regions in China.
With the Law of Farmers' Specialized Cooperatives enforced, the cooperatives have witnessed a drastic boost in number all across the country, accompanied with different problems. "Hollowing-out" of cooperatives is just one of such problems. The rise of this problem is closely related with government's policies regarding market access, favored support, scrutiny and control, and assessment of performance. It might well result from policy malfunction. Therefore, policy redress is a must to finally bring the cooperatives onto a sound track of development.
Movie and TV tourism is a kind of newly-developing and fashionable culture tourism in recent years. This article firstly introduces the background and basic conditions about Dali movie and TV tourism briefly and then analyzes the strengths, weaknesses,threats and opportunities, i.e. SWOT analysis, that the development of Dali movie and TV tourism faces. Based on the analysis, the article puts forward four countermeasures and solutions on Dali movie and TV tourism products, promotion, industry development and operation model.
Exhibiting the glamour of Bai dialect plays a significant role in protecting the dialect, promoting the local image and improving national identity. It is beneficial for the promotion communication among ethnic regions through expanding and popularizing Mandarin. The inheritance of Bai dialect and the promotion of Mandarin are closely related to each other. The cultural value of Bai dialect and Mandarin as a tool and an image of status both require us to formulate and implement bilingual language policies and making multi-channel propaganda for each other's development in line with the progress of society, economy and culture.
Aesthetic surprise is an appreciation of wonder beauty of literature, art and natural beauty. It is related with ideological content of expression, prefers to the artistic form and artistic expression, but also closely related with the aesthetic psychology and aesthetic experience. With the main identifications as aesthetic psychological effects which appeared as "surprising" "astonishing" "touched" and so on, its reason can be roughly analyzed from four aspects: imagery, artistic conception, rhetoric and language.
The Annotation of SHAN Gu's Internal Poetry Anthology written by REN Yuan enjoys the greatest impact among other commentaries of HUANG Tingjian's poetry. REN Yuan used a large number of terms to show the corpus sources of poem and analyzed the source of poetry language, the meaning of poetry prototype, the structure of the sentences, and finally obtained the meaning of the HUANG Tingjian's poetry. The use of the terms in The Annotation of SHAN Gu's Internal Poetry Anthology clearly showed the rhetorical function of annotation words in the original poem, which helped the annotation serve as poetry review. The purpose of The Annotation of SHAN Gu's Internal Poetry Anthology is to solve the problem of the relationship between intention and expression, that is how to express the "inherent meaning" through external "words".
Based on the time line, this article mainly elaborates the relationship between the development of sexual relations and sexual morality in the three important historical period from ancient times to now, including matriarchy period, grand unification epoch of feudal patriarchy, and present society. This article exposes the inferior status of women in the history of Chinese civilization process,noting that the development of sex education in China in the new century is very backward, and then suggests that it's necessary to continue to strengthen sex education and improve moral environment.
Theory of outlook of times is one of the most basic and important one of Marxist theories. There are various views on judgment about our current times. Understanding the nature of the contemporary mode of production is the key to understand the contemporary age. Understanding of the nature of productivity during the primary stage of socialism and the adjustments of production relations of capitalist are the basis of correct judgment of the nature of current age.
In the Utopia of Plato, the work of the national warrior is especially important. The national warriors with good quality are essential to the Utopia, and also are the foundation to cultivate and train the ruler of the future "Philosophy-King". Plato held that education was the only way to culture a good warrior, so he proposed to implement music education and physical education to achieve the educational aim of internal and external cultivation for bringing up the good warriors who owned beauty and goodness. Plato's educational idea and talent view paying attention to "cultivating people" have profound enlightenment and strong reference for today's education.
Nowadays, one of the goals and directions of China's reform and development of higher education is to explore new ways to cultivate innovative talents. Communities of practice, as an informal self-organized system of inspiring innovation, can be beneficial for college students to reasonably build up their knowledge structure, to promote the formation of student's innovative consciousness and innovative thinking and to enhance their practical ability. The development environment of China's higher education also provides a sound basis and condition for the new way of cultivating college students' innovation ability.
Changle No.2 Middle School is a successful reform example of China's middle school education. Its "271 education system" mode and a series of practice and innovation of education reform are the inheritance and development of the essence of Confucian education thoughts —Confucius's care to his students, "integrated development" "No Child Left Behind" "teaching students in accordance of their aptitude " "heuristic teaching", etc.
Based on John H. Schumann's acculturation model, this paper conducts a survey research of the acculturation of MBBS students from South Asia in Dali University. After analyzing the statistic data, this paper tries to explain the influence of the acculturation situation on MBBS students' Chinese language learning in Dali University, and puts forward suggestions for improving the acculturation.
Chinese teaching in primary school abroad is a new topic in Chinese language promotion. There are more than ten primary schools in Thonburi areas in Thailand offering Chinese language courses. This paper analyzed the present situations and practical problems from multiple angles and proposed some suggestions and countermeasures.
Patrol system enjoys a long history. This paper reviews the history and the institutionalized progress of Chinese patrol system, summarizes the strategic design of current patrol work and explains the function orientation and working mechanism of the patrol work in a new situation. The practice of the patrol work of the Chinese Communist Party and the requirements to the patrol work in a new situation from the Party Central Committee show that patrol system is a mechanism of feedback, awe and communication, is an important way of knowing cadres and can promote the progress of democracy.
The condition of running compulsory education is a main factor influencing the teaching quality. Accurate understanding the condition gap of running schools between urban and rural areas is beneficial for promoting the development of compulsory education in balance and equally. This paper describes and evaluates several aspects of conditions of running schools between urban and rural areas in Yunnan on the perspective of classrooms and teaching facilities, executive offices and teacher's offices, students' and teachers' dormitory, the rate of reaching the standard of conditions of running schools, and the medical equipment of school and so on. Based on the description and evaluation, the paper believes the condition gap between urban and rural areas is shrinking and also comes up with several practical suggestions about it.
Objective: To research the effect of Periplaneta americana de-fat extract on immune function in normal mice and in immunocompromised mice caused by cyclophosphamide. Methods: In this study, immunosuppressive model was established in C57BL/6 mice by cyclophosphamide. After the high, medium and low dose（4 g/kg, 2 g/kg, 1 g/kg）of P. americana de-fat extract were orally administered for 15 d, T and B lymphocyte proliferation was measured. And the organ weights and organ index, the number and classification of peripheral blood cell, bone marrow nucleated cell were tested. Results：P. americana extract can promote the peoliferrative function of splenic linphocytes, increase the weight of immunocompromised mice organs and organ index, improve their peripheral blood, and increase the number of bone marrow cells to enhance their immune function. Conclusion: The P. americana defat extract can improve and influence the immune function on immunocompromised mice, but it has no effect on the immune function of normal mice.
Objective: To study the influence of the chemical composition of Pu'er tea on the hardness of the artificial caries. Methods: Put the bovine-cut-enamel into the demineralization solution pH=4 to remineralization to formulation artifical tooth decay. Select 72 demineralization bovine teeth, which hardness is about 310 kg/mm2, and put them into 12 groups in random: 20 mg/L NaF group（positive control）, deionized water group（negative control）, and 96 mg/mL, 48 mg/mL, 24 mg/mL, 12 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL cooked tea group as well as raw tea groups same concentration as above. Use microhardness meter measure the hardness date of the cattle incisive after be handle by different solutions and observe the vary date of the microhardness of the surface enamel before and after remineralization. Results: The enamel demineralization samples were 96 mg/mL raw tea group, 48 mg/mL raw tea group, 24 mg/mL raw tea group, 96 mg/mL cooked tea group, 48 mg/mL cooked tea group, 20 mg/mL NaF group, after treatment, each group enamel hardness mean value was significantly higher than the baseline (P＜0.05). After remineralization between groups, a high concentration of raw tea and cooked tea was not statistically significant between group and group (P＞0.05). Conclusion: High concentrations of raw tea and cooked tea extract on enamel demineralization of bovine incisors were significantly promote remineralization and no significant difference（P > 0.05）, but not as good as remineralization 20 mg/mL NaF（P＜0.05）.
Objective: To study the role of histone methyltransferase EZH2 in the neuron development. Methods: Mouse embryonic stem cells were induced into neural cells by all-trans retinoic acid（RA）in vitro, which was verified by cell morphology and real-time quantitative RT- PCR. EZH2 protein expression level during the differentiation procedure was evaluated by Western blot assays. Results: In 5 days of E14 embryonic stem cells differentiation, the protein expression levels of EZH2 were the highest in the state of embryonic stem cells and 1d after induction, the protein expression levels then declined rapidly. At the end of the 5d, protein expression level was the lowest. Conclusion: This research observed the specific expression change of EZH2 protein in the differentiation of neuron, which is the foundation for further study of EZH2.
Objective: To understand the current infection status of virus hepatitis B（HBV）and the inoculation status of hepatitis B vaccines among the population of Dali city. To evaluate the effect of immunization with hepatitis B vaccine after the implementation of children planning immunization strategies. Thereby to provided scientific basis for relevant government department to make strategies to prevent and control hepatitis B effectively. Methods: 2 130 people who conducted medical examination at Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Dali City were selected to survey their inoculation status of hepatitis B vaccines. Serological markers of HBV were inspected by ELISA. Results: The rate of HBsAg positive, HBsAb, HBcAb is 3.29%, 63.80%, 5.63% respectively, and people with serological markers of HBV overcast percent in total inspection people are 27.37%（583/2 130）, the HBsAg positive rate of children under the age of 11 groups is obviously lower than that of adult above 22 years old groups. Dali citizens' hepatitis B vaccination rates is 59.43% on average, while the inoculation rate of children younger than 11 years old groups（96.38%）is clearly higher than the adult above 22 years old group（21.43%）. The inoculation rates of male are 10.02% higher than female, but the positive rate of HBsAg of male is 1.81% higher than females. Conclusion: Since adding hepatitis B vaccine into children's immunization program, inoculating hepatitis B vaccines in large-scale becomes the most effective way to reduce the HBsAg incidence rate and control HBV infection rate and HBV infection. It is recommanded that the government departments should increase adults inoculation，as well as strengthen immunization program.
Objective: To study the effect of sildenafil treating pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with congenital heart disease. Methods: Twenty-seven patients with congenital heart disease complicated with pulmonary arterial hypertension were treated with sildenafil at 20 mg each time, 3 times a day. Results: Sildenafil significantly improved heart function and mean pulmonary artery pressure（P＜0.01）. Conclusion: Sildenafil improves cardiac function in patients with congenital heart disease and reduces the associated pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Objective: To explore the treatment of peripartum cardiomyopathy（PPCM）complicated with heart failure. Methods: The clinical data of 32 cases of perinatal period cardiomyopathy complicated with heart failure were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Twenty-six cases were cured, 4 invalid, 2 dead. Conclusion: Peripartum cardiomyopathy with heart failure patients should be treated as soon as possible to avoid induction of PPCM.
Objective: To investigate the clinical effects of vacuum sealing drainage（VSD）in skin grafting. Methods: From May 2012 to October 2014, 61 cases were conducted VSD instead of the traditional packing dressing link in our department. Results: The operation time was shortened, skin grafts survived completely. Conclusion: Vacuum sealing drainage（VSD）instead of pressure dressing process could shorten operation time and improve the success rate of operation in skin grafting.
Objective: To analyze the curative efficacy of partial hepatectomy for the patients with hepatolithiasis. Methods: Retrospective study was made on the clinical data of 67 patients with hepatolithiasis undergone partial hepatectomy from July 2012 to August 2013. The surgical efficacy was analyzed after 12 to 26 months follow-up. Results: No postoperative deaths occurred. Residual bile duct stones were found in 5 cases（7.5%）, surgical incision infection in 5 cases（7.5%）, subphrenic abscess in 1 case（1.5%）, bile leakage in 1 case（1.5%）and pleural effusion in 7 cases（10.4%）. The curative efficacy of 59 patients was good in the clinical data of 67 patients with hepatolithiasis underwent hepatectomy（88.0%）, improvement in 6 cases（9.0%）and non-effective patients in 2 cases（3.0%）. The total effective rate was 97.0%（65/67）. Conclusion: The surgical efficacy of partial hepatectomy for partial hepatectomy was remarkable.
Objective: To summerize and explore the prevention of uroseptic shock after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Methods: Clinical data of 714 PCNL patients from January 2010 to November 2014 were retrospectively analyzed, among them, 9 were with uroseptic after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. All 9 patients were characterized by chills, a breathing over 30 BPM, a temperature over 39.0 ℃, a heart rate from 120 to 160 BPM and a blood pressure below 90/60 mmHg within 1-4 hours after operation. They were diagnosed with uroseptic shock by clinical manifestations and were treated by anti-infection and anti-shock therapies. Results: At early stage, due to the lack of knowledge and experience, 3 patients died of multiple organ dysfunction failure. 6 patients were cured with early diagnosis and rapid treatment after summarizing the cause of failure. Conclusion: Uroseptic shock can develop rapidly after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Effective prevention, early diagnosis and treatment can prevent uroseptic shock.
Objective: To summerize the features and treatment of the I and II degree burn of extremity. Methods: The features and treatment of the I and II degree extremity burns with 50 cases treated in our hospital from January 2012 to January 2015 were analyzed. Results: The clinical features were: ①Burn of extremity with children were 68%（34/50）; ②58% had infected or contaminated wounds because they had treated the burns with folk medicine or methods before visiting the doctor. The treatments were: Sterile debridement was conducted to all patients. 29 cases with infected or contaminated wounds were applied iodophor gauze and multilayer dry gauze bandage. 21 cases burned within 6 hours were treated with moist exposed burn ointment（MEBO）, vaseline gauze and multilayer dry gauze bandage. Bandage was changed when liquid appeared. The TBSA of all 50 cases were under 15%. 43 cases recovered（86%）, 17 wound infections recovered after changing the dressing, 7 had scars and pigmentation. Conclusion: Sterile debridement, iodophor gauze or MEBO, and multilayer dry gauze bandage was the effective treatment of small area I and II degree burn of extremity.
Objective: To discuss the clinical effects of laparoscopic assisted total vaginal hysterectomy. Methods: Twenty-eight patients conducted laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy treating uterine benign lesion at our hospital from August 2011 to August 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Results: All cases were successfully operated. Conclusion: Compared with total vaginal hysterectomy, laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy is widely used with safety.
Objective：To explore the spectrum distribution of inhale allergen in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) in Chuxiong region. Methods: Inhaled allergen skin prick test (SPT) was conducted to 1 970 clinic patients with suspected AR treated in recent five years in Chuxion, among which 887 were male, 1 083 were female cases. Allergen distribution characteristics were comparatively analyzed. Results: Total positive rate ofiInhalation allergen SPT was 83.05% (1 636 cases); Five allergens ranked top in the SPT positive rate were respectively the household dust mites (68.12%), dust mite (64.11%), cockroach (41.22%), artemisia pollen (40.66%), and platanus (40.10% ). In inhaled allergens positive level (++ ) and above patients, dust mites and household dust mites were respectively 79.02% and 81.52%, which ranked the top two and were significantly higher than other allergens. In different age groups, the total positive rate fell with the increase of age, which had statistically significant difference ( χ2 =33.25,P <0.01). Conclusion: Dust mites, dust mites, roaches, artemisia pollen, platanus were the main inhaled allergens in Chuxiong region.
Objective: To discuss the effect of Jingwanhong ointment, moisture exposed burn ointment and lithospermum burn ointment from traditional Chinese medicine ointments treating infusion phlebitis. Methods: Two hundred and forty patients with infusion phlebitis were randomly divided into four groups, with 60 cases in each group. Then the treating effectiveness of each group was observed. The observation group was coated with Jing Wan Hong ointment, moisture exposed burn ointment and lithospermum burn ointment. The control group was soaked by 50% magnesium sulfate. Results: Efficiencies in treating infusion phlebitis in the experimental group are higher than that in the control group（P <0.05）. Conclusion: These three traditional Chinese medicine ointments can be widely used for the treatment of infusion phlebitis, and they are worthy of clinical promotion owing to their reasonable price and convenient use.
Objective: To observe the clinical curative effect of 810 nm diode laser combined with skin care in the treatment of facial acne vulgaris. Methods: 110 patients with acne vulgaris were randomly divided into the treatment group（65 cases）: laser combined with facial skin care treatment group; and the control group（45 cases）: diode laser treatment group. Both groups were performed diode laser for a course. Results: The improvement rate of acne lesions in the treatment group was significantly higher（90.77%）than that of the control group（71.11%）. There was significant difference between the two groups（P <0.01）. Conclusion: 810 nm diode laser combined with skin care treating acne vulgaris has better curative effect than pure diode laser treatment
Objective: To establish and analyse the specific reference value of thyroid function of pregnant women in Dali area. Methods: The serum samples of women of childbearing age and pregnant women in Dali area are collected and tested for FT3, FT4, TSH, TPOAb and TgAb by Roche Elecsys e601, then 161 women of childbearing age and 696 cases of singleton pregnant women which consist of 228 cases in early pregnancy（T1）, 344 cases in middle pregnancy（T2）, and 124 cases in late pregnancy（T3）are selected according to the National Institute of Clinical Biochemical（NACB）. The test results were statistically analyzed to establish the specific reference value of thyroid function in pregnancy. Results: The specific reference ranges of the FT3 are:T1 [4.86（3.69~6.02）] pmol/L, T2 [4.49（3.16~5.84）] pmol/L, T3 [3.83（2.33~5.32）] pmol/L; the FT4 are: T1 [17.01（12.25~21.77）] pmol/L, T2 [14.08 （9.65~18.51）] pmol/L, T3 [12.53（7.62~17.43）] pmol/L; the TSH are: T1 [2.12（0.37~5.60）] mIU/L, T2 [2.31（0.39~5.09）] mIU/L, T3 [ 2.52（0.39~5.15）] mIU/L. The reference range of thyroid function of pregnant woman is obviously diffrent from that of the normal woman of childbearing age in the same area. Conclusion: To establish the specific reference range of the thyroid function of pregnant woman in Dali area is significant for diagnosing the abnormal thyroid function of pregnant woman.
Objective: To investigate the incidence of hyperuricemia in Anning City. Methods: A statistical analysis of 19 773 serum uric acid biochemical tests in community population was conducted. Results: The incidence of hyperuricemia in male was significantly higher than that in female, and the difference was statistically significant（P <0.05）. The incidence of hyperuricemia among males was not significantly different among different age group（P >0.05）. The incidence of hyperuricemia among women aged above 50 was significantly different from those of aged 20 to 49 years（P < 0.05）. Conclusion: The incidence of hyperuricemia in community population was significantly higher than that in women of all ages. The incidence of hyperuricemia was not related with age, and there is a positive correlation between age and incidence of hyperuricemia in women above 50 years old.
Objective: To understand the state and distribution of the voluntary apheresis platelet donors in Dali; to provide scientific basis for the recruitment of blood donation without compensation; and to ensure the local clinical supply of the apheresis platelet. Methods: The statistical module in the through blood stations management information system was used to collect the data from the apheresis platelet donors who voluntarily donated in our blood bank from 2005 to 2013 for statistical analysis. Results: The number of the blood donors from 2005 to 2013 is 889. Among them, the number of the men is obviously larger than that of women , accounting for 89.31%. There are two main age groups: aged from 25 to 35 and from 36 to 45. Most of them are junior school graduates and below, accounting for 66.14%; About 62.77% of them are famers; The characteristic of blood type distribution is A>O>B>AB. Conclusion: To satisfy clinical needs good recruitment of free donors and stable donation populator are important.
Objective: To master R encoding rules, improve the accuracy of the main diagnosis and disease encoding. Methods: The ICD-10（R00-99 Encoding）was used as the standard, the medical record management system was applied to retrieve the 1 270 documents of a children's hospital in 2014, and the data were retrospectively analyzed. Results: There were 1 270 cases diagnosed by R encoding, which accounted for 2.50% of the total number of hospital discharge records, and 767 cases were found to be incorrect on the main diagnostic disease name, main diagnosis and the disease encoding selection. Conclusion: Clinicians are not familiar with the knowledge of the international classification of disease and the principle of the main diagnostic encoding choice, the quality of personnel and job responsibility of encoding should be strengthened.
Objective: To summarize and analyze the emergency medical relief of Longtoushan Town earthquake in Ludian County. Methods: The data of emergency medical relief from August 3 to 14 was retrospectively analyzed. Results: Rescue medical teams assembled quickly to the disaster areas after the earthquake. They treated 747 wounded, debrided 17, changed dressing for 89, infused 60, transfered 33 to hospitals, and conducted psychological counseling for 30. Conclusion: At different stages of treatment, including the field first-aid, patient transfer and hospitalization, effective measures have been taken to minimize the mortality. It is helpful to improve rescue level and effect.
Objective: To review the latest progression of diagnosis and treatment of ventilator associated pneumonia （VAP）. Methods: The relevant literature on the VAP diagnostic criteria and treatment measures were collected and summarized. Results: The lack of simple and reliable diagnostic criteria made the clinical diagnosis of VAP relatively difficult, and effective preventive measures can significantly reduce the incidence of VAP. Anti- infection is the key to the treatment of VAP, early application of effective antibacterial drugs can significantly reduce VAP mortality, and shorten the length of hospitalization time. Conclusion: The diagnosis and treatment of VAP still remained many problems, early diagnosis and effective prevention are important.
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