Table of Content

15 October 2014, Volume 13 Issue 10

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Protective Effect of Rubus delavayi on Alcoholic Hepatitis in Rats

GUO Mei-xian, YANG Yi-wen, LIU Xiao-bo, SHI Gui-rong

2014, 13(10):  1-4. 

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Objective: To research the protective effect of Rubus delavayi on hepatitis injury induced by spirit in rats. Methods: 90
rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Rats in control group were distilled water by intragastric administered; rats in the other
groups were spirit by intragastric administered. Fill the dose for 28 days, one times a day at 8 a.m. The beginning of 15th days, rats in
each group were corresponding to a drug by intragastric administered. Fill the dose for 14 days, one times a day at 9 a.m. The
administered after blood from eyeball and to be put to death in the liver of rats. To test the activity of alanine transaminase (GPT) and
aspartate transaminase (GOT) in serum. To test the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in
the liver tissue, and hepatic morphology were determined. Results: Rubus delavayi significantly decreased the activity of GPT、GOT
and content of MDA in serum, also increased the activity of SOD. Pathology examination showed that Rubus delavayi Franch evidently
alleviated the degeneration and necrosis of hepatic cells. Conclusion: Rubus delavayi has a protective effect on alcoholic hepatitis in
rats.

Experimental Study on Anti-HSV-2 Effect of CII-3 Extracted from Periplaneta Americana
in Vitro and in Vivo

PU Xiao-fei, LUO Yi-jia, PENG Li, LI Jiao, ZENG Jing, NIU Chun-li, PENG Fang

2014, 13(10):  5-9. 

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Objective: To study the anti-HSV-2 effect of CII-3 extracted from Periplaneta Americana. Methods: Anti-HSV-2
activity of CII-3 extracted from Periplaneta Americana was observed and determined with MTT assay and cytopathic effect (CPE) assay
and the value of TC₅₀, IC₅₀ and TI in the extract was calculated. Female mice with genital herpes were used as animal models. 50 μL of
HSV- 2 was injected into mice vaginas once a day with 7 consecutive days. With acyclovir as the positive control, intragastric
administration was adopted as treatment for 10 days. The ELISA KIT was used to test the concentration of vascular tumor necrosis
factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-2 (IL-2); the immune organs were weighed to calculate the organ index.
Results: CII-3 extracted from Periplaneta Americana had anti-HSV-2 activity. The TC₅₀ value was 190.55 μg/mL, IC50 value was
28.71 μg/mL and TI value was 6.64 μg/mL. CII-3 had the function of increasing TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and could increase the weight
of the immune organs in mice. Conclusion: CII-3 extracted from Periplaneta Americana had the effect of anti-HSV-2 by boosting the
body's immunity.

Fuzz Myrobalan Bark Alcohol Extract Determination of Median Lethal Dose and Its Effect on Intestinal
Muscle

LI Daihang, ZHU Wanyun, DUAN Suying, LAI Yong

2014, 13(10):  10-13. 

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Objective: To research the micro-ethanol extract of terminalia bark median lethal dose in mice (LD₅₀) and the influence of
intestinal muscle in vivo, and observe the effect on the intestinal muscle of Guinea pig in vitro. Methods: The experiments were
designed according to Bliss. Intragastric administration and observation on the toxicity and deaths of 5 d were done in mice. With acute
mortality in mice as indicators, determination of extract of terminalia LD₅₀ for mice was done; charcoal powder and advancing
experimental studied the effects of drugs on the intestinal muscle; based on isolated Guinea pig intestinal smooth contraction and
tension indicator, isolated specimen movement experiment was observed by micro-terminalia bark alcohol extract on isolated intestinal
muscle of Guinea pigs and its mechanism of action. Results: The LD₅₀ of terminalia bark extract in mice was 5.69 g/kg. Its 95%
confidence limit was 4.60-7.05 g/kg. Minimally the ethanol extract of terminalia bark on mice intestinal muscle in vivo and in vitro in
Guinea pigs has marked the vasodilator effect of intestinal muscle and histamine inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of minimal
terminalia antagonism. Conclusion: Alcohol extract of terminalia bark has some toxicity, while micro-terminalia bark alcohol extract
to a certain extent inhibits intestinal muscle contractions, and mechanism of action of histamine receptor-related.

The Antibacterial Activity of Extracts from Geranium strictipes R. Kunth in Vitro

GENG Ling, CHEN Jun-ya, LI Hong-wen, WANG Tao, SHI Gui-rong, LI Hui

2014, 13(10):  14-17. 

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Objective: To study the antibacterial activity in vitro of different extracts isolated from the part of ethyl acetate extracted
from Geranium strictipes R. Kunth. Methods: The ethyl acetate extracts were eluted by H₂O and the different concentration of the
ethanol through the macro-porous resin column, then the antibacterial effects of different extracts on the 13 common pathogenic
bacteria and MRSA were conducted by the method of constant tube dilution. Results: Water extract had no obviously antibacterial
activity on the standard bacterial strains. 50% ethanol extracts had a certain antibacterial activity at different degree on 13 common
pathogenic bacteria and 10 MRSA. Conclusion: The 50% ethanol extracts from Geranium strictipes R. Kunth have significant
antibacterial effect in vitro.

A Comparative Study on the Content of Tea-Polyphenols and Antioxidation Activity in Different Teas

WANG Wan-fang，ZHANG Huai-ling，CHEN Li，SHI Cai-yan，XIAO Huai

2014, 13(10):  18-21. 

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Objective: To compare the tea polyphenols(TPs) content and antioxidant activity in different processed Chinese teas.
Methods: The TPs was extracted with 95% ethanol though ultrasonic after crushing. The content was determined by spectrophotometry
at the wavelength of 765 nm using Folin-Ciocalteu as the chromogenic agent and gallic acid as the reference. The antioxidant activity
was also tested by UV spectrophotometry though adding the Fe3+ ion as the oxidant. Results: The sequence of content of TPs and its
antioxidant activity were consistency. Green teas and the not fermented teas contained the highest TPs and had the most powerful
reducing capacity. While the fermented teas such as red teas and black teas had the lower polyphenols and antioxidant activity.
Conclusion: The content of TPs is negatively related with the fermented degree of teas and the antioxidant activity shows a good dose
effect relationship with the TPs.

Pharmacognostic Studies on Wupicao(Potentilla kleiniana)

CHEN Pengfei, ZENG Lanfang, TANG Yifang, FAN Xu, CHEN Yingzhi, ZHANG Zuzhen,YANG

2014, 13(10):  22-24. 

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Objective: To perform pharmacognostic studies for Wupicao(Potentilla kleiniana). Methods: Source identification,
character identification, microscopic identification, as well as physical and chemical identification were used. Results: Wupicao was
the dry complete grass or the whole plant of Rosaceae Potentilla kleiniana Wight et Arn. Crude drug identification was described in
detail. Conclusion: The study could provide a theoretical basis for identification of its pharmacognosic identification, formulation of
quality standards and further development and utilization.

Investigation on Urban and Rural Residents in Dali Prefecture in Cognitive Status of National Essential
Medicine Policy

ZHANG Yan, LI Hui, TONG Shao-hong, LI Wan-yu, LI Bin-jie, YANG Xiao-li

2014, 13(10):  25-27. 

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Objective: To provide a basis for popularization and promotion of national essential medicine policy through an
investigation of urban and rural residents in Dali Prefecture in cognitive status of essential medicine. Methods: Population
characteristics, access to essential medicine, cognition degree and residents subjective factors were investigated, and the results were
statistically analyzed by SPSS18.0. Results: The residents had a low overall cognition degree of essential medicine. Conclusion:
Improve residents' cognition degree of essential medicine by promoting and popularizing essential medicine system in retail drug stores
and medical institutions as well as strengthening social awareness to the implement of essential medicine policy.

Research and Development of Bear Bile/Gallbladder Related Products

WU Xiu-mei, LI Cheng-gong, ZHEN Yuan-yuan，ZHANG Jing-xin，ZHAO Yu, GAO Peng-fei

2014, 13(10):  28-31. 

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Objective: To illustrate the pharmacological action of bear bile/gallbladder to provide knowledge base and essential
references for further research and development. Methods: The major types and applications of bear bile related products were
systematically organized, analyzed, summarized, and discussed according to the related literature including patents. Results: Bear bile/
gallbladder has a wide range of pharmacological effects applicable to central nervous system, respiratory system, circulation and
digestive systems. Conclusion: Based on the medical values of bear bile, a series of bear bile/gallbladder related medicine, health
products and cosmetics could be further developed upon current basis.

The Antigen's Preparation of the Fasciola spp. adults and the Research of the ELISA

CHEN Feng, LI Kerong, YANG Jing, HAO Mingming, LUO Jiajun, LIU Yuhua

2014, 13(10):  32-36. 

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Objective: To evaluate the detection effect of the ELISA kit for the human fasciolasis. Methods: The soluble crude
antigen from the cattle Fasciola spp. adults were collected in Dali. Then, the ELISA was done. The detection results of serum were from
the 26 fasciolasis patients, and 102 other parasite infected patients. 25 healthy people were evaluated. Results: The sensitivity of the
the ELISA kit was 100.0%; the specificity was 95.28%（95% CI：98.9%-91.2%), and the Youden index was 0.95. Conclusion: For the
FAWA- ELISA kit, it not only can get the reliable detection results, but also has lower cost. Furthermore, it is suitable for the
epidemiology investigation in Yunnan fasciolasis epidemic area, and can reduce the workload of pathogen detection.

The Role of Dopamine System in Methamphetamine Addiction

YANG Lihua

2014, 13(10):  37-41. 

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Objective: To study the role of dopamine system in methamphetamine addiction. Methods: The literature on dopamine,
dopamine receptors, and dopamine transporter in methamphetamine addiction written by experts of domestic and abroad in recent years
was reviewed, and the role of dopamine system in methamphetamine addiction was summarized. Results：The dopamine system played
an important role in methamphetamine addiction. Conclusion：Studying the role of dopamine system in methamphetamine addiction
clearly helps find effective treatment method for methamphetamine addiction.

NF-кB Expression in Liver Carcinoma Tissues and Tissues Adjacent to Liver Cancer Tissues Post TACE

ZHANG Liang, DU Wei

2014, 13(10):  42-46. 

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Objective: To explore the expression of NF-кB in Liver carcinoma tissues and adjacent noncancerous liver tissue post
interventional therapy and its characteristic changes. Methods: 59 rabbits with VX2 carcinoma model were randomly divided into 2
groups, 29 in group A (liver cancer), and 30 in group B (liver cancer/transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization, TACE) as a study
group. And in group C 20 rabbits with no liver cancer as a control group. Immunohistochemical detection of NF-кB in liver cancer
tissue and normal tissues adjacent to liver cancer tissue was done. Results: In group A, positive expression rate of NF-κB was 72.4%
(21/29) in cancerous liver tissue and 37.9 %( 11/29) in liver tissue adjacent to carcinoma. In group B (post interventional therapy)
positive expression rate of NF-κB was 82.4% (24/30) in liver cancer tissues and 60% (18/30) in adjacent tissues. In group C, NF-κB
positive expression rate was 10% (2/20). Then each group was compared with control. Except in liver tissue adjacent to carcinoma in
group A, the data recorded was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The other two data had no statistical significance (P > 0.05).
Conclusion: The expression level of NF-κB is relatively low before interventional therapy in the tissue adjacent to carcinoma. Post
interventional therapy. There is increased expression of NF- κB, may be due to the fatty degeneration of liver tissues adjacent to
carcinoma and inflammatory reaction.

Analysis of HBV Infection Risk Factors of the Khitan Descendants of Baoshan in Yunnan

LIN Mu, JIANG Xi-chao, SHEN Yuan-ying

2014, 13(10):  47-50. 

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Objective: To investigate the relationship between the living habits and HBV infection of Khitan descendants in Yunnan
Baoshan, and find out the risk factors or protective factors, to provide scientific evidence for the HBV prevention and control works.
Methods: The unified questionnaire survey were provided for researching Khitan descendants living habits. 5 mL serum samples were
collected to test the hepatitis B serological markers. Chi-square test and Logistic regression were used to analysis the relationship
between living habits and HBV infection of Khitan descendants. Results: 10 cases were HBsAg positive in 325 Khitan descendants，
the people whose HBsAg were positive were male. By factor analysis, gender was a possible risk factor for HBV infection. Sharing
towels, razors(P = 0.061), cultural differences (P = 0.093) were close. History of hepatitis B vaccination, high annual family income was
statistically significant (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the hepatitis B vaccine was a protective factor (P < 0.05), and the
annual income of the family was a susceptible factor of HBV infection (P > 0.05). Conclusion: We should strengthen the health
education to the Khitan descendants, take the immune preventive measures, and popularize vaccination, protect susceptible
populations, and control the spread of hepatitis B infection.

Analysis of Clinical Misdiagnosis on 30 cases of Pulmonary Embolism

NIE Fangang, MA Rui, SU Ping,YANG Jianxing, JIANG Shengrong, YANG Wenjie

2014, 13(10):  51-54. 

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Objective:To explore the diagnostic method of pulmonary embolism and analyze the reason of misdiagnosis, in order to
improve the awareness of pulmonary embolism and reduce misdiagnosis and mistreatment. Methods: Clinical manifestation, laboratory
data and the status about misdiagnosis of pulmonary embolism were collected to analyze the reason of 30 cases of misdiagnosis in the
People's Hospital of Baoshan. Results: Clinicians, especially the surgeons' insufficient understanding of the specific clinical
symptoms of pulmonary embolism led to the high rate of misdiagnosis. There were 11 cases misdiagnosed as pneumonia; 4 cases of
pulmonary tuberculosis; 3 cases of pleural effusion, 2 cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 2 cases of pulmonary heart
disease; 5 cases of acute coronary syndrome; 2 cases of acute left heart failure; 1 cases of lumbar disc herniation. Conclusion: The
early clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was difficult, and clinicians should improve their understanding of this disease.
Pulmonary embolism should be considered when patients showed symptom with chest pain, rough breathing, hemoptysis, dyspnea and
new pulmonary infiltrates but not improved after treatment. Meanwhile, CT pulmonary artery angiography should be improved to reduce
misdiagnosis and mistreatment.

The Application of Shikani Laryngoscope on Trachea Intubation of Elderly Patients with Incisors Situation

GENG Jiachen, CHEN Lei, SHI Linchun, YANG Junwei

2014, 13(10):  55-57. 

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Objective: To compare SOS with direct laryngoscope in safety and success rate in terms of their applications on trachea
intubation of elderly patients with incisors situation. Methods: 80 elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia intubation operation
were selected, including 27 cases of teeth loosening, 32 cases of incomplete incisors in, 21 isolated teeth, and they were randomly
divided into SOS group (group S) and direct laryngoscope group (group Z), intravenous anesthesia induction in completed respectively
by SOS and direct laryngoscopy tracheal intubation. Number of intubation, intubation time and complications of intubation conditions
were recorded. Results: Group S had high successful rate (100%) in orotracheal intubation, significantly higher than that in Z group
(45%),and 12 cases in group Z (25%) patients with 3 times of failure of intubation with SOS a successful intubation. In group S, no
patients with intubation operation were caused by the improper incisor injury or loss, while 4 cases in group Z led directly to the incisor
off; 9 cases lead to incisor loose. Group S intubation time was 21(9-58) s, significantly shorter in the Z group 44 (15-65) s (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: For the elderly patients with incisors loose, incomplete, and even the isolated teeth, SOS is a safe and effective method
because of its intubation success rate, shorter time, less intubation complications.

Hip Arthroplasty to the Intertrochanteric Fracture of Senile Patient

WANG Jiaming, LIU Yingliang，LI Jiang，TANG Xizhang，SHUANG Zhiren，LIU Zhigang

2014, 13(10):  58-60. 

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Objective: To evaluate the clinical result of hip arthroplasty for the intertrochanteric fracture. Methods: 16 cases of
intertrochanteric fracture with Evans Ⅲ~Ⅳ were treated by Hip arthroplasty. These patients were 75 years old to 85 years old with an
average of about 79.6 years old. Results: All patients were follow-up for 6 weeks to 10 months (mean, 9 months). Artificial joints no
loose. Hip joints have a good reconstruction. The postoperative outcomes were evaluated by the Harris scale. An average 91.3 score was
scaled after operation. Conclusion: Hip arthroplasty can reconstruct the function of joint early, which is a good method for
intertrochanteric fracture.

Value of High Frequency Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Peripheral Nerve Injury

ZHOU Xuanyi, BAI Jianning, WU Qin, QIAN Yi

2014, 13(10):  61-63. 

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Objective: To explore the value of high frequency ultrasonography in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve injury. Methods:
Thirty-one patients（thirty-five nerves）diagnosed as peripheral nerves injuries were examined by high frequency ultrasonography and
the results were compared with the examination pathology or other imaging analysis. Results: The high frequency ultrasonography
could display directions and internal structures of the epineurium、perineurium and nerve fiber bundles clearly, Based on the different
peripheral nerve ultrasonic ultrasonographic characteristics, we could judge the damage position, extent, range and damage types.
Conclusion: The high frequency ultrasonography could display different types of peripheral nerve injury , accurate judgement damage
parts and degree, and it has a high clinical value.

The Clinical Distribution and Analysis of Drug Resistance of 324 Strains of Enterococcus

YU Qunxiu

2014, 13(10):  64-66. 

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Objective: To understand the distribution and drug resistance of commonly used antibiotics of enterococcus, in order to
provide the basis for clinical rational drug use. Methods: Vitek 2 Compact method was used for routine bacteria identification and drug
susceptibility test. Results: Among clinical isolated 342 strains of enterococcus, 140 cases were 40.9% in enterococcus, excrement
enterococcus 186 rate of 54.4%; other enterococcus 16 cases were 4.7%. 342 strains of enterococcus were mainly isolated from urine of
254 cases (74.3%), 28 cases (8.2%) and blood cerebrospinal fluid 21 cases (6.1%), 15 cases (5.3%) of bile. Excrement enterococcus to
penicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, erythromycin and tetracycline resistance was close to or reached 90%, and dung
bowel aureus to penicillin and ampicillin remained 100% sensitivity. There were no resistance to enterococcus among vancomycin, rina
thiazole amine and Tigecycline. Conclusion: Enterococcus was one of the important pathogenic bacteria in hospital infection.
According to the results of drug susceptibility, clinical treatment of enterococcus infection should choose reasonable antibiotics.

Research on Relationship between Quality of Life and Related Factors of Addicts Enforcing Detoxification

ZHANG Tai, DONG Haibin, YANG Yixing, LI Min

2014, 13(10):  67-71. 

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore quality of life (QOL) and related factors in heroin addicts enforcing
detoxification (HAED). Methods: 350 cases of heroin addicts in Labor Education Station of Dali Prefecture were surveyed using multistage
stratified cluster sampling method and quality of life was assessed by the WHOQOL-BREF. Results: Quality of life (QOL) for the
heroin addicts enforcing detoxification was (78.56±14.78), and also each domain score was (57.07±14.68), (60.56±19.20), (56.34±
15.49) and (51.45±18.44) for physical, psychological, social relationships, and environmental function, respectively. The QOL score of
life in physical, psychological and environmental domains in inject drugs group were higher than smoking group (P < 0.05); time of
drug addiction is a vital factor to reduce the score of QOL for HAED in all domains. QOL of HAED was negative associated with age,
years with heroin use and way of injection heroin with other use using multiple regression models. Conclusion: It was vital to take
comprehensive measures for physical and psychological aspects to improve quality of life of the drug a heroin addicts based on their
characteristic of heroin use addicts．

Detection and Analysis of the Content of Sulfide and Six-Chromium in the Water of Erhai Lake

TAO Yongyi, BAI Jinhua, QIAO Liping, LIU Chang，TANG Guizhen, SONG Zhengrui

2014, 13(10):  72-73. 

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Objective: To learn the content of sulfide and six-chromium in the water of Erhai Lake. Methods: Water samples from 20
sampling points in Erhai Lake were collected. Methylene blue spectrophotometric was applied to test the content of sulfide; and
diphenylcarbazide spectrophotometric was performed to test the six- chromium. The result was evaluated by "Surface Water
Environmental Quality Standard". Results: The percentage of the pass were 100% in sulfide and six-chromium. Conclusion: Sulfide
and six- chromium were consistent with a water reached GB 3838-2002《Surface Water Quality Standards》

Pain Management among Hospitalized Cancer Patients and its Impact on the Quality of Life

QIN Yahui, LU Yulin

2014, 13(10):  74-76. 

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Objective: To investigate the status of pain management and pain influence on the quality of life of hospitalized tumor
patients, so as to provide a basis for the implementation of cancer pain treatment. Methods: 376 cases hospitalized tumor patients were
investigated by using pain questionnaire, including pain part investigation, lowest the degree of pain within 24 hours, the use of pain
medications survey, and the effects degrees of pain within 24 hours. Results: The scores of pain at present in this group of patients
(NRS score) was (4.10 ± 2.48); 371 cases (98.67%) patients have a history of pain, and 208 cases (89.27%) took oral analgesic drugs;
189 cases (50.27%) patients used of non-drug therapy before. The quality of life affected by pain within 24 hours, the biggest effect was
(6.51 ± 2.43) scores for daily life, the smallest effect was (3.46 ±2.62) scores for sleep. Conclusion: The pain affects the quality of life
of cancer patients; cancer pain control of patients remains to be improved.

Analysis of the Relationship between the Change of Drainage Bag and Urinary Tract Infection

LI Liqiong

2014, 13(10):  77-79. 

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Objective: To investigate the relationship between the change of the bag and urinary tract infections, in order to reduce
the incidence of urinary tract infection. Methods: The indwelling catheter patients and (or) family members were told about the
research purpose and methods. The selection of patients and family members into the group were fully respected. The observation group
did not replace the drainage bag,while the control group changed drainage bag 7 d according to the prescription. The urinary specimens
of two groups of patients with indwelling catheter were collected and sent for bacterial culture. Results: The difference of the infection
rate between the control group and the observation group was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Not changing the
drainage bag can reduce urinary tract infection.

Application of 5S on Management of PIVAS

YANG Xiongchang, BAO Wenjin, YIN Jianze

2014, 13(10):  80-82. 

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Objective: To standardize the management of PIVAS with 5S method in order to ensure the safety of clinical use, and
successfully pass the acceptance work of the provincial health department. Methods: Comparing the application of 5S on PIVAS.
Results: The implementation of 5S has made PIVAS meet the standard completely, reduce the error significantly, and improve the
clinical satisfaction. Conclusion: Application of 5S on PIVAS can greatly improve the working environment and work efficiency, and
avoid the occurrence of errors.

Application of Virtual Slices in Pathology Experiment Teaching

SHI Yiling，CHEN Haibin

2014, 13(10):  83-85. 

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With the continuous implementation of multimedia information technology, using the technology of virtual slices in
pathology experiment teaching is being deepened and perfected. In October 2012, Pre-clinical College introduced this technology into
practical teaching, in order to expound the application of virtual slices on pathology experiment teaching.

Investigation on Nursing Undergraduate Choosing the Practice Base
——Taking Dali University as an Example

LU Yumiao

2014, 13(10):  86-88. 

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Objective: To investigate the nursing undergraduates' intention of practice base, in order to improve the efficiency of the
distribution of practice base and ensure the smooth progress of internship distribution. Methods: 90 undergraduate students who were
about to enter the clinical practice of professional nursing for the practice base were selected to do intention questionnaire. Results: 58
students who chose Yunnan province accounted for 65.9%, mainly because of good employment (58.6%); 23 who intended to be interns
outside the province 26.1%, mainly due to cause vision (69.6%). 7 contacted their internship units by themselves mainly for good
employment (57.1%). Conclusion: Understanding students' intentions and reasons of choosing internship units, is advantageous for the
internship assignment and management, and at the same time can try to meet the psychological needs of students, and thus improve the
quality of nursing students' internship.

Dynamic Analysis of Health Condition of College Students of Bai Nationality from 2003 to 2013 and Study
of Countermeasures

PENG Chunjiang

2014, 13(10):  89-92. 

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In this paper, through testing, statistical and other methods, 2003-2013 Bai nationality students were selected as research
objects to analyze their health condition. The study found during 11 years, their physical health evaluation did not increase with the
passage of time, and physical health evaluation of male students dropped from good to pass; female total score also decreased
compared with 2003 (slightly higher than the lower limit of the passing level). The overall physical fitness of male and female college
students showed a downward trend.