Nanzhao-Dali Kingdom is the regional ethnic regime of Tang-Song Dynasty, so its political thought should belong to the history of ancient Chinese political thought. The history of Nanzhao-Dali Kingdom political thought focuses on the theory of state and legal system, political philosophy, strategy and policy of governing the country, moral principles, and the relationship between Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and state.
In the Nanzhao-Dali Kingdoms, openness and nationality being the historical features of Bai culture are dialectical unity.Bai educational mechanism, correspondingly, featured in complementarity and symbiosis. The mechanism displayed a diverse content of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, and local regions, and a Buddhism-Confucianism oriented educational mode, as well as the education form of system education and custom education. Under the background of modernity and globalization, the enlightenment of Bai educational mechanism suggests that the multiple accretion of education should be the natural choice for the contemporary education.
Since the 1990s, with the increasingly important role of the unique history and cultural values of ancient villages and towns in regional socio-economic development, social communities began to focus on the study of ancient villages and towns, and gradually formed a great fervor of social study. This article focuses on the study of ancient villages and towns, and then starts from the study contents and perspectives. Based on an over ten-year retrospective study of Dali ancient villages and towns, the article will comb the study background and probe the questions to be expanded in the future study.
Based on fieldwork and literature study, this article discusses the understanding of sacred sites of the indigenous Naxi people who live at Naxi villages around Mt. Yulong. The local people believe that the biggest sacred mountain in Naxi area is Mt. Yulong. There are diverse sacred sites around Yulong Mountain, i.e. sacred cultural sites of temple, sacred natural sites of mountain forest, sacred sites of cliff and cave, sacred sites for martyr of love, and sacred sites of ritual. The rich biodiversity of the sacred Mt. Yulong is facing threats now. Culture diversity and biodiversity coexist side by side while exerting influences to each other as well.
The study used gray relational model to empirically analyze the correlation and coordination degrees from 2000 to 2011 of Hekou port and other prefecture-and-county-level carrier cities. The results showed that exit-entry personnel（flow） is the major factor to influence the economy of the carrier city, while the second industry and the regional total industrial output are the major influence on the logistics of frontier port. The logistics of Hekou port is in an incongruous state with the economy of prefecture-andcounty-level carrier cities. Finally, the study proposed some corresponding suggestions.
Human capital is a kind of special capital that is different from material capital. Using dialectics to analyze its characteristics is conductive to developing it scientifically. The dialectical unification between its biological and social properties requires the uniformity of development purpose and developers' subjective initiatives; the dialectical unification between its quantity attributes and quality attributes requires a control over population and improvement of the quality of the whole people; the dialectical unification between its time and space quality requires free, orderly and reasonable flow and distribution of human capital so that everybody can fully display his talents; the dialectical unification between its production and consummation properties requires full play of its production on the basis of satisfying the needs of people; the dialectical unification between its timely and renewable characteristics requires full and effective use of present human capital to push the sustainable development of the society; the dialectical unification between its exclusive and universal qualities requires all-around development of people as well as improvement of their professional skills.
Briefly introducing the life of Mr. JI Xianlin as a famous contemporary scholar in China, it analyses his extraordinary experiences of learning foreign languages and translation practice, and mainly explores his thoughts of translation as translation boosting the social development of mankind, translation being fidelity and equivalent to the original works, translation theory research guiding its practice , translation focusing on the cross-culture communication, and quality being the core of translation work.
The study on American writer Mark Twain's short story Is He Living or Is He Dead can be started with the issue of identity,especially the four young artists' self-identity, social-identity and hybrid-identity and the relevance of the three aspects. Millet fakes his death, and changes his name. Even though he lives as a rich manufacturer, he loses his self-identity. The former happy young man who loved painting and was full of dream has gone. He lives with his hybrid-identity of loneliness and agony. Although he is physically alive, he is mentally dead.
In A True Story, "I repeated word for word" the story about a black woman who is a victim of slavery but strong and optimistic in life. Its author, Mark Twain, is very good at using language to portray different figures from different ranks and deeply expose the truth of American life. The essay tries to analyze different perspectives of the text from the act of reading by Iser, finding out that the problem of racialism stays only in a narrative sphere and on the side of the white, while its textual meaning fails to make its seriousness and truth unmasked wholly.
The reign of the Communist Party of China could be roughly divided into two stages: partial ruling in the period of the New Democratic Revolution and nationwide ruling after the construction of the new China. Each stage has its own ruling practice and theoretical thoughts. This article reviews the reign of the Chinese Communist Party and reveals the enlightenments we gain from historical reflection from four aspects.
The Party's Seventeenth Session of the Sixth Plenary Session proposed to take a highly degreed cultural awareness and self-confidence as the goal of building a socialist cultural power. The socialist core value system of education is an important content of both socialist cultural construction and ideological and political education of the college students. To strengthen students' conscious recognition of the core value system has a practical significance to the enhancement of the self-confidence of socialist construction.
In the 18th Party Congress, the construction of ecological civilization was incorporated into the "five-in-one" general planning for socialism with Chinese characteristics and its status was advanced to a strategic level. Thus, the theory and practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics have been enriched and developed. The study elaborated the contribution of ecological civilization to the socialism with Chinese characteristics from the aspects of its connotation, strategic significance and system construction.
A region rich for resources of non-material culture heritages, Dali is on the crossroad of diverse cultures and under the impact of foreign culture. The identity for indigenous culture is undermined as the younger generations blindly run after the exotic one,therefore, the inheritance and development of non-material culture heritage in Dali area is intimidated. Basing on the survey of the education status of non-material culture heritages of the area, the study discusses and proposes some strategies.
Contemporary Chinese cultural formation is moving towards diversification and fine arts towards the course of recognition and recombination. The changing ideas and expressions make traditional Chinese meticulous painting seek coexistence with new creative space and reflect upon questions as how to keep the nature of the realistic painting while adapting the aesthetics of cotemporary art and accurately expressing the original meaning of the artist. No doubt that such questions should challenge the new meticulous painting while pointing to a new development: breaking through the limitation of materials and traditional bondages, mixing Chinese and western aesthetic cultures, tradition backing-up creation, and highlighting the expression of ideas. Contemporary artists have taken "ideas" as the major expression of art creation. And resorting to this, the new Chines meticulous painting concerns about the theme of contemporary existence and the form of humanistic reflection. New Chinese meticulous painting has been a new worldview and language expression for artists, which has broken through traditional creation and expanded a new creative space.
Campus culture is an important part of college activities. It aims to educate, mold, and edify people. Some excellent minority-themed movie resources, being the most expressive cultural mass media, have become a new path and starting point to campus culture. Such resources have been mingled into the education of ideal and faith, aesthetic, honor and disgrace. Meantime, as the media of campus network culture, they have become an effective educational carrier to introduce time spirit, national spirit and advanced culture into campus culture.
The sorting and development of Chongqing Anti-Japanese War literature, which has a pivotal significance, could provide a comprehensive and objective first-hand text material. It enriches the connotation of the spiritual home for Chinese nation, strengthens national consciousness and cohesion, and motivates patriotism, enhances cultural identity and national ascription of the people from both mainland and Taiwan. It could also spread the culture of Anti-Japanese War that has been cultivated in the rear area of Chongqing.
Family assessment device, marriage values questionnaire, sex attitude questionnaire were randomly handed out to 649 students from Dehong Teacher's College and Dehong Vocational Institute. The results showed: ① The behavior control score of student's view on family function was significantly different between genders, and the communication factor score was different among students from urban and rural areas. ② There were significant gender differences in student' view about erotic choice, marital independent, love motivation, marital loyalty and marital values. Marital tendency was significantly different from urban to rural area and the view on erotic love was significantly different from profession. ③ There were significant differences in the open attitude on sex, tendency of emotion, need and evasion. The open tendency was significantly different among professions.
Structural equation model was applied to explore the relation of the frontier minority college student's self-identity and national identity. The results showed: ① Self-identity has a direct and significant predictive effect on national identity; ② The structural characteristics and the formation process of self-identity and national identity were the same; ③ The exclusive nature of national identity was influenced by context and other factors.
The present skill-oriented philosophy of reading courses largely hinders the development of English majors' integrated reading ability, because this practice puts much emphasis on language forms, but pays less attention to meanings and functions. This will badly slow down the increase of English majors' subject knowledge. In order to solve the problem, within the theoretical framework of content-based instruction theory, the author discusses the possibility of replacing the skill-oriented teaching materials with regional knowledge of China- ASEAN.
With the changes of social environment and the reform of higher education, the contemporary college students' awareness of rights is strengthened gradually. However, the existing laws and regulations are not perfect, and the conditions of legitimate rights protection and is not ripe, which lead to the infringement of college student's rights. In this paper, with the investigation of the current situation of legal rights infringement among college students in Yunnan province, we found that the major reasons of legal rights infringement were imperfect lawsuit mechanism and high cost. Therefore, to safeguard the legal rights of college students, laws, regulations, and lawsuit mechanism should be improved. Feasible college student rights protection association should be established and cost should be reduced.
Questionnaires on contemporary college student's belief and Chinese traditional culture were randomly given out to 492 students. The results showed that belief loss was common among college students, but the value of the Chinese traditional culture was psychologically recognized. The paper drew a conclusion that it is necessary and possible to remodel college students' beliefs through Chinese traditional culture education. The paper showed that the diverse forms including network and off-network education, combining with infusion and penetration education, are some approaches to belief remodeling.
Security is the key of the student management. Student's security and stability could effectively promote the harmony of campus. However, in recent years, emergent events among college students occurred frequently, which do harm to students, teachers, schools and families in different degrees, and greatly affect the security and stability of college campus. From the analysis of emergency and its characteristics, the paper pointed out that the students should strengthen the awareness of crisis prevention and response capacity. Teachers should troubleshoot student's psychological problems in time. After the emergency, schools should cope with the emergency and aftermath actively and correctly.
Objective: To research the protective effect of Rubus delavayi on hepatitis injury induced by spirit in rats. Methods: 90 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Rats in control group were distilled water by intragastric administered; rats in the other groups were spirit by intragastric administered. Fill the dose for 28 days, one times a day at 8 a.m. The beginning of 15th days, rats in each group were corresponding to a drug by intragastric administered. Fill the dose for 14 days, one times a day at 9 a.m. The administered after blood from eyeball and to be put to death in the liver of rats. To test the activity of alanine transaminase (GPT) and aspartate transaminase (GOT) in serum. To test the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver tissue, and hepatic morphology were determined. Results: Rubus delavayi significantly decreased the activity of GPT、GOT and content of MDA in serum, also increased the activity of SOD. Pathology examination showed that Rubus delavayi Franch evidently alleviated the degeneration and necrosis of hepatic cells. Conclusion: Rubus delavayi has a protective effect on alcoholic hepatitis in rats.
Objective: To study the anti-HSV-2 effect of CII-3 extracted from Periplaneta Americana. Methods: Anti-HSV-2 activity of CII-3 extracted from Periplaneta Americana was observed and determined with MTT assay and cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and the value of TC50, IC50 and TI in the extract was calculated. Female mice with genital herpes were used as animal models. 50 μL of HSV- 2 was injected into mice vaginas once a day with 7 consecutive days. With acyclovir as the positive control, intragastric administration was adopted as treatment for 10 days. The ELISA KIT was used to test the concentration of vascular tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-2 (IL-2); the immune organs were weighed to calculate the organ index. Results: CII-3 extracted from Periplaneta Americana had anti-HSV-2 activity. The TC50 value was 190.55 μg/mL, IC50 value was 28.71 μg/mL and TI value was 6.64 μg/mL. CII-3 had the function of increasing TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and could increase the weight of the immune organs in mice. Conclusion: CII-3 extracted from Periplaneta Americana had the effect of anti-HSV-2 by boosting the body's immunity.
Objective: To research the micro-ethanol extract of terminalia bark median lethal dose in mice (LD50) and the influence of intestinal muscle in vivo, and observe the effect on the intestinal muscle of Guinea pig in vitro. Methods: The experiments were designed according to Bliss. Intragastric administration and observation on the toxicity and deaths of 5 d were done in mice. With acute mortality in mice as indicators, determination of extract of terminalia LD50 for mice was done; charcoal powder and advancing experimental studied the effects of drugs on the intestinal muscle; based on isolated Guinea pig intestinal smooth contraction and tension indicator, isolated specimen movement experiment was observed by micro-terminalia bark alcohol extract on isolated intestinal muscle of Guinea pigs and its mechanism of action. Results: The LD50 of terminalia bark extract in mice was 5.69 g/kg. Its 95% confidence limit was 4.60-7.05 g/kg. Minimally the ethanol extract of terminalia bark on mice intestinal muscle in vivo and in vitro in Guinea pigs has marked the vasodilator effect of intestinal muscle and histamine inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of minimal terminalia antagonism. Conclusion: Alcohol extract of terminalia bark has some toxicity, while micro-terminalia bark alcohol extract to a certain extent inhibits intestinal muscle contractions, and mechanism of action of histamine receptor-related.
Objective: To study the antibacterial activity in vitro of different extracts isolated from the part of ethyl acetate extracted from Geranium strictipes R. Kunth. Methods: The ethyl acetate extracts were eluted by H2O and the different concentration of the ethanol through the macro-porous resin column, then the antibacterial effects of different extracts on the 13 common pathogenic bacteria and MRSA were conducted by the method of constant tube dilution. Results: Water extract had no obviously antibacterial activity on the standard bacterial strains. 50% ethanol extracts had a certain antibacterial activity at different degree on 13 common pathogenic bacteria and 10 MRSA. Conclusion: The 50% ethanol extracts from Geranium strictipes R. Kunth have significant antibacterial effect in vitro.
Objective: To compare the tea polyphenols(TPs) content and antioxidant activity in different processed Chinese teas. Methods: The TPs was extracted with 95% ethanol though ultrasonic after crushing. The content was determined by spectrophotometry at the wavelength of 765 nm using Folin-Ciocalteu as the chromogenic agent and gallic acid as the reference. The antioxidant activity was also tested by UV spectrophotometry though adding the Fe3+ ion as the oxidant. Results: The sequence of content of TPs and its antioxidant activity were consistency. Green teas and the not fermented teas contained the highest TPs and had the most powerful reducing capacity. While the fermented teas such as red teas and black teas had the lower polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Conclusion: The content of TPs is negatively related with the fermented degree of teas and the antioxidant activity shows a good dose effect relationship with the TPs.
Objective: To perform pharmacognostic studies for Wupicao(Potentilla kleiniana). Methods: Source identification, character identification, microscopic identification, as well as physical and chemical identification were used. Results: Wupicao was the dry complete grass or the whole plant of Rosaceae Potentilla kleiniana Wight et Arn. Crude drug identification was described in detail. Conclusion: The study could provide a theoretical basis for identification of its pharmacognosic identification, formulation of quality standards and further development and utilization.
Objective: To provide a basis for popularization and promotion of national essential medicine policy through an investigation of urban and rural residents in Dali Prefecture in cognitive status of essential medicine. Methods: Population characteristics, access to essential medicine, cognition degree and residents subjective factors were investigated, and the results were statistically analyzed by SPSS18.0. Results: The residents had a low overall cognition degree of essential medicine. Conclusion: Improve residents' cognition degree of essential medicine by promoting and popularizing essential medicine system in retail drug stores and medical institutions as well as strengthening social awareness to the implement of essential medicine policy.
Objective: To illustrate the pharmacological action of bear bile/gallbladder to provide knowledge base and essential references for further research and development. Methods: The major types and applications of bear bile related products were systematically organized, analyzed, summarized, and discussed according to the related literature including patents. Results: Bear bile/ gallbladder has a wide range of pharmacological effects applicable to central nervous system, respiratory system, circulation and digestive systems. Conclusion: Based on the medical values of bear bile, a series of bear bile/gallbladder related medicine, health products and cosmetics could be further developed upon current basis.
Objective: To evaluate the detection effect of the ELISA kit for the human fasciolasis. Methods: The soluble crude antigen from the cattle Fasciola spp. adults were collected in Dali. Then, the ELISA was done. The detection results of serum were from the 26 fasciolasis patients, and 102 other parasite infected patients. 25 healthy people were evaluated. Results: The sensitivity of the the ELISA kit was 100.0%; the specificity was 95.28%（95% CI：98.9%-91.2%), and the Youden index was 0.95. Conclusion: For the FAWA- ELISA kit, it not only can get the reliable detection results, but also has lower cost. Furthermore, it is suitable for the epidemiology investigation in Yunnan fasciolasis epidemic area, and can reduce the workload of pathogen detection.
Objective: To study the role of dopamine system in methamphetamine addiction. Methods: The literature on dopamine, dopamine receptors, and dopamine transporter in methamphetamine addiction written by experts of domestic and abroad in recent years was reviewed, and the role of dopamine system in methamphetamine addiction was summarized. Results：The dopamine system played an important role in methamphetamine addiction. Conclusion：Studying the role of dopamine system in methamphetamine addiction clearly helps find effective treatment method for methamphetamine addiction.
Objective: To explore the expression of NF-кB in Liver carcinoma tissues and adjacent noncancerous liver tissue post interventional therapy and its characteristic changes. Methods: 59 rabbits with VX2 carcinoma model were randomly divided into 2 groups, 29 in group A (liver cancer), and 30 in group B (liver cancer/transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization, TACE) as a study group. And in group C 20 rabbits with no liver cancer as a control group. Immunohistochemical detection of NF-кB in liver cancer tissue and normal tissues adjacent to liver cancer tissue was done. Results: In group A, positive expression rate of NF-κB was 72.4% (21/29) in cancerous liver tissue and 37.9 %( 11/29) in liver tissue adjacent to carcinoma. In group B (post interventional therapy) positive expression rate of NF-κB was 82.4% (24/30) in liver cancer tissues and 60% (18/30) in adjacent tissues. In group C, NF-κB positive expression rate was 10% (2/20). Then each group was compared with control. Except in liver tissue adjacent to carcinoma in group A, the data recorded was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The other two data had no statistical significance (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The expression level of NF-κB is relatively low before interventional therapy in the tissue adjacent to carcinoma. Post interventional therapy. There is increased expression of NF- κB, may be due to the fatty degeneration of liver tissues adjacent to carcinoma and inflammatory reaction.
Objective: To investigate the relationship between the living habits and HBV infection of Khitan descendants in Yunnan Baoshan, and find out the risk factors or protective factors, to provide scientific evidence for the HBV prevention and control works. Methods: The unified questionnaire survey were provided for researching Khitan descendants living habits. 5 mL serum samples were collected to test the hepatitis B serological markers. Chi-square test and Logistic regression were used to analysis the relationship between living habits and HBV infection of Khitan descendants. Results: 10 cases were HBsAg positive in 325 Khitan descendants， the people whose HBsAg were positive were male. By factor analysis, gender was a possible risk factor for HBV infection. Sharing towels, razors(P = 0.061), cultural differences (P = 0.093) were close. History of hepatitis B vaccination, high annual family income was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the hepatitis B vaccine was a protective factor (P < 0.05), and the annual income of the family was a susceptible factor of HBV infection (P > 0.05). Conclusion: We should strengthen the health education to the Khitan descendants, take the immune preventive measures, and popularize vaccination, protect susceptible populations, and control the spread of hepatitis B infection.
Objective:To explore the diagnostic method of pulmonary embolism and analyze the reason of misdiagnosis, in order to improve the awareness of pulmonary embolism and reduce misdiagnosis and mistreatment. Methods: Clinical manifestation, laboratory data and the status about misdiagnosis of pulmonary embolism were collected to analyze the reason of 30 cases of misdiagnosis in the People's Hospital of Baoshan. Results: Clinicians, especially the surgeons' insufficient understanding of the specific clinical symptoms of pulmonary embolism led to the high rate of misdiagnosis. There were 11 cases misdiagnosed as pneumonia; 4 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis; 3 cases of pleural effusion, 2 cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 2 cases of pulmonary heart disease; 5 cases of acute coronary syndrome; 2 cases of acute left heart failure; 1 cases of lumbar disc herniation. Conclusion: The early clinical diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was difficult, and clinicians should improve their understanding of this disease. Pulmonary embolism should be considered when patients showed symptom with chest pain, rough breathing, hemoptysis, dyspnea and new pulmonary infiltrates but not improved after treatment. Meanwhile, CT pulmonary artery angiography should be improved to reduce misdiagnosis and mistreatment.
Objective: To compare SOS with direct laryngoscope in safety and success rate in terms of their applications on trachea intubation of elderly patients with incisors situation. Methods: 80 elderly patients undergoing general anesthesia intubation operation were selected, including 27 cases of teeth loosening, 32 cases of incomplete incisors in, 21 isolated teeth, and they were randomly divided into SOS group (group S) and direct laryngoscope group (group Z), intravenous anesthesia induction in completed respectively by SOS and direct laryngoscopy tracheal intubation. Number of intubation, intubation time and complications of intubation conditions were recorded. Results: Group S had high successful rate (100%) in orotracheal intubation, significantly higher than that in Z group (45%),and 12 cases in group Z (25%) patients with 3 times of failure of intubation with SOS a successful intubation. In group S, no patients with intubation operation were caused by the improper incisor injury or loss, while 4 cases in group Z led directly to the incisor off; 9 cases lead to incisor loose. Group S intubation time was 21(9-58) s, significantly shorter in the Z group 44 (15-65) s (P < 0.05). Conclusion: For the elderly patients with incisors loose, incomplete, and even the isolated teeth, SOS is a safe and effective method because of its intubation success rate, shorter time, less intubation complications.
Objective: To evaluate the clinical result of hip arthroplasty for the intertrochanteric fracture. Methods: 16 cases of intertrochanteric fracture with Evans Ⅲ~Ⅳ were treated by Hip arthroplasty. These patients were 75 years old to 85 years old with an average of about 79.6 years old. Results: All patients were follow-up for 6 weeks to 10 months (mean, 9 months). Artificial joints no loose. Hip joints have a good reconstruction. The postoperative outcomes were evaluated by the Harris scale. An average 91.3 score was scaled after operation. Conclusion: Hip arthroplasty can reconstruct the function of joint early, which is a good method for intertrochanteric fracture.
Objective: To explore the value of high frequency ultrasonography in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve injury. Methods: Thirty-one patients（thirty-five nerves）diagnosed as peripheral nerves injuries were examined by high frequency ultrasonography and the results were compared with the examination pathology or other imaging analysis. Results: The high frequency ultrasonography could display directions and internal structures of the epineurium、perineurium and nerve fiber bundles clearly, Based on the different peripheral nerve ultrasonic ultrasonographic characteristics, we could judge the damage position, extent, range and damage types. Conclusion: The high frequency ultrasonography could display different types of peripheral nerve injury , accurate judgement damage parts and degree, and it has a high clinical value.
Objective: To understand the distribution and drug resistance of commonly used antibiotics of enterococcus, in order to provide the basis for clinical rational drug use. Methods: Vitek 2 Compact method was used for routine bacteria identification and drug susceptibility test. Results: Among clinical isolated 342 strains of enterococcus, 140 cases were 40.9% in enterococcus, excrement enterococcus 186 rate of 54.4%; other enterococcus 16 cases were 4.7%. 342 strains of enterococcus were mainly isolated from urine of 254 cases (74.3%), 28 cases (8.2%) and blood cerebrospinal fluid 21 cases (6.1%), 15 cases (5.3%) of bile. Excrement enterococcus to penicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, erythromycin and tetracycline resistance was close to or reached 90%, and dung bowel aureus to penicillin and ampicillin remained 100% sensitivity. There were no resistance to enterococcus among vancomycin, rina thiazole amine and Tigecycline. Conclusion: Enterococcus was one of the important pathogenic bacteria in hospital infection. According to the results of drug susceptibility, clinical treatment of enterococcus infection should choose reasonable antibiotics.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore quality of life (QOL) and related factors in heroin addicts enforcing detoxification (HAED). Methods: 350 cases of heroin addicts in Labor Education Station of Dali Prefecture were surveyed using multistage stratified cluster sampling method and quality of life was assessed by the WHOQOL-BREF. Results: Quality of life (QOL) for the heroin addicts enforcing detoxification was (78.56±14.78), and also each domain score was (57.07±14.68), (60.56±19.20), (56.34± 15.49) and (51.45±18.44) for physical, psychological, social relationships, and environmental function, respectively. The QOL score of life in physical, psychological and environmental domains in inject drugs group were higher than smoking group (P < 0.05); time of drug addiction is a vital factor to reduce the score of QOL for HAED in all domains. QOL of HAED was negative associated with age, years with heroin use and way of injection heroin with other use using multiple regression models. Conclusion: It was vital to take comprehensive measures for physical and psychological aspects to improve quality of life of the drug a heroin addicts based on their characteristic of heroin use addicts．
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