Table of Content

15 March 2012, Volume 11 Issue 3

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Antioxidative Activities of Actaea Plants and Processed Shengma

2012, 11(3):  1-4. 

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Objective: To better understand the antioxidative activities of the processed Shengma (Zhi Shengma) as well as the common Actaea plants. Methods: Studies on 26 samples of eight Actaea species from both Asia and North America were performed by using DPPH assay and HPLC analysis. Results: Most of the Actaea samples showed weak/no antioxidative activity with IC50> 150 μg·mL^-1. Conclusion: The raw extracts of the roots and rhizomes of the Actaea plants only possessed low antioxidative activities.Actaea species is rich in polyphenols and the latter often show certain antioxidative activities. However, since the chemical profiles for polyphenols of Actaea samples are determined by many factors like plant sources, degree of drying, the way to prepare the processed Shengma, the quality and antioxidative activity of both Shengma and processed Shengma are often unstable. Great care should be taken when Shengma or processed Shengma are subjected for bioactive evaluations.

In Vitro Study of Rat Coliform Bacteria Metabolism of Steroidal Sponin Extract from Anemarrhena asphodeloides

2012, 11(3):  5-8. 

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Objective: To study the metabolism of steroidal saponins extracted from Anemarrhena asphodeloides in rat intestinal flora in vitro and to identify the major metabolite. Methods: Rat intestinal flora and steroidal saponins extractions were incubated in vitro, and LC/MS/MS method was used to examine metabolites of steroidal saponins. The urine samples and dungs of the rats were collected after the rats were given with steroidal saponins extract in dose of 15 mg·kg^-1 by gavage. The metabolites of the steroidal saponins were detected with LC/MS/MS, and the structure of the major metabolite M1 was identified. Meanwhile, the M1 obtained from synthesis was compared with the natural M1 both in vitro and in vivo. Results: In vitro, steroidal saponins extracted from A. asphodeloides were metabolized easily by rat intestinal flora, and the metabolic rate was very quickly, and the major metabolite was M1. The metabolite M1 increased gradually with the prolongation of incubation time, but the quantity of steroidal saponins extract were dropped quickly. Conclusion: Steroidal saponins extracted from A. asphodeloides are metabolized easily by rat intestinal flora.

Chemical Constituents of Root of Isodon adenantha

2012, 11(3):  9-11. 

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Objective: To explore the chemical constituents of root of Isodon adenantha. Methods: Compounds were separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidences. Results: Six compounds were obtained from ethyl acetate fraction of the extract of root of I. adenantha and were identified as 8（17）, 13-ent-labda-dien-15→16-lactone-19-oic acid（1 ）, adenanthin（ 2）, ursolic acid（3 ）, β-sitosterol（ 4）, stigmast-5,22-dien-3β,7α-diol （5）, and 5,8-Epidioxy-5α,8α-ergosta-6,22E- dien-3β-ol （6 ）. Conclusion: Compounds 1~6 were isolated from the root of I. adenantha for the first time. while the compounds 5 and 6 were firstly obtained from this plant.

Chemical Constituents from the Underground Parts of Isodon phyllostachys

2012, 11(3):  12-14. 

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Objective: To explore the chemical constituents from the underground parts of Isodon phyllostachys. Methods: The compounds were isolated by using column chromatography with silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and RP-18. The structures of the resulting compounds were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods. Results: Four compounds were isolated from the petroleum ether extract of underground parts of I. phyllostachys, and were identified to be trilinolein（1）, 1-hexacosanol（2 ）, β-sitosterol（ 3）,and 5, 8-epidioxy-5α, 8α-ergosta-6,22E-dien-3β-ol（4 ）.Conclusion: Compounds were isolated from the underground parts of I. phyllostachys for the first time.

Chemical Constituents of Astragalus monbeigii

2012, 11(3):  15-17. 

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Objective: To learn about the chemical constituents of astragalus monbeigii. Methods: Compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate part of A. monbeigii with column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.Results: Six compounds were obtained and identified as trilinolein （1）, lupeol （2 ）, octadecyl -3 -methoxy -4 -hydroxy -benzeneacrylate（3）, tetracosanoic acid（4）, β-sitosterol（5）, and isoliquiritigenin（6）. Conclusion: The six compounds were all isolated from this plant for the first time.

Synthesis of 5-(2-(methoxycarbonyl)-trans-ethenyl)-7-methoxy -2-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)benzo[b]furan

2012, 11(3):  18-20. 

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Objective: To synthesize 5-（2-（methoxycarbonyl）-trans-ethenyl）-7-methoxy-2-（4-benzyloxyphenyl）benzo[b]furan through Vilsmier reaction，elimination reaction and substituted reaction.Methods: By studying the relative literatures, we found the way to synthesize 5-（2-（methoxycarbonyl）-trans -ethenyl）-7-methoxy-2-（4-benzyloxyphenyl）benzo[b]furan. Results: 5-（2-（methoxycarbonyl）-trans- ethenyl）-7-methoxy-2-（4-benzyloxyphenyl）benzo[b]furan was synthesized. Conclusion: Its yield was 25.2%, mp170-171 ⁰C and purity 99.08%.

Study on the Antibacterial Activity of Plantago asiatic L.

2012, 11(3):  21-23. 

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Objective: To compare the antibacterial ability of extracts that was extracted by different dissolvent from plantain.
Methods: Tap-water, ultra-pure water, ethanol, methanol, ether, petroleum ether, chloroform and benzene were used to extract the antibacterial ingredients of plantain at room temperature; three kind bacteria were medium containing different extracts, and Spectrophotometry assays were performed to measure the antibacterial ability of extracts. Results: The antibacterial ability of extracts according to C,D,E,G,H （P<0.05）priority was ingredient extracted. Ingredients extracted by Tap-water, ultra-pure water display non-antibacterial ability（P>0.05）. Conclusion: Organic solvents were more effective as dissolvent to extract antibacterial ingredients of plantain.

Histological Study of Intestine with Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Young Rats

2012, 11(3):  24-27. 

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Objective: To explore the intestinal histological changes of intestinal ischemic/reperfusion （I/R）injury in young rats.Methods: 32 Sprague Dawley （SD）rats at 4 weeks old were divided into 2 groups with 16 in each group randomly, and there were sham operated group as a control and I/R group. The abdominal cavity were exposed in all rats but not any intervene in sham group,the superior mesenteric artery were occluded in I/R group for 60 min and followed by 30 min, 60 min, 90 min and 120 min for reperfusion and 4 rats were harvested at each time point. The intestine specimens were obtained for pathological study and determination of histopathologic score. The data were analyzed statistically. Results: There were pathological changes of ischemia and inflammatory obviously and getting severer with the reperfusion time prolong in all rats but in the sham group. There was statistical significance as a result of the Chiu's score between two groups in every time point （P<0.05）. The scores in I/R group were higher than that in sham group （P<0.05）. The score was highest at 90min among four time points in each I/R group. Conclusion: The pathological changes of intestinal injury caused by I/R were getting severer with reperfusion prolong.

Cloning and Sequencing of IpaB Gene of Shigella flexneri

2012, 11(3):  28-30. 

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Objective：To clone and sequence of ipaB gene of Shigella flexneri. Methods：IpaB gene was amplified by PCR. The DNA products of ipaB were inserted into a prokaryotic expression vector pQE-30, and then translated into E.coli strain Top10, restriction digestion and sequencing. Results：The recombinant plasmid was constructed and ipaB gene was sequenced as 1 743 bp, conformity with expectation. Conclusion：The results indicated that recombinant plasmid was constructed successfully.

Extraction and Determination of Polysaccharides from Yunlong Auricularia auricular

2012, 11(3):  31-34. 

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Objective: To extract both artificial culture and wild Auricularia auricular polysaccharides and determinate their
contents. Methods: The polysaccharide was extracted with ethanol and the polysaccharide content was wired by UV spectrophotometry phenol -sulfuric acid color method. Results: Within the range of 8.0 -48.0 μg/mL, the recovery ratio of polysaccharide was 99.03% with RDS of 0.66% （n=6）. The recovery ratio of polysaccharide in artificial culture and wild Auricularia auricular were 18.48% and 18.29%, respectively. Artificial culture and wild Auricularia auricular in the polysaccharide content was 9.21% and 8.20%, respectively. Conclusion: Wild Auricularia auricular has higher content of polysaccharides than that of culture artificially. Growing environment affects the contents of Auricularia auricula's polysaccharides.

Analysis of Epidemic Situation of Foot and Mouth Disease in Binchuan County from 2008 to 2011

2012, 11(3):  35-37. 

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Objective: To understand foot and mouth disease distribution of Binchuan County from May 2008 to June 2011, so as to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of corresponding control measures. Methods: Analyze the foot and mouth disease case from the management system of national disease surveillance information reporting from May 2008 to June 2011 in Binchuan County.Results: From May 2008 to June 2011, it was reported that there were 861 HFMD cases in the county; 501 were male; 360 female;sex ratio of 1.39: 1. 738 cases which mainly involved in 0-4 years old children made up 85.71% of the total cases. There were 681 cases that were scattered children （79.09%）, followed by preschool children 148 cases （17.19% of the total）. Among 13 stool specimens of clinically diagnosed cases in 2011, there were 3 enterovirus EV71+ and 2 CoxA16 +. Conclusion: Foot and mouth disease in Binchuan County mainly focuses on the children aged 0-4, 304 cases in age group (2 years old). The key to the prevention and control is to pay more attention to scattered children and kindergarten children.

Analysis of Measles IgM Antibody Test Result in Binchuan County during 2010-2011

2012, 11(3):  38-39. 

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Objective: To analyze detection results of measles IgM antibody and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and elimination of measles. Methods: A descriptive epidemiological method was used to make statistical analysis of the 2010-2011 measles IgM antibody detection date in Binchuan County. Results: A total of 781 blood samples in Binchuan county from 2010 to 2011 was for the detection of measles, among which measles IgM antibody positive rate was 95.51%, 7-10 years old group the positive rate 96.36%, 0-1 years old group the positive rate of the lowest 94.56%. Conclusion: In recent years, notable progress is made in measles vaccine immunization in Binchuan County. In the following days, we should continue to carry out measles immunization vaccination, focus on quality and effect of vaccination, eliminate blank of immunity, and improve measles antibody in population.

Analysis of Observation of Keshan Disease in Nanhua County of Yunnan Province in 2010

2012, 11(3):  40-41. 

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Objective: To provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment of KSD and to guide and assess the effect. Methods:Observe residents in the observation sites through the following ways: filling in forms, enquiring about medical history, having clinical examinations, performing Electrocardiography and taking X-rays of suspected cases and patients. Results: No acute disease or sub acute disease in Nanhua in 2010. Detection rates were 0.12% and 0.23% for potential Keshan disease and chronic Keshan disease.Conclusion: KSD generally occurs at a very steady and low incidence while there are emerging cases of chronic Keshan disease and potential Keshan disease.

Analysis of Awareness of AIDs Knowledge among Female Freshmen Majored in Medicine

2012, 11(3):  42-44. 

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Objective: To learn about awareness of AIDs knowledge among female freshmen majored in the medicine in a university of Yunnan, so as to provide scientific basis for the later health education. Methods: We investigated 674 female freshmen according to sampling method. Results: There were 91.52% female freshmen majored in the medicine who know something about the spreading ways. The awareness of high-risk behavior and prevention measures was relatively high, but in the other transmission ways such as through mosquitoes, multiple partners and preoperative examination, they know a little. Except the regional factor, a freshman's knowledge about HIV/AIDS also depended on other factors, such as family，education，nationality and registered permanent residence（P<0.05）. Conclusion: The awareness of female freshmen majored in the medicine about AIDs is relatively high to some degree, but we should improve college students' health education by various means in order to prevent and control HIV/AIDs spreading.

Study on the Purification Effect of Indigenous Plants on Erhai Water

2012, 11(3):  45-48. 

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In order to screen suitable plants that have the strong purification in Erhai Lake out, four kinds of indigenous plants,Juncus effusus, Acorus calamus, Hemerocallis fulva and Isodon inflexus had been made into the plant floating bed to study their purified effect on nitrogen and phosphorus. It turned out that all four plants could keep their strong life force in the Erhai Lake and their biomass increased obviously. The most increased was Isodon inflexus Hemerocallis; fulva follows and the next was Acorus calamus; Juncus effusus was the least increased plants. All the four plants could remove the TN and TP obviously. The removal rates of TN were over 65%. The removal rates of TN achieved by Juncus effusus, Acorus calamus, Hemerocallis fulva Linn and Isodon inflexus were 69.8%, 80.03%, 72.60%，85.08%, and all of them were obviously higher than the control (37.10%). And the removal rates of TP was also obviously higher than contrast, which were 74.39%, 80.04%, 72.88%, 78.01% respectively. The examination proved that all of four plants had a good purified effect in the Erhai Lake, so they could be widely used in purifying the water of Erhai Lake in Dali in the future.

On Clinical Manifestation and Therapeutic Effect of First Use of Triclabendazole Treatment of Fasciola

2012, 11(3):  49-51. 

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Objective: To explore the effective treatment of Fasciola hepatica infection. Methods: An analysis of the use of
Triclabendazole treatment and other antiparasitic drugs in the clinical manifestations was made among 7 cases of Fasciola hepatica infection in patients with clinical data and treatment from our hospital, and the corresponding treatment programs were compared.Results: 7 patients had the same clinical manifestations, which were that Albendazole and Praziquantel drug therapy were ineffective, while Triclabendazole effective. Conclusion: Though the treatment of Fasciola hepatica infection, Triclabendazole, as a good drug of anti-Fasciola hepatica, has a role in guiding the future treatment of Fasciolasis hepatica.

On Primary Small Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

2012, 11(3):  52-54. 

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Objective: To report a case of primary small cell carcinoma（SCC）of the bladder and study the diagnosis and treatment.Methods：A retrospective study on clinical and pathological data of a patient with primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder, and a review of the literature on this topic were presented. Results: The outstanding symptom of the case was hematuria. A tumor was located in the right wall of the bladder. On histopathological study, the tumor was characterized by small cell carcinoma, immunohistochemical assay of Syn, EMA and NSE being positive in the tumor tissues. The case underwent TURBt with adjuvant chemotherapy, and there was a small tumor recurrence after 2 months. The case underwent total cystectomy and an ileal orthotopic neo-bladder procedure. After 1 year, there was no evidence for recurrence and metastases. Conclusion: SCC of the urinary bladder is rare, highly aggressive neoplasm, though the clinical and epidemiological characteristics have some similarities with transitional cell carcinoma. Its therapy advice is not yet uniform and its treatment should be multidisciplinary, including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Analysis of Changes of the Cesarean Section Rate

2012, 11(3):  55-57. 

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Objective: To explore the reason why cesarean delivery in primary hospital increased year by year and to analyze the surgical indications comprehensively, so as to adopt measures of reducing the rate of cesarean delivery. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the delivery mode and the surgical indications of cesarean delivery among 6 757 cases from January 2000 to December 2009 was made. Results：The rate of cesarean delivery was rising year by year during 10 years, from 8.47% in 2000 to 42.37% in 2009. As for the indications cesarean delivery, the main reasons are the dystocia and the fetal distress; the secondary reasons are the social factors and the iatrogenic factors. Conclusion: The main measures to reduce the rate of cesarean section are enhancement of
prenatal care and perilabor monitoring, and correct handling of indications for caesarian section.

Advances in Study on Safe Needling Depth of Acupoints

2012, 11(3):  58-60. 

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Objective: To summarize the advances in study on safe needling depth of acupoints. Methods: The recent literature about the safe needling depth was summarized and evaluated. Results: The understanding of safe needling depth and acupoints anatomy were improved though the research. But there were still problems in the research. For example, the result was not same in different methods. Conclusion: The research is very useful for acupuncture safety. It is necessary to have more systematic and comprehensive studies.

Nursing Experience of HIV Positive Pregnant Women PMTCT

2012, 11(3):  61-63. 

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Objective: To block mother-to-child HIV transmission. Methods: Preoperative: block mother-to-child through the
application of drugs. Intraoperative: the medical staff should be care of self protection. Postoperative: take maternal isolation solution.Results: The current international recommended treatment plan that nevirapine, lamivudine and Qi Duofu were used could effectively block the spread of virus between mother and infant. Conclusion: The standard implementation of the HIV PMTCT measures can reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission effectively.

Analysis of Chest X-rays on Chronic Psychoses Infected by Pulmonary Tuberculosis

2012, 11(3):  64-66. 

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Objective: To study the diagnosis value of chest X -rays on chronic psychoses who were infected by pulmonary
tuberculosis. Methods: 78 infected cases that accorded with ICD-10 diagnosis standard were analyzed and the changes of their videognosis were observed. Results: The symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis were continued and the pictures were varied.Conclusion: Those chronic psychoses confined to the hospital are susceptible to tuberculosis. The clinical manifestation is not so typical and easy to cure, and it is usually invisible and recurred. Regular tests of X-rays are the key means to discover the disease at its early stage.

Problems and Countermeasures in the Nursing Records

2012, 11(3):  67-69. 

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Objective: To explore problems in the nursing records and its countermeasures. Methods: Analyze these problems;enhance the legal awareness; impress on nurses the importance of keeping accurate records. Results: The problems in the nursing records were as follows: inconsistent recording, inaccurate recording, discontinuity of the content, no important points. Conclusion:The nurse should improve their comprehensive quality when enhancing professional capability.

Analysis of Inpatients from a Hospital in Yunnan from 2008 to 2010

2012, 11(3):  70-73. 

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Objective: To observe the change of disease distributional characteristics and epidemiology among patients in a hospital last three years in order to provide information for setting up reasonable department and preventing disease in the hospital. Methods:The data about clinical cases of 2008-2010 was collected, and analyzed by SPSS 11.0. Results: The number of inpatient had increased quickly year by year.The top five diseases occupied 60.4% among patients were diseases of digestive system, upper respiratory infection, viral encephalitis, neurological disorder, other diseases. There were significantly statistical differences in marital status, nationality and occupation. Conclusion: The hospital should adjust department, continue to establish our characteristic
discipline and departments, and to strengthen the construction of other departments, to the limited resources on the reasonable configuration, so as to provide better, safe and effective medical care for patients, also promote good and fast development of the hospital.

On Characteristic Major Construction in Local Universities
——— Based on Development of Characteristics in Pharmacy of Dali University

2012, 11(3):  75-79. 

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This paper introduces the measures of constructing characteristics in Pharmacy. During this process, we are based on the local area; combine the major closely with the regional economy and social development in order to fully reflect the school's educational orientation and spirit. Meanwhile, we are orientated for the social need and employment, set up a course system suiting the economic and social development, reform the teaching content of curriculum, and enhance the construction of curriculum, textbook and teacher staff. Moreover, focusing on the training of students' practical working ability, we establish the platform of practical teaching to highlight the students' abilities of practice, creation and social adaptation.

Comparison and Exploration on Medical Biochemistry Examination Methods between China and India

2012, 11(3):  80-82. 

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Objective: To improve the practical teaching quality of medical biochemistry in the international students. Methods: By means of communication with the teachers in the Dep. of biochemistry of Basaveshwara Medical College, the examination methods were compared and analyzed between the two schools. Results: Through the research, we need to improve the content and model of biochemistry examination in our university. Conclusion: It will be useful to improve the medical teaching quality in our country and to enhance the integration and cooperation in medical education with other countries.

Investigation and Analysis on the Practice and Teaching of Nursing Intern in Dali University

2012, 11(3):  83-86. 

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Objective: To explore the practice and teaching of nursing intern. Methods：166 nursing interns and 344 clinical
teachers were assessed with self -made questionnaire. Results: Working experience of clinical teachers were highly approbatory(84.9%)；43.4% interns hoped clinical teachers to improve instructing methods. Interns were evaluated perfectly on paying attention to practice, abiding by working system, complying with arrangement and respecting teachers. About 45.2% interns thought they should reinforce theoretical knowledge during the practice period, while 54.8% believed that they should improve practical ability. Clinical teachers thought the advantage of our college interns were theoretical knowledge (91.3%) and operating ability (65.1%). Both teachers and interns held that foreign language, artistic and sports needed to be improved. Conclusion：According to bidirectional evaluation about teachers and students, we found a lot of advantages and disadvantages during the daily teaching.

The Study about Fundamentals of Nursing Practice Teaching Mode which is Based on Training of Applied Talents

2012, 11(3):  87-89. 

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Objective：To explore Fundamentals of Nursing practice teaching Mode in training of applied talents. Methods：Though about 3 years construction of demonstration program which would be wanted, firstly，establish practice teaching contents in firm，broad and perfect；secondly，expand practice teaching resources in self- characteristic；thirdly，attempt practice teaching mode which is characterized by open applied. Results: To make the nursing students accommodate themselves the internship hospital's environment fast; have excellent foundation professional skills；make the rate of hospital satisfaction is 100% where the nursing
students do their internship；outstand the students'professional skill；improve their comprehensive ability；improve employment competitive power；increase the rate of the profession employment to 95.47% during the 3 years and the total rate of employment to 100% which is about 23.6% in-province and 76.4% out-province employment. Conclusion: It is proved that the mode not only can improve the teaching quantity，but also can force the training of high-quality applied nursing talents.

Analysis of Published Theses by Teachers in Dali University in 2010

2012, 11(3):  90-92. 

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The quantity, validity and influence of published theses by teachers in Dali University were analyzed statistically, and a summary of scientific research was made from the perspective of research achievements in 2010, which provide reference for teachers to write and submit theses, and for management department to mange scientific research.

On the Contamination Status of Part of a Town's Drinking Well Water

2012, 11(3):  93-95. 

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Objective: To monitor and evaluate the drinking well water quality of a town of Xiangyun County. Methods:
Micronucleus tests were conducted in Vicia faba root tips treated respectively with the five representative samples collected from a town of Xiangyun County. Results: The micronuclear rates induced by No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4 and No.5 were 8.25‰, 6.61‰,8.24‰, 4.17‰ and 3.61‰. According to the PI, No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 were moderate pollution; No. 4 was slight pollution; and No. 5 was almost no pollution. Conclusion: Part of the town's drinking well water is contaminated.

On the Microorganism's Test of Food-wrapping Paper in Dali

2012, 11(3):  96-97. 

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Objective: To learn about the hygienic situation of wrapping-paper for cooked food in Dali so as to provide basis for public hygiene supervision. Methods: Randomly gather food wrapping paper of different materials from school canteens, food markets,and supermarkets. Test their bacterial content by culturing the specimens, observing colonial morphology and Gram's stain. Results:There were 155 specimens carrying bacteria among 200 specimens. Total detected rate was 77.5%. The detected rates of three different areas were 65.7%（school canteen）, 82.9%（food market）and 85.0%（supermarket）. The detected rates of three different materials were 68.2%（ordinary white paper）, 91.9%（Kraft paper）and 70.0%（oil-proof paper）. Conclusion: Contamination ratio of wrapping paper for cooked food was higher in Dali Area.

Survey on Hygienic Situation of Refrigerator（Freezer）in Restaurants near Xiaguan Campus of Dali University

2012, 11(3):  98-100. 

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Objective: To learn about hygienic situation of refrigerator （freezer）so as to prevent food-borne infection disease.Methods: Rapid coliform test paper method was adopted to detect the coliform group in refrigerator and freezer. Results: Among the total detection of 7 refrigerators and 9 freezers, coliform group positive rates were 81.25%. The proportion of the raw and cooked without distinction was 12.5%, debris 43.75%, pollutants 50%, smell 12.5%. The comparison between the refrigerator and freezer coliform bacteria positive had no significant difference （P>0.05）. Conclusion: The fridge and freezer are high in coliform group positive rate, poor in hygienic situation.